James Brown

otherpeople|James BrownInfobox musical artist

Img_capt = James Brown performing in 2001.
Background = solo_singer
Birth_name = James Joseph Brown, Jr.
Alias =
Born = birth date|1933|05|3| Barnwell, South Carolina, United States
Origin = Augusta, Georgia
Died = death date and age|2006|12|25|1933|5|3 Atlanta, Georgia [http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/12/25/obit.brown/index.html James Brown, the "Godfather of Soul," dies at 73.] (2006, December 25). CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved January 5, 2007.]
Genre = R&B, soul, funk
Occupation = Singer, songwriter, dancer, bandleader, record producer
Instrument = Vocal, guitar, harmonica, bass, keyboards, drums, percussion instruments
Years_active = 1956 – 2006
Label = Federal, King, Try Me, Smash, People, Polydor, Scotti Bros.
Associated_acts = The Famous Flames, The J.B.'s, The Soul Generals
URL =

James Joseph Brown, Jr. (May 3, 1933 – December 25, 2006), commonly referred to as "The Godfather of Soul", the "King of Funk", and "The Hardest Working Man in Show Business", was an American entertainer. He is recognized as one of the most influential figures in 20th century popular music and was renowned for his vocals and feverish dancing.

As a prolific singer, songwriter and bandleader, Brown was a pivotal force in the music industry. He left his mark on numerous artists. Brown's music also left its mark on the rhythms of African popular music, such as afrobeat, jùjú and mbalax,Pareles, J. (2006, December 26). [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/26/arts/music/26brown.html?pagewanted=2&en=aef74e8250526096&ei=5087&ex=1182920400&excamp=GGGNjamesbrown James Brown, the "Godfather of Soul" dies at 73.] "The New York Times". Retrieved January 31, 2007.] and provided a template for go-go music. [ [http://crosstownarts.com/wama/hof_1991.html Chuck Brown.] (2000). Washington Area Music Association. Retrieved January 28, 2007.]

Brown began his professional music career in 1953 and rose to fame during the late 1950s and early 1960s on the strength of his thrilling live performances and string of smash hits. In spite of various personal problems and setbacks he continued to score hits in every decade through the 1980s. In addition to his acclaim in music, Brown was a presence in American political affairs during the 1960s and 1970s, noted especially for his activism on behalf of fellow African Americans and the poor. During the early 1980s, Brown's music helped to shape the rhythms of early hip-hop music, with numerous groups looping or sampling his funk grooves and turning them into what became hip hop classics and the foundations of the music genre.

Brown was recognized by numerous titles, including "Soul Brother Number One", "Sex Machine", "Mr. Dynamite", "The Hardest Working Man in Show Business", "Minister of The New New Super Heavy Funk", "Mr. Please Please Please Please Her", "The Boss" and foremost "the Godfather of Soul".

Early life

James Brown was born to Susie (née Behlings) and Joseph ("Joe") Gardner in the small town of Barnwell, South Carolina in the Jim Crow South during the Depression era. Although Brown was to be named after his father, his name was reversed mistakenly on the birth certificate. Because of this mix-up during the birth registration, Brown's name instead became James Joseph Brown, Jr.James Brown. (1998). "Notable Black American Men". Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale (Document no. K1622000047). Retrieved January 12, 2007 from the Biography Resource Center database.] As a young child, Brown was known to his family as "Junior", and he was also known as "Little Junior" when he later lived with his aunt and cousin, since his cousin's nickname was also Junior.. He was given up for foster care at a young age.

