Thessaloniki International Airport

Thessaloniki International Airport
Thessaloniki International Airport "Makedonia"
Διεθνής Κρατικός Αερολιμένας Θεσσαλονίκης «Μακεδονία»
Thessaloniki airport terminal.jpg
View towards passenger terminal
IATA: SKGICAO: LGTS
SKG is located in Greece
{{{alt}}}
SKG
Location of airport in Greece
Summary
Airport type Civilian, military
Owner Greek Government
Operator Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority
Serves Thessaloniki
Location Mikra
Hub for Aegean Airlines
Astra Airlines
Olympic Air
Elevation AMSL 22 ft / 7 m
Coordinates 40°31′11″N 22°58′15″E / 40.51972°N 22.97083°E / 40.51972; 22.97083Coordinates: 40°31′11″N 22°58′15″E / 40.51972°N 22.97083°E / 40.51972; 22.97083
Website 2
Map
Map of the airport
Runways
Direction Length Surface
ft m
10/28 8,005 2,440 Asphalt
16/34 7,874 2,400 Asphalt
Statistics (2010)
Passengers 3,910,751
Passenger change 09-10 decrease4.7%
Aircraft movements 44,938
Movements change 09-10 decrease10.6%
1. Sources: Runways[1] Statistics[2]
2. Official airfield data at the Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority website lists no official website for the airport [1].

Thessaloniki International Airport "Macedonia" (Greek: Διεθνής Κρατικός Αερολιμένας Θεσσαλονίκης «Μακεδονία»,[3] Diethnís Kratikós Aeroliménas Thessaloníkis "Makedonía") (IATA: SKG (SaloniKa Greece)[citation needed]ICAO: LGTS), formerly known as Mikra Airport and colloquially referred to today as Macedonia International Airport (Greek: Διεθνές Αεροδρόμιο Μακεδονία), is located about 15 km SE of the city center of Thessaloniki, Greece at Thermi.

The airport is the largest state owned and operated airport in the country. It opened in 1930 and is the third-busiest airport in Greece,[4] serving 3.9 million passengers annually. It is the main airport of Northern Greece and serves the city of Thessaloniki (the second-largest city in Greece), the popular tourist destination of Chalkidiki and the surrounding cities of the region.

The airport’s terminal consists of three floors. The ground floor serves arrivals only and is divided into two sections: international/extra-Schengen arrivals and domestic/intra-Schengen arrivals. The first floor serves departures and also includes a shopping centre. On this floor there are 34 check-in counters, waiting areas, bars, stores that sell tobacco and magazines and various airlines’ offices. The second floor houses two restaurants and several bars with views to the runways.

The airport has two runways (10-28 and 16-34) and two taxiways. There are 22 stands for narrow-body aircraft and about 20 for light ones. Macedonia International Airport is a hub for Astra Airlines and a secondary hub for Aegean Airlines and Olympic Air.

Contents

History

During World War I the area that the airport currently occupies was used as an airfield and it continued operating as an airfield during World War II. At the time of the German occupation of Greece major projects took place, such as the creation of a 600m runway, while in 1948 the airport started operations as a civil airport for the first time.

In 1950 the already existing (10/28) runway got paved with asphalt at a length of 1,800m and in 1952 it was extended to 2,000m. It was the same year that the first airport building was completed, with a control tower on the roof. One year later a new runway (16/34) was built. In 1958 the runway 10/28 got reconstructed and extended to a total length of 2,440m (current length), while runway 16/34 was extended to 2,400m, with its completion in 1972. In 2004 a new parallel taxiway of the 16/34, was opened for use.

In September 1965 a new terminal building opened on a new location (current location). In the period between 1968 and 1973, the terminal was expanded, with the construction of a second floor and its first motorway junction. Due to the earthquake of 1978 in Thessaloniki, the control tower was destroyed, so a new one was constructed, independent of the main terminal building. The next expansion of the terminal took place in two stages, with the projects starting in 1991 and 1993 respectively. The municipality of Thessaloniki, as European Capital of Culture for 1997, took over a projects for the aesthetic intervention, renovation, modernisation and reorganisation of the spaces of the building.

