Detached object

Trans-Neptunian objects beyond 100AU: SDO (in grey) and detached objects (in white)

Detached objects are a dynamical class of bodies in the outer Solar System beyond the orbit of Neptune. These objects have orbits whose points of closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) are sufficiently distant from the gravitational influence of Neptune that they are essentially unaffected by Neptune and the other planets: this makes them appear to be "detached" from the Solar System.^[1][2]

In this way, they differ substantially from the majority of the known trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs), which form a loosely defined set of populations that have been perturbed to varying degrees onto their current orbit by gravitational encounters with the gas giants, predominantly Neptune. Detached objects have larger perihelia than these other TNO populations, including the objects in orbital resonance with Neptune, such as Pluto, the classical Kuiper belt objects in non-resonant orbits such as Makemake, and the scattered disk objects like Eris.

Detached objects have also been referred to in the scientific literature as extended scattered disc objects (E-SDO),^[3] distant detached objects (DDO),^[4] or scattered–extended, as in the formal classification by the Deep Ecliptic Survey.^[5] This reflects the dynamical gradation that can exist between the orbital parameters of the scattered disk and the detached population.

At least nine such bodies have been securely identified,^[6] of which the largest, most distant, and best known is Sedna.

Orbits

Detached objects have perihelia much larger than Neptune's aphelion. They often have highly elliptical, very large orbits with semi-major axes of up to a few hundred astronomical units (AU, the radius of Earth's orbit). Such orbits cannot have been created by gravitational scattering by the gas giants (in particular, Neptune). Instead, a number of explanations have been put forward, including an encounter with a passing star^[7] or a distant planet-sized object.^[4] The classification suggested by the Deep Ecliptic Survey team introduces a formal distinction between scattered-near objects (which could be scattered by Neptune) and scattered-extended objects (e.g. 90377 Sedna) using a Tisserand's parameter value of 3.^[5]

Classification

Types of Distant Minor Planets

Cis-Neptunian objects Centaurs Neptune trojans Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs)‡ Kuiper-belt objects (KBOs) Classical KBOs (Cubewanos) Resonant KBOs Plutinos (2:3 Resonance) Scattered-disc objects (SDOs) Resonant SDOs Detached objects Oort cloud objects (OCOs)

‡ Trans–Neptunian dwarf planets are "plutoids"

v · d · e

Detached objects are one of four distinct dynamical classes of TNO; the other three classes are classical Kuiper-belt objects, resonant objects and scattered-disc objects (SDO). Detached objects generally have a perihelion distance greater than 40 AU, deterring strong interactions with Neptune, which has an approximately circular orbit ca. 30AU from the Sun. However, there are no clear boundaries between the scattered and detached regions, since both can coexist as TNOs in an intermediate region with perihelion distance between 37 and 40 AU.^[6] One such intermediate body with a well determined orbit is (120132) 2003 FY₁₂₈.

The discovery of 90377 Sedna together with a few other objects such as 2000 CR₁₀₅ and 2004 XR₁₉₀ (also known as "Buffy") has motivated discussion of a category of distant objects that may also be inner Oort cloud objects or (more likely) transitional objects between the scattered disc and the inner Oort cloud.^[2]

Although Sedna is officially considered a scattered-disc object by the MPC, its discoverer Michael E. Brown has suggested that because its perihelion distance of 76 AU is too distant to be affected by the gravitational attraction of the outer planets it should be considered an inner-Oort-cloud object rather than a member of the scattered disc.^[8] This classification of Sedna as a detached object is accepted in recent publications.^[9]

This line of thinking suggests that the lack of a significant gravitational interaction with the outer planets creates an extended–outer group starting somewhere between Sedna (perihelion 76AU) and more conventional SDOs like 1996 TL₆₆ (perihelion 35AU), which is listed as a scattered–near object by the Deep Ecliptic Survey.^[10]

One of the problems with defining this extended category is that weak resonances may exist and would be difficult to prove due to chaotic planetary perturbations and the current lack of accuracy in the orbits of these distant objects. These objects have orbital periods of more than 300 years and most have only been observed over a short observation arc of a couple years. Due to their great distance and slow movement against background stars, it may be decades before most of these distant orbits are determined well enough to confidently confirm or rule out a resonance. Further improvement in the orbit and potential resonance of these objects will help to understand the migration of the giant planets and the formation of the Solar System. For example simulations by Emel’yanenko and Kiseleva in 2007 show that many distant objects could be in resonance with Neptune. They show a 10% likelihood that 2000 CR₁₀₅ is in a 20:1 resonance, a 38% likelihood that 2003 QK₉₁ is in a 10:3 resonance, and a 84% likelihood that (82075) 2000 YW₁₃₄ is in a 8:3 resonance.^[11] The dwarf-planet candidate (145480) 2005 TB₁₉₀ appears to have less than a 1% likelihood of being in a 4:1 resonance.^[11]