Brown and his family lived in extreme poverty. When Brown was two years old, his parents separated after his mother decided to leave his father for another man.Gourevitch, P. (2002, July 22). He met is biological father once and he gave Brown a harmonica. Is boilogical father worked on the railroad in Ridgeland, Kansas. [http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/020729fa_fact1 Mr. Brown: On the road with his bad self.] "The New Yorker". Retrieved January 12, 2007.] After his mother left the family, Brown continued to live with his father and his live-in girlfriends until he was six years old. After that time, Brown and his father moved to Augusta, Georgia, and his father sent him to live with an aunt who ran a house of prostitution. Even though Brown lived with relatives, he spent long stretches of time on his own, hanging out on the streets and hustling to get by. Brown managed to stay in school until he dropped out in the seventh grade. [Page, C. (December 27, 2006). His adopted son, Jon White, of Memphis, Tennessee, says his Dad has come a long way since those dark days of his youth. "I asked my Dad how he felt after his 11th rehab visit, and J.B. stated...."Whoa, I feel good, I knew that I would now...I feel nice, like sugar and spice....so good, so good, I got you!"...I suggested he make it a song". [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/chi-0612270027dec27,1,3799848.column?coll=chi-ent_music-hed Godfather of soul, and of our goal.] "The Chicago Tribune". Retrieved January 28, 2007.]

During his childhood, Brown earned money shining shoes, sweeping out stores, selling and trading in old stamps, washing cars and dishes and singing in talent contests. Brown also performed buck dances for change to entertain troops from Camp Gordon during the start of World War II as their convoys traveled over a canal bridge near his aunt's house. Between earning money from these adventures, Brown taught himself to play a harmonica given to him by his father, and he learned to play some guitar from Tampa Red (who was "dating" one of the girls from his aunt's house), in addition to learning to play piano and drums from others. Brown was inspired to become an entertainer after watching Louis Jordan, a popular jazz and R&B performer during the 1940s, and His Tympany Five in a short film performing "Caldonia".Kowalski, E. (2006, December 25). [http://www.voanews.com/english/2006-12-25-voa1.cfm Godfather of soul, James Brown, dead at 73.] Voice of America. Retrieved January 12, 2007.]

As an adult, Brown legally changed his name to remove the "Jr." designation. [Brown, J. & Eliot, M. (introduction). (2005). "I Feel Good: A Memoir of a Life Soul". New York: New American Library. ISBN 045-121393-9.] In his spare time, Brown spent time practicing his various skills in Augusta-area halls and committing petty crimes. At the age of sixteen, he was convicted of armed robbery and sent to a juvenile detention center upstate in Toccoa in 1948.

Brown, who was by then nicknamed "Music Box", formed a gospel quartet while he was incarcerated at the detention center. The group made their own instruments for their performances, which included a paper-and-comb "harmonica", a "drum set" made of lard tins and a "bass" made of a broomstick and washtub. Brown's quartet performed for the local prison crowd and performed shows for other nearby prisons.Hirshey, G. [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/james_brown_funks_founding_father Funk's founding father.] (2007, January 10). "Rolling Stone Magazine". Retrieved January 27, 2007.]

While Brown was in reform school, he became acquainted with Bobby Byrd, who first saw Brown perform in prison as Byrd watched and admired Brown's ability to sing and perform. Byrd's family helped Brown secure an early release after serving only three years of his sentence. The authorities back then agreed to release Brown on the condition that he (Brown) would try to get a job and not return to Augusta or Richmond County. After stints as a boxer [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/386563.stm Obituary: James Brown.] (2006, December 25). "BBC News". Retrieved January 9, 2007.] and baseball pitcher in semi-professional baseball (a career move ended by a leg injury), Brown turned his energy toward music.

Career

Brown's career spanned decades (though many people say that it really started when he first did a video under water), and his sound and beat profoundly influenced the development of many different musical genres. [Wiegand, D. (December 26, 2006). [http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/12/26/MNGO7N5RK51.DTL&type=music James Brown: 1933-2006 - Godfather of soul changed music at frenetic pace.] "The San Francisco Chronicle". Retrieved January 10, 2007.] Brown moves on a continuum of blues and gospel-based forms and styles to a profoundly Africanised approach to music making.Collins, W. (January 29, 2002). [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419200141 James Brown.] "St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture". Retrieved January 12, 2007.] Brown performed in concerts, first making his rounds across the "chitlin' circuit", and then across the country and later around the world, along with appearing in shows on television and in movies. Although he contributed much to the music world through his hitmaking, Brown held the record as the artist who charted the most singles on the Billboard Hot 100 without ever hitting number one on that chart.Hirshey, G. [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/james_brown_funks_founding_father Funk's founding father.] (2007, January 10). "Rolling Stone Magazine". Retrieved January 27, 2007.] [Whitburn, J. (2000). "Top Pop Singles: 1955-1999", 900. Menonite Falls, WI: Record Research. ISBN 0-89820-140-3.]