The terminal building took its current form, when an additional of 19,000m² were added to the western and eastern side of the terminal building, completed in November 2000 and June 2003 respectively. The western extension included the widening of the international departures area (new Extra-Schengen area ), including new administration offices, a new health station and the new station control of Olympic Airlines. The eastern expansion included a new check-in hall, new waiting halls and additional administrative offices for airlines. Today the terminal has a total floor area of 32,000m². Finally, during 2004-2006 the new motorway junction was completed on the level of the departures entrance of the Terminal and new parking spaces for cars, buses and taxis were created.

Two Aegean Airlines planes, one in Star Alliance livery, at Macedonia International Airport (June 2011).
An Aegean Airlines Airbus A320-200 at Macedonia Airport, sometime before departing for Frankfurt (April 2010)
A Ryanair plane from London Stansted parked on the tarmac, with the airport terminal in the background.

Airlines and destinations

Scheduled flights

Airlines Destinations
Aegean Airlines Athens, Chania, Corfu, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Heraklion, Kalamata, Larnaca, Moscow-Domodedovo, Munich, Mytilene, Rhodes, Samos, Stuttgart
Seasonal: Kos, Mykonos, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Saint Petersburg-Pulkovo [begins 28 April 2012], Santorini
Aerosvit Airlines Seasonal: Kiev-Boryspil
Air Berlin Stuttgart
Seasonal: Berlin-Brandenburg [begins 4 June 2012], Berlin-Tegel [ends 2 June 2012], Dresden, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Hannover, Munich, Nuremberg
Alitalia Rome-Fiumicino
Astra Airlines Chios, Kiev-Boryspil, Rostov-on-Don
Seasonal: Chania, Heraklion, Karpathos, Kithira, Kos, Moscow-Domodedovo, Mykonos, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Rhodes, Saint Petersburg-Pulkovo, Santorini, Zakynthos
Austrian Airlines Seasonal: Vienna
British Airways London-Gatwick
Cimber Sterling Seasonal: Copenhagen
Cyprus Airways Larnaca
EasyJet Berlin-Brandenburg [begins 3 June 2012], Berlin-Schönefeld [ends 2 June 2012], Dortmund, London-Gatwick, Milan-Malpensa
Seasonal: Paris-Charles de Gaulle
EasyJet Switzerland Basel/Mulhouse/Freiburg
Germania Seasonal: Bremen [begins 24 May 2012][5]
Germanwings Cologne/Bonn, Stuttgart
Jat Airways Belgrade
Jetairfly Seasonal: Brussels
LOT Polish Airlines Seasonal: Katowice, Warsaw
Malév Hungarian Airlines Budapest
Olympic Air Athens, Chania, Heraklion, Mytilene, Rhodes, Tirana [begins 2 December]
Seasonal: Mykonos, Santorini, Skiathos
Rossiya Seasonal: Saint Petersburg-Pulkovo
RusLine Krasnodar[citation needed]
Ryanair Brussels South-Charleroi, Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden [begins 30 March 2012], London-Stansted, Milan-Orio al Serio, Rome-Ciampino
Seasonal: Hahn, Oslo-Rygge, Stockholm-Skavsta
Sky Express Ikaria, Kos, Lemnos, Skyros
Sky Work Airlines Seasonal: Berne [begins 25 March 2012]
SmartWings Seasonal: Prague
Swiss International Air Lines Zürich
TAROM Bucharest-Henri Coandă
Turkish Airlines Istanbul-Atatürk
Ural Airlines Seasonal: Samara, Yekaterinburg
VIM Airlines Moscow-Domodedovo[6]

Seasonal charter flights

Airlines Destinations
Aegean Airlines Tel Aviv[7]
Aeroflot Moscow-Sheremetyevo[8]
Air Moldova Chişinău[9]
Astra Airlines Tel Aviv[10]
Donavia Rostov-on-Don[11]
Kavminvodyavia Mineralnye Vody[12]
Novair Stockholm-Arlanda
Scandinavian Airlines Oslo-Gardermoen[13]
Sky Wings Birmingham[citation needed]
Thomas Cook Airlines London-Gatwick, Manchester
Thomson Airways East Midlands, London-Gatwick, London-Luton, Manchester [all resume 7 May 2012]
Transavia.com Amsterdam
Yamal Airlines Perm, Samara, Tyumen[14]

Passenger and cargo traffic

History of passenger traffic at the airport since 1994.