Candidates

This is a list of known objects by decreasing perihelion, that could not be easily scattered by Neptune's current orbit and therefore are likely to be detached objects:

Designation number[12]	Name	Diameter (km)	H	Perihelion (AU)	Aphelion (AU)	Year discovered	Discoverer(s)	Method of diameter calculation[13]	Type
90377	Sedna	1200–1600	1.6	76.1	975.5	2003	Brown, Trujillo, Rabinowitz	thermal[14]	detached[15]
	2004 XR190	335–850	4.5	52.3	61.8	2004	Lynne Jones et al.	assumed	detached[16][17]
	2004 VN112	130–300	6.4	47.3	614	2004	CTIO[18]	assumed	detached[19]
145480	2005 TB190	~500	4.7	46.2	106.5	2005	Becker, A. C. et al.	assumed	detached
148209	2000 CR105	~250	6.1	44.3	397	2000	Lowell Observatory	assumed	detached[16]
	classical?[20]
82075	2000 YW134	~500	4.7	41.0	73.9	2000	Spacewatch	assumed	8:3[21]
48639	1995 TL8	~350	5.2	40.0	64.5	1995	A. Gleason	assumed	detached
	Mauna Kea[18]	assumed	detached[23]
134210	CTIO[18]	assumed	detached or 5:1?[25]
120132	2003 FY128	~440	4.8	37.0	61.7	2003	N.E.A.T.	assumed	detached[26]
	M. W. Buie[18]	assumed	detached[27] or 7:2?[28]
	2010 KZ39	440–980	3.9	39.1	52.5	2010	A. Udalski et al.	assumed	detached[29] or classical[30]

See also

• List of trans-Neptunian objects
• Classical Kuiper Belt object
• Planets beyond Neptune