1955: The Famous Flames

In 1955, Brown and Bobby Byrd's sister Sarah performed in a group called "The Gospel Starlighters". Eventually, Brown joined Bobby Byrd's vocal group, the Avons, and Byrd turned the group's sound towards secular rhythm and blues. After the group's name was changed to The Flames, Brown and Byrd's group toured the Southern "chitlin' circuit", and the group eventually signed a deal with the Cincinnati, Ohio-based label Federal Records, a sister label of King Records.

The group's first recording was the single "Please, Please, Please" (1956). The single was a #5 R&B hit, selling over a million copies. Nine subsequent singles released by The Flames failed to live up to the success of their debut, and group was in danger of being dropped by King Records.

Brown's early recordings were fairly straightforward gospel-inspired R&B compositions, heavily influenced by the work of contemporary musicians such as Ray Charles and Little Richard. Little Richard's relations with Brown were particularly significant in Brown's development as a musician and showman. Brown once called Richard his idol, and credited Richard's saxophone-studded mid-1950s road band, The Upsetters, with being the first to put the funk in the rock and roll beat. [http://www.rockhall.com/hof/inductee.asp?id=179 1986 Inductees: Little Richard, performer.] (2005). The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc. Retrieved October 28, 2006.] When Richard left pop music in 1957 to become a preacher, Brown filled out Richard's remaining tour dates in his place. Several former members of Little Richard's backup band joined Brown's group as a consequence of Richard's exit from the pop music scene.

Brown's group returned to the charts to stay in 1958 with the #1 R&B hit "Try Me". This hit record was the best-selling R&B single of the year, becoming the first of 17 chart-topping R&B singles by Brown over the next two decades. [http://www.rockhall.com/hof/inductee.asp?id=56 1986 Inductees: James Brown, performer.] (2005). The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc. Retrieved January 9, 2007.] By the time "Try Me" was released on record, the group's billing was changed to James Brown and The Famous Flames. "The Famous Flames" was a vocal group, not a backing band contrary to popular belief.

In 1959, Brown and The Famous Flames moved from the Federal Records subsidiary to King Records, the parent label. Brown began to have recurring conflicts with King Records president Syd Nathan over repertoire and other matters. In one notable instance, Brown recorded the 1960 Top Ten R&B hit "(Do the) Mashed Potatoes" on Dade Records, owned by Henry Stone, under the pseudonym "Nat Kendrick & The Swans" because Nathan refused to allow him to record it for King. [http://www.henrystonemusic.com/store/kendrick.htm Nat Kendrick & The Swans.] Henry Stone Music, Inc. Retrieved January 28, 2007.]

Early and mid-1960s

Brown scored on the charts in the early 1960s with recordings such as his 1962 cover of "Night Train". While Brown's early singles were major hits across the southern United States and then regular R&B Top Ten hits, he and the Famous Flames were not successful nationally until his self-financed live show was captured on the 1963 LP "Live at the Apollo". Brown financed the recording of the album himself, and it was released on King Records over the objections of label owner Syd Nathan, who saw no commercial potential in a live album containing no new songs. Defying Nathan's expectations, the album stayed on the pop charts for fourteen months, peaking at #2. [Guralnick, P. (1986). "Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom", 235. New York: Back Bay Books. ISBN 0-45226-697-1.] In addition, Brown recorded a hit version of the ballad "Prisoner of Love" ,( his first Top 20 pop hit), in 1963 and founded (under King auspices) the fledgling Try Me Records, Brown's first attempt at running a record label.