Between 1994 and 2010, Thessaloniki International Airport saw a rise in passenger traffic equal to 76%, from 2.2 million in 1994 to 3.9 million in 2010.[15] Between 2003 and 2009 the airport saw a passenger traffic increase of 19% from 3.5 million to almost 4.2 million passengers, the airports all-time high.[15] However the number dropped in the two consecutive years, to the current 3.9 million passengers.[15]

Apart from passengers, the airport also handled 8.2 thousand tons of freight in 2010, a considerable drop from the 21.4 thousand tons it handled in 1997.[15]

Year Passengers
Domestic International Total
1994 719,846 1,507,641 2,227,487
1995 increase795,085 increase1,541,134 increase2,336,219
1996 increase922,190 increase1,577,702 increase2,499,892
1997 increase1,108,736 increase1,688,430 increase2,797,166
1998 decrease1,039,149 decrease1,627,926 decrease2,667,075
1999 increase1,328,976 increase1,857,745 increase3,186,721
2000 increase1,533,383 increase2,014,644 increase3,548,027
2001 decrease1,343,366 increase2,087,453 decrease3,430,819
2002 decrease1,219,063 decrease2,038,373 decrease3,257,436
Year Passengers
Domestic International Total
2003 increase1,446,677 increase2,054,245 increase3,500,922
2004 increase1,496,411 increase2,124,498 increase3,620,909
2005 decrease1,462,505 increase2,208,076 increase3,670,581
2006 increase1,486,833 increase2,316,021 increase3,802,854
2007 increase1,644,950 increase2,523,019 increase4,167,969
2008 decrease1,611,883 increase2,557,676 increase4,169,559
2009 increase1,713,890 decrease2,390,305 decrease4,104,195
2010 decrease1,682,071 decrease2,228,680 decrease3,910,751

Facilities

Passenger terminal

Basic

Inside the airport there are two restaurants, four coffee-bars and a tobacco store. Furthermore, except from the Duty Free shop, there are stores selling traditional products, jewellery, accessories and clothes. Passengers also can utilize a luggage secure-wrapping service and luggage lockers. An Hellenic Post post office and automated teller machines are available on the passengers’ departure area. There is also an office of the Greek National Tourism Organisation. Finally, car hire companies can be found in the airport such as AVIS, Europcar, Hertz and Sixt.

Lounges

Macedonia International Airport operates two passenger lounges:

Aeroclub

The airport of Thessaloniki is also the home ground of Aeolus Aviation Academy and Thessaloniki’s Aeroclub, which offer private pilot's training.

Access

[v · d · e]Thessaloniki Bus Route No. 78N
Track turning from left Interchange on transverse track Track turning from right
BSicon BUS.svg InterCity Bus terminal (KTEL)
Interchange on track + Hub
Unknown BSicon "uextKBHFa" + Hub
Interchange on track + Hub
BSicon LDER.svg New Railway Station
One way backward Unused urban tunnel straight track Stop on track
Zografou
Stop on track Unknown BSicon "uextCONTf" Stop on track
Pl. Dimokratias
Stop on track Stop on track
Kolomvou
Stop on track One way forward
Antigonidon
Stop on track Stop on track
Alkazar
Stop on track Stop on track
Plateia Aristotelous
Stop on track Stop on track
Agias Sofias
Stop on track Stop on track
Iasonidou
Stop on track Stop on track
Kamara
Stop on track Stop on track
Syntrivani
Stop on track Stop on track
AHEPA hospital
Stop on track Stop on track
Panepistimio (university)
Stop on track Stop on track
Vyzantino Mouseio — 424 G.S.N.E.
Track turning left Interchange on transverse track Track turning right
BSicon FLUG.svg Macedonia International Airport

Public transport

The airport is served by a 24-hour bus service from the Thessaloniki Urban Transport Organization (OASTH). Line 78 (78N during night) starts from Macedonia Central Bus Station (intercity buses terminal), passing by and stopping at the New Railway Station of Thessaloniki (OSE) and then arrives directly at the airport through the city center. Line 78A travels exactly the same route with the difference, that during its route it makes an additional stop at the A.S. IKEA bus station. At the bus stops of the New Railway Station and A.S. IKEA, passengers can find many connections with many other major lines of OASTH.