References

1. ^ P. S. Lykawka; T. Mukai (2008). "An Outer Planet Beyond Pluto and the Origin of the Trans-Neptunian Belt Architecture". Astronomical Journal 135: 1161. arXiv:0712.2198. Bibcode 2008AJ....135.1161L. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/4/1161. 
2. ^ ^{a b} D.Jewitt, A.Delsanti The Solar System Beyond The Planets in Solar System Update : Topical and Timely Reviews in Solar System Sciences , Springer-Praxis Ed., ISBN 3-540-26056-0 (2006) Preprint of the article (pdf)
3. ^ Evidence for an Extended Scattered Disk?
4. ^ ^{a b} Rodney S. Gomes; Matese, J; Lissauer, J (2006). "A distant planetary-mass solar companion may have produced distant detached objects". Icarus (Elsevier) 184 (2): 589–601. Bibcode 2006Icar..184..589G. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.05.026. 
5. ^ ^{a b} J. L. Elliot, S. D. Kern, K. B. Clancy, A. A. S. Gulbis, R. L. Millis, M. W. Buie, L. H. Wasserman, E. I. Chiang, A. B. Jordan, D. E. Trilling, and K. J. Meech (2006). "The Deep Ecliptic Survey: A Search for Kuiper Belt Objects and Centaurs. II. Dynamical Classification, the Kuiper Belt Plane, and the Core Population" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal 129: 1117. Bibcode 2005AJ....129.1117E. doi:10.1086/427395. http://occult.mit.edu/_assets/documents/publications/Elliot2005AJ129.1117.pdf. 
6. ^ ^{a b} Lykawka, Patryk Sofia & Mukai, Tadashi (July 2007). "Dynamical classification of trans-neptunian objects: Probing their origin, evolution, and interrelation". Icarus 189 (1): 213–232. Bibcode 2007Icar..189..213L. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.01.001. 
7. ^ Morbidelli, Alessandro; Levison, Harold F. (November 2004). "Scenarios for the Origin of the Orbits of the Trans-Neptunian Objects 2000 CR₁₀₅ and 2003 VB₁₂". The Astronomical Journal 128 (5): 2564–2576. arXiv:astro-ph/0403358. Bibcode 2004AJ....128.2564M. doi:10.1086/424617. http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1538-3881/128/5/2564/. Retrieved 2008-07-02. 
8. ^ Brown, Michael E.. "Sedna (The coldest most distant place known in the solar system; possibly the first object in the long-hypothesized Oort cloud)". California Institute of Technology, Department of Geological Sciences. http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/sedna/. Retrieved 2008-07-02. 
9. ^ D.Jewitt, A. Moro-Martın, P.Lacerda The Kuiper Belt and Other Debris Disks to appear in Astrophysics in the Next Decade, Springer Verlag (2009). Preprint of the article (pdf)
10. ^ Marc W. Buie (2007-12-28). "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 15874". SwRI (Space Science Department). http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/15874.html. Retrieved 2011-11-12. 
11. ^ ^{a b} Emel’yanenko, V. V (2008). "Resonant motion of trans-Neptunian objects in high-eccentricity orbits". Astronomy Letters 34: 271–279. Bibcode 2008AstL...34..271E. doi:10.1134/S1063773708040075. (subscription required)
12. ^ Objects with a Minor Planets Center designation number have an orbit with more observations taken over a longer period of time, which is therefore better determined and more securely known, than the orbit of objects with only a provisional designation.
13. ^ "Assumed" means the albedo of the object is assumed to be 0.04, and the object's diameter is calculated accordingly.
14. ^ From measurements made in infrared with the Spitzer Space Telescope.
15. ^ W.M. Grundy, K.S. Noll and D.C. Stephens (July 2005). "Diverse albedos of small trans-Neptunian objects". Icarus (Elsevier) 176 (1): 184–191. arXiv:astro-ph/0502229. Bibcode 2005Icar..176..184G. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.01.007. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WGF-4FR4BS3-3&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=086bf515703846247c0819bb30f5b5f1. Retrieved 2008-03-22.  (arxiv.org)
16. ^ ^{a b} E. L. Schaller and M. E. Brown (2007). "Volatile loss and retention on Kuiper belt objects". Astrophysical Journal 659: I.61–I.64. Bibcode 2007ApJ...659L..61S. doi:10.1086/516709. http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:YBGHuSlg6a0J:www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/ps/volatiles.pdf+VOLATILE+LOSS+AND+RETENTION+ON+KUIPER+BELT+OBJECTS&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=uk&lr=lang_en. Retrieved 2008-04-02.  (PDF)
17. ^ R. L. Allen, B. Gladman (2006). "Discovery of a low-eccentricity, high-inclination Kuiper Belt object at 58 AU". The Astrophysical Journal 640.  Discovery paper. Preprint
18. ^ ^{a b c d} "List Of Centaurs and Scattered-Disk Objects". http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/Centaurs.html. Retrieved 2011-07-05. 
19. ^ Marc W. Buie (2007-11-08). "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 04VN112". SwRI (Space Science Department). http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/04VN112.html. Retrieved 2008-07-17. 
20. ^ Marc W. Buie (2005-12-02). "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 03UY291". SwRI (Space Science Department). http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/03UY291.html. Retrieved 2009-01-22. 
21. ^ Marc W. Buie (2004-04-16). "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 82075". SwRI (Space Science Department). http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/82075.html. Retrieved 2008-07-18. 
22. ^ Marc W. Buie (2008-06-07). "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 03QK91". SwRI (Space Science Department). http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/03QK91.html. Retrieved 2009-01-27. 
23. ^ Marc W. Buie (2005-07-10). "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 03FZ129". SwRI (Space Science Department). http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/03FZ129.html. Retrieved 2009-01-27. 
24. ^ Marc W. Buie (2006-07-30). "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 134210". SwRI (Space Science Department). http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/134210.html. Retrieved 2009-01-24. 
25. ^ Marc W. Buie (2008-03-05). "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 06QH181". SwRI (Space Science Department). http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/06QH181.html. Retrieved 2008-07-29. 
26. ^ Marc W. Buie (2006-04-02). "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 120132". SwRI (Space Science Department). http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/120132.html. Retrieved 2009-01-22. 
27. ^ Marc W. Buie (2007-07-16). "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 06HX122". SwRI (Space Science Department). http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/06HX122.html. Retrieved 2009-01-23. 
28. ^ "MPEC 2008-K28 : 2006 HX122". Minor Planet Center. 2008-05-23. http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K08/K08K28.html. Retrieved 2011-07-05. 
29. ^ Marc W. Buie (2010-06-16 using 19 of 19 observations over 0.98 years (356 days)). "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 10KZ39". SwRI (Space Science Department). http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/10KZ39.html. Retrieved 2011-08-18. 
30. ^ "2010 KZ39". IAU Minor Planet Center. http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=2010+KZ39&commit=Show. Retrieved 2011-08-18.