Brown followed the success of "Live at the Apollo" with a string of singles that, along with the work of Allen Toussaint in New Orleans, essentially defined the foundation of funk music. Driven by the success of "Live at the Apollo" and the failure of King Records to expand record promotion beyond the "black" market, James Brown and fellow Famous Flame Bobby Byrd formed a production company, Fair Deal, to promote sales of Brown's record releases to white audiences. In this arrangement, Smash Records, a subsidiary of Mercury Records, was used as a vehicle to distribute Brown's music. Smash released his 1964 hit "Out of Sight", which reached #24 on the pop charts and pointed the way to his later funk hits. [ [http://www.history-of-rock.com/james_brown.htm James Brown.] The History of Rock 'n' Roll: The Golden Decade 1954-1963. Retrieved February 25, 2007.] Its release also triggered a legal battle between Smash and King that resulted in a one year ban on the release of Brown's vocal recordings. [ [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:42j97i4jg71r~T1 James Brown: Biography.] (2006). All Media Guide. Retrieved November 22, 2006.]

During the mid-1960s, two of Brown's signature tunes "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" and "I Got You (I Feel Good)", both from 1965, were his first Top 10 pop hits, as well as major #1 R&B hits, with each remaining the top-selling singles in black venues for over a month. In 1966, Brown's "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" won the Grammy for Best Rhythm & Blues Recording (an award last given in 1968). Brown's national profile was boosted further that year by appearances in the movie "Ski Party" and the concert film "The T.A.M.I. Show", in which he and The Famous Flames (Bobby Byrd, Bobby Bennett and "Baby Lloyd" Stallworth) upstaged The Rolling Stones. In his concert repertoire and on record, Brown mingled his innovative rhythmic essays with Broadway show tunes and ballads, such as his hit "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" (1966).

Late 1960s

As the 1960s decade neared its end, Brown continued to refine the new funk idiom. Brown's 1967 #1 R&B hit, "Cold Sweat", sometimes cited as the first true funk song, was the first of his recordings to contain a drum break and the first that featured a harmony that was reduced to a single chord change. [George, N. (1988). "The Death of Rhythm & Blues", 101. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-394-55238-5.] [Vincent, R. & Clinton, G. (1996). "Funk: The Music, The People, and The Rhythm of The One", 123. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-31213-499-1.] The instrumental arrangements on tracks such as "Give It Up Or Turnit A Loose" and "Licking Stick-Licking Stick" (both recorded in 1968) and "Funky Drummer" (recorded in 1969) featured a more developed version of Brown's mid-1960s style, with the horn section, guitars, bass and drums meshed together in intricate rhythmic patterns based on multiple interlocking riffs.

Changes in Brown's style that started with "Cold Sweat" also established the musical foundation for Brown's later hits, such as "I Got the Feelin'" (1968) and "Mother Popcorn" (1969). By this time Brown's vocals frequently took the form of a kind of rhythmic declamation, not quite sung but not quite spoken, that only intermittently featured traces of pitch or melody. This would become a major influence on the techniques of rapping, which would come to maturity along with hip hop music in the coming decades.

In November 1967 James Brown purchased radio station WGYW in Knoxville, Tennessee for a reported $75,000, according to the January 20, 1968 "Record World" magazine. The call letters were changed to WJBE reflecting his initials. WJBE began on January 15, 1968 and broadcast a Rhythm & Blues format. The station slogan was "WJBE 1430 Raw Soul". At the time it was mentioned "Brown has also branched out into real estate and music publishing in recent months".

