- Krummholz
Krummholz or Krumholtz formation (from German: "krumm", "crooked, bent, twisted"; and "Holz", "wood", also "Knieholz" "knee timber") is a feature of
subarctic andsubalpine tree line landscapes, where continual exposure to fierce, freezing winds cause vegetation to become stunted and deformed.The wind kills branches on the
windward side, giving the tree a characteristic flag-like appearance. Where the lower portion of the tree is protected by snow cover, only the exposed upper portion may have this appearance.Common trees showing Krumholtz formation include
Subalpine Fir ,Subalpine Larch ,Engelmann Spruce ,Limber Pine , andLodgepole Pine .William Rogers Fisher introduced the English terms elfin-tree and elfin-wood to correspond to the German 'krummholz' in his 1903 translation of
Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper 's "Plant-geography upon a physiological basis". [Oxford English Dictionary, entry for 'elfin']ee also
*
Tree line
*Reaction wood Footnotes
External links
* [http://www.fhsu.edu/biology/Eberle/PacificNW/SnowyRange.html Krummholz formation on Snowy Range Pass, Wyoming]
* [http://www.chem.ucla.edu/~alice/explorations/churchill/landscapes.htm Krumholtz formation in Hudson Bay subarctic landscape]
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