In September 2010 it was announced that an extension of the under construction Thessaloniki Metro to the airport is under consideration. The manufacturing company considers the possibility of constructing the extension with an over-ground rail-based transportation system, such as a monorail.

Car and Taxi

The airport is directly connected with the city's southeast major road arteries and the ΕΟ67, (the Thessaloniki-Chalkidiki motorway), offering direct access via the Thessaloniki ring road to the A1/E75 and A2/E90 motorways; making transportation to and from Macedonia International Airport relatively easy. A total of 2,285 parking spaces for cars exist at the front of the terminal building and taxis are available at the designated taxi waiting area, located outside the arrivals exit. The taxi fare to the city centre is approximately 15-20€.

Future

As part of a comprehensive masterplan released by the government in 2002, several projects have been started to improve Macedonia International Airport. Other than the building works on the current terminal, including the construction of a new cargo terminal, the masterplan features two major projects.

Runway extension

Phase 1 of the masterplan includes the expansion of existing runway 10/28; and is currently under construction. During the process of the project design, 80 Greek and 5 Danish civil engineers and scientists from other specialties have worked on the project. Both the runway and the taxiway will be extended by 1,150m, 1,000m out into the sea, resulting in a runway that will have a total length of 3,440m with an extra safety distance of 150m. Its width will be 50m while the taxiway’s width, which will be located at an axial distance of 183m from the runway, will be 23m. The new runway and taxiway sections, will be equipped with appropriate lighting and control systems that will extend a further 750m into the sea. The completion date was set for completion in 2011, but due to financial problems of the manufacturing company, reactions of environmental organizations and reactions by the residents of the surrounding areas, fearing ecological dangers by extenting land into the sea, have held the project back and today a new completion date for 2013 has been set.[16] The completion of the runway project will allow for the landing of larger aircraft, such as the Boeing 747 and A380 and increase safety, as the aircraft will have greater flexibility and visual contact, on days with bad weather conditions.

Terminal 2

Phase 2 of the masterplan has heralded the construction of a new larger terminal, together with a new apron for 36 aircraft, of which 14 will be stationed at contact place. The second phase of the masterplan will drasticly increase the status of the airport and eliminate existing passenger traffic problems, especially during the summer period. The new terminal will be able to accommodate 8 million passengers per year (in peak hours 2.800 passengers for departures or arrivals) while the terminal’s total area is expected that it will be 115.000m².[17] In December 2010, the Greek government revealed that there are thoughts for the construction of the new terminal through private investing, the same way in which Athens International Airport was realised. Until now no further official announcement has been issued.

Macedonia International Airport masterplan
[[|center|border|210x200px|alt=The extension of runway 10/28 into the sea, under construction.|The extension of runway 10/28 into the sea, under construction. ]]
The extension of runway 10/28 into the sea, under construction.  
The new terminal.
The new terminal.  
Map of the airport after the completion of both phases.
Map of the airport after the completion of both phases.  

Incidents

Baggage transport and Olympic Airlines aircraft visible
  • On 12 August 1977, Olympic Airways Flight 171 Boeing 727 :SX-CBI overran the runway and crashed into the sea after a flight from Athens. None of the 35 passengers and crew were killed but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.[18][19]
  • On 17 December 1997, a Yakovlev Yak-42 of Aerosvit Airlines, operating the route from Odessa, Ukraine to Thessaloniki, lost contact with the airport's air traffic control and during the second attempt the aircraft crashed in the Pierian mountains, near Mount Olympus. A total of 70 people, passengers and crew, 41 of which were Greeks, were killed.
  • On 4 July 2000, HA-LCR, a chartered MALÉV Flight 260 Tu-154 landed on its belly. The crew had forgotten to lower the undercarriage and the plane skidded 400 metres (440 yards) on the runway. Thanks to the plane's robust construction and the engines' high position, the plane was able to become airborne again as the pilots applied full throttle. It circled while the crew lowered the undercarriage and landed safely. There were no injuries. It was considered uneconomical to repair the aircraft. The aircraft still remains on site[20], although airline markings have been obscured and heavily depleted of re-usable spares.
  • On 22 January 2010, a SunExpress plane flying from Germany to Turkey carrying 69 passengers made a safe emergency landing in "Macedonia". According to a Greek civil aviation official who declined to be named, the pilot had received a bomb threat call on his mobile phone.