Brown's recordings influenced musicians across the industry, most notably Sly and his Family Stone, Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s and soul shouters like Edwin Starr, Temptations David Ruffin, and Dennis Edwards. A then-prepubescent Michael Jackson took Brown's shouts and dancing into the pop mainstream as the lead singer of Motown's The Jackson 5. Those same tracks were later resurrected by countless hip-hop musicians from the 1970s onward. As a result, James Brown remains to this day the world's most sampled recording artist, with "Funky Drummer" itself becoming the most sampled individual piece of music. [ [http://www.the-breaks.com/perl/stats.pl Most sampled songs and Most sampled artists.] The-Breaks.com. Retrieved December 30, 2006]

Brown's band during this period employed musicians and arrangers who had come up through the jazz tradition. He was noted for his ability as a bandleader and songwriter to blend the simplicity and drive of R&B with the rhythmic complexity and precision of jazz. Trumpeter Lewis Hamlin and saxophonist/keyboardist Alfred "Pee Wee" Ellis (the successor to previous bandleader Nat Jones) led the band. Guitarist Jimmy Nolen provided percussive, deceptively simple riffs for each song, and Maceo Parker's prominent saxophone solos provided a focal point for many performances. Other members of Brown's band included stalwart singer and sideman Bobby Byrd, drummers John "Jabo" Starks, Clyde Stubblefield and Melvin Parker (Maceo's brother), saxophonist St. Clair Pinckney, trombonist Fred Wesley, guitarist Alphonso "Country" Kellum and bassist Bernard Odum.

During this period, Brown's music empire also expanded along with his influence on the music scene. As Brown's music empire grew, his desire for financial and artistic independence grew as well. Brown bought radio stations during the late 1960s, including radio station WRDW in Augusta, Georgia where he shined shoes as a boy. Brown also branched out to make several recordings with musicians outside his own band. He recorded "Gettin' Down To It" (1969) and "Soul on Top" (1970), two albums consisting mostly of romantic ballads and jazz standards, with the Dee Felice Trio and the Louie Bellson Orchestra respectively. He recorded a number of tracks with the Dapps, a white Cincinnati bar band, including the hit "I Can't Stand Myself (When You Touch Me)". He also released three albums of Christmas music with his own band.

1970s and the J.B.'s

By 1970, most members of James Brown's classic 1960s band had quit his act for other opportunities, and The Famous Flames singing group had disbanded, with original member Bobby Byrd the only one remaining with Brown. Brown and Byrd employed a new band that included future funk greats, such as bassist Bootsy Collins, Collins' guitarist brother Phelps "Catfish" Collins and trombonist and musical director Fred Wesley. This new backing band was dubbed "The J.B.'s", and the band made its debut on Brown's 1970 single "Get Up (I Feel Like Being A) Sex Machine". Although The J.B.'s went through several lineup changes, with the first change occurring in 1971, the band remained Brown's most familiar backing band.

In 1971, Brown began recording for Polydor Records which also took over distribution of Brown's King Records catalog. Many of his sidemen and supporting players, such as Fred Wesley & The J.B.'s, Bobby Byrd, Lyn Collins, Vicki Anderson and Hank Ballard, released records on the People label, an imprint founded by Brown that was purchased by Polydor as part of Brown's new contract. The recordings on the People label, almost all of which were produced by Brown himself, exemplified his "house style". Songs such as "I Know You Got Soul" by Bobby Byrd, "Think (About It)" by Lyn Collins and "Doing It to Death" by Fred Wesley & The J.B.'s are considered as much a part of Brown's recorded legacy as the recordings released under his own name.

In 1973, Brown provided the score for the blaxploitation film "Black Caesar". In 1974, he toured Africa and performed in Zaire as part of the buildup to the Rumble in the Jungle fight between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman. Admirers of Brown's music, including Miles Davis and other jazz musicians, began to cite Brown as a major influence on their own styles. However, Brown, like others who were influenced by his music, also "borrowed" from other musicians. His 1976 single "Hot" (I Need To Be Loved, Loved, Loved, Loved)" (R&B #31) borrowed the main riff from "Fame" by David Bowie, not the other way around as was often believed. The riff was provided to "Fame" co-writers John Lennon and Bowie by guitarist Carlos Alomar. [ [http://www.allmovieguide.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=61:P The Whole Note: Under the Radar in '06.] (2006). All Media Guide. Retrieved January 9, 2007.]

Brown's Polydor recordings during the 1970s exemplified his innovations from the previous twenty years. Compositions such as "The Payback" (1973), "Papa Don't Take No Mess", "Stoned to the Bone", and "Funky President (People It's Bad)" (1974), and "Get Up Offa That Thing" (1976) were among his most noted recordings during this time.

Late 1970s and early 1980s

By the mid-1970s Brown's star-status was on the wane, and key musicians in his band such as Fred Wesley left to join Parliament-Funkadelic. The onslaught of the slickly commercial style of disco caught Brown off guard, as it superseded his raw style of funk music on the dance floor. His 1976 albums "Get Up Offa That Thing" and "Bodyheat" were Brown's first flirtations with disco rhythms and its slicker production techniques. While the albums "Mutha's Nature" (1977) and "Jam 1980s" (1978) did not generate chart hits, Brown's 1979 LP "The Original Disco Man" was a notable late addition to his oeuvre. This album featured the song "It's Too Funky in Here", which was his last top R&B hit of the decade. Like the rest of songs on the "The Original Disco Man" LP, "It's Too Funky in Here" was not produced by Brown himself, but produced instead by Brad Shapiro.

Brown's contract with Polydor expired in 1981, and his recording and touring schedule was somewhat reduced. Despite these events, Brown experienced something of a resurgence during the 1980s, effectively crossing over to a broader, more mainstream audience. He appeared in the feature films "The Blues Brothers", "Doctor Detroit" and "Rocky IV", as well as guest starring in the "Miami Vice" episode "Missing Hours" (1988). He also recorded "Gravity", a modestly popular crossover album released on his new host label Scotti Bros., and the top 10 hit 1985 single "Living in America", which was featured prominently in the "Rocky IV" film and soundtrack. Brown performed the song in the film at Apollo Creed's final fight, shot in the Ziegfeld Room at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas and was credited as "The Godfather of Soul". In 1987, Brown won the Grammy for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for "Living in America". Acknowledging his influence on modern hip-hop and R&B music, Brown collaborated with hip-hop artist Afrika Bambaataa on the single "Unity".

In 1988, Brown worked with the production team Full Force on the hip-hop influenced album "I'm Real", which spawned a #5 R&B hit single, "Static". Meanwhile, the drum break from the second version of the original 1969 hit "Give It Up Or Turnit A Loose" (the recording included on the compilation album "In the Jungle Groove") became so popular at hip hop dance parties (especially for breakdance) during the late 1970s and early 1980s that hip hop founding father Kurtis Blow called the song "the national anthem of hip hop". [ [http://www.rhino.com/Features/liners/72851lin.html Liner notes - Kurtis Blow presents: The History of Rap, Vol. 1.] Rhino Records. Retrieved January 9, 2007.]

Late 1980s to the 2000s

After a stint in prison during the late 1980s, Brown released the album "Love Overdue", with the new single "Move On". Brown also released the 1991 four-CD box set "Star Time", which included music spanning his four-decade career at that time. Nearly all of his earlier LPs were re-released on CD, often with additional tracks and commentary by experts on Brown's music. In 1993, James Brown released the album "Universal James", which spawned the singles "Can't Get Any Harder", "How Long" and "Georgia-Lina". In 1995, the live album "Live at the Apollo 1995" was released, featuring the new studio track "Respect Me", which was released as a single that same year. Brown followed up this single with the megamix "Hooked on Brown" that was released as a single in 1996. Brown's later LP releases during this time included the 1998 studio album "I'm Back" that featured the single "Funk on ah Roll", and the 2002 album "The Next Step" that featured the single "Killing is Out, School is In". In 2003, Brown participated in the PBS "American Masters" television documentary "James Brown: Soul Survivor", which was directed by Jeremy Marre.