References

  1. ^ "Airfield Data". Hellenic Civilian Aviation Authority. www.hcaa-eleng.gr. 2005-04-21. http://www.hcaa-eleng.gr/english/airports/thesal/thesairfield_data.html. Retrieved 2007-08-04. 
  2. ^ "Monthly airpost statistical data (January - December 2010)". Hellenic Civilian Aviation Authority. www.hcaa.gr. http://www.hcaa.gr/up/files/%CE%9C%CE%97%CE%9D%CE%99%CE%91%CE%99%CE%91_2010_eng.xls. Retrieved 2011-05-16. 
  3. ^ "Διεθνής Κρατικός Αερολιμένας Θεσσαλονίκης `Μακεδονία` (ΚΑΘΜ)". Hellenic Civilian Aviation Authority. www.hcaa.gr. http://www.hcaa.gr/content/index.asp?tid=121. Retrieved 2007-08-04. 
  4. ^ Greek Airport Guide "Thessaloniki Airport "Makedonia"". Alexandroupolis International Airport. www.alxd.gr. http://www.alxd.gr/AirportGuide/thesaloniki/thesalonikiE.html Greek Airport Guide. Retrieved 16 April 2011. 
  5. ^ "Flight Schedule". http://www.tuifly.com/. http://www.tuifly.com/en/flug/timetable.jsp. Retrieved 12 November 2011. 
  6. ^ "Timetable through city". vim-avia.com. http://booking.vim-avia.com/en/cityschedule/. Retrieved 18 November 2011. 
  7. ^ "Ben Gurion Scheduled Flights". Israel Airports Authority. http://www.iaa.gov.il/Rashat/en-US/Airports/BenGurion/InformationforTravelers/ScheduleFlights.htm. Retrieved 26 April. 
  8. ^ "Season timetable.". Sheremetyevo International Airport. http://www.svo.aero/en/. http://www.svo.aero/en/timetable/season-timetable/thessaloniki. Retrieved 26 April. 
  9. ^ "Explore the Land of Gods with Air Moldova". Air Moldova. www.airmoldova.md. http://www.airmoldova.md/news-records-en/2217/. Retrieved 16 April 2011. 
  10. ^ "Ben Gurion Scheduled Flights". Israel Airports Authority. http://www.iaa.gov.il/Rashat/en-US/Airports/BenGurion/InformationforTravelers/ScheduleFlights.htm. Retrieved 26 April. 
  11. ^ "Donavia timetable for Rostov-on-Don - Thessaloniki flights". Donavia. http://www.aeroflot-don.ru/timetable.aspx?city=15843&type=tur&language=en. Retrieved 22 June. 
  12. ^ "Charter flights from Mineralnye Vody (Russian)". KMV. http://www.kmvavia.aero/. http://www.kmvavia.aero/flights/charter/. Retrieved 17 June 2011. 
  13. ^ "Flight timetables - Oslo airport". http://www.osl.no/en/osl/flighttimetables. Retrieved 11 May 2011. 
  14. ^ "Yamal Airlines timetable (Russian)". http://yamal.aero/. http://yamal.aero/airliners.pdf. Retrieved 17 June. 
  15. ^ a b c d "Statistical data of Thessaloniki airport " Makedonia " for the period 1994 - 2010" (in Greek). Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority. www.hcaa.gr. http://www.hcaa.gr/up/files/stat_KAC_2010.xls. Retrieved 12 August 2011. 
  16. ^ "Transatlantic flights in 2013 (Greek)". agelioforos.gr. 2011-08-30. http://www.agelioforos.gr/default.asp?pid=7&ct=4&artid=108773. Retrieved 2011-09-01. 
  17. ^ "Airport terminal masterplan". Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. http://users.auth.gr/cthomad/masterterm.htm. Retrieved 23 June 2011. 
  18. ^ "Accident description". www.aviation-safety.net. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19970812-0. Retrieved 16 April 2011. 
  19. ^ "Photo Search results". www.airliners.net. http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?search_active=1&search=&sheadline=&domains=Airliners.net&sitesearch=Airliners.net&client=pub-8297169501225184&forid=1&channel=1924797129&ie=ISO-8859-1&oe=ISO-8859-1&cof=GALT%3A%23E6E8FA%3BGL%3A1%3BDIV%3A%23000000%3BVLC%3AE6E8FA%3BAH%3Acenter%3BBGC%3A45678C%3BLBGC%3A45678C%3BALC%3AE6E8FA%3BLC%3AE6E8FA%3BT%3AC4C8CC%3BGFNT%3AC4C8CC%3BGIMP%3AC4C8CC%3BLH%3A36%3BLW%3A639%3BL%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fcdn-www.airliners.net%2Fgraphics%2Fopen_file_header_image.jpg%3BS%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.airliners.net%3BFORID%3A1%3B&hl=en&search_field=datedesc&q=SX-CBI&submit=. Retrieved 16 April 2011. 
  20. ^ "Photos: Tupolev Tu-154B-2 aircraft". www.airliners.net. http://www.airliners.net/photo/Untitled-(Malev--/Tupolev-Tu-154B-2/0665103&tbl=photo_info&photo_nr=4&sok=WHERE__(reg_%3D_%27HA-LCR%27)_&sort=_order_by_photo_id_DESC_&prev_id=0945201&next_id=0665102. Retrieved 16 April 2011. 

External links



Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать реферат

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Thessaloniki International Airport, "Macedonia" — Infobox Airport name = Thessaloniki International Airport Macedonia nativename = Κρατικός Αερολιμένας Θεσσαλονίκης Μακεδονία nativename a = nativename r = image width = 210 caption = Apron of Airport Macedonia with view towards passenger terminal …   Wikipedia

  • Rhodes International Airport — Diagoras Κρατικός Αερολιμένας Ρόδου «Διαγόρας» IATA: RHO – ICAO: LGRP …   Wikipedia

  • Vienna International Airport — Infobox Airport name = Vienna International Airport nativename = Flughafen Wien Schwechat IATA = VIE ICAO = LOWW type = Private owner = operator = Flughafen Wien AG city served = Vienna, Austria location = Schwechat, Austria elevation f = 600… …   Wikipedia

  • Chania International Airport — Chania International Airport, Ioannis Daskalogiannis Κρατικός Αερολιμένας Χανίων Ιωάννης Δασκαλογιάννης IATA: CHQ – ICAO: LGSA …   Wikipedia

  • Heraklion International Airport — HER redirects here. For other uses, see HER (disambiguation). Heraklion International Airport Nikos Kazantzakis Κρατικός Αερολιμένας Ηρακλείου Νίκος Καζαντζάκης View of Heraklion Airport IATA: HER – ICAO …   Wikipedia

  • Domodedovo International Airport — Domodedovo redirects here. For town in Moscow Oblast, see Domodedovo (town). For the airline, see Domodedovo Airlines. Moscow Domodedovo Airport Аэропорт Домодедово IATA: DME – ICAO …   Wikipedia

  • Larnaca International Airport — Infobox Airport name = Larnaca International Airport nativename = Διεθνές Aεροδρόμιο Λάρνακας nativename a = nativename r = IATA = LCA ICAO = LCLK type = Public operator = Cyprus Dept of Civil Aviation city served = Larnaca elevation ft = 8… …   Wikipedia

  • Mytilene International Airport — Odysseas Elytis Κρατικός Αερολιμένας Μυτιλήνης IATA: MJT – ICAO: LGMT …   Wikipedia

  • Athens International Airport — Infobox Airport name = Athens International Airport Elefthérios Venizélos nativename = Διεθνής Αερολιμένας Αθηνών Ελευθέριος Βενιζέλος nativename a = nativename r = image width = 100 caption = Logo of Athens Airport image2 width = 250px caption2 …   Wikipedia

  • Düsseldorf International Airport — Düsseldorf Airport redirects here. For the airport in Mönchengladbach, see Düsseldorf Mönchengladbach Airport. Düsseldorf International Airport Flughafen Düsseldorf International …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”