Although Brown had various run-ins with the law, he continued to perform and record regularly, and he also made appearances in television shows and films, such as "Blues Brothers 2000", and sporting events, such as his 2000 appearance at the World Championship Wrestling pay-per-view event "SuperBrawl X". In Brown's appearance at the SuperBrawl X event, he danced alongside wrestler Ernest "The Cat" Miller, whose character was based on Brown, during his in ring skit with The Maestro. [ In 2004 the Egyptian Singer [Hakim] released his album “El Yomen Dol” including a duet track with Brown.

[http://www.celebritywonder.com/html/jamesbrown.html James Brown profile.] Celebrity Wonder. Retrieved January 9, 2007.] Brown was featured in Tony Scott's 2001 short film, "Beat the Devil", alongside Clive Owen, Gary Oldman, Danny Trejo and Marilyn Manson. [ [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0338768 "Beat the Devil".] (2002). Internet Movie Database Inc. (IMDb). Retrieved January 9, 2007.] Brown also made a cameo appearance in the 2002 Jackie Chan film "The Tuxedo", in which Chan was required to finish Brown's act after Brown was accidentally knocked out by Chan. [ [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0290095/fullcredits Full cast and crew for "The Tuxedo".] (2002). Internet Movie Database Inc. (IMDb). Retrieved January 9, 2007.]

Brown appeared at Edinburgh 50,000 - The Final Push, the final Live 8 concert on July 6, 2005, where he performed a duet with British pop star Will Young on "Papa's Got A Brand New Bag". He also performed a duet with another British pop star, Joss Stone, a week earlier on the United Kingdom chat show "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross". Before his death, Brown was scheduled to perform a duet with singer Annie Lennox on the song "Vengeance" for her new album "Venus", scheduled for release in early 2007. In 2006, Brown continued his "Seven Decades Of Funk World Tour", his last concert tour where he performed all over the world. His last shows were greeted with positive reviews, and one of his final concert appearances at the Irish Oxegen festival in Punchestown in 2006 was performed for a record crowd of 80,000 people. Brown's last televised appearance was at his induction into the UK Music Hall of Fame in November 2006.

James Brown Revue

For many years, Brown's touring show was one of the most extravagant productions in American popular music. At the time of Brown's death, his band included three guitarists, two bass guitar players, two drummers, three horns and a percussionist. [ [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16396332/ James Brown band to resume touring soon.] (2006, December 29). MSNBC. Retrieved January 13, 2007.] The bands that he maintained during the late 1960s and 1970s were of comparable size, and the bands also included a three-piece amplified string section that played during ballads. [White, C. & Weinger, H. Are You Ready for Star Time? "Star Time", J. Brown. (1991) Liner notes, 31. Polydor.] Brown employed between 40 and 50 people for the James Brown Revue, and members of the revue traveled with him in a bus to cities and towns all over the country, performing upwards of 330 shows a year with almost all of the shows as one-nighters. [George, N. (1988). "The Death of Rhythm and Blues", 101. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-45226-697-1.] [Guralnick, P. (1986). "Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom", 240. New York: Back Bay Books. ISBN 0-45226-697-1.]

Concert introduction

Before James Brown appeared on stage, his personal MC gave him an elaborate introduction accompanied by drumrolls, as the MC worked in Brown's various sobriquets along with the names of many of his hit songs. The introduction by Fats Gonder, captured on Brown's 1963 album "Live at the Apollo" album, is a representative example:

Among the MCs who worked with Brown and his revue through the years, Brown's most famous MC was Danny Ray, who appeared on stage with him for over 30 years.

Concert repertoire and format

James Brown's performances were famous for their intensity and length. His own stated goal was to "give people more than what they came for — make them tired, 'cause "that's" what they came for.'" [Guralnick, 231.] Brown's concert repertoire consisted mostly of his own hits and recent songs, with a few R&B covers mixed in. Brown danced vigorously as he sang, working popular dance steps such as the Mashed Potato into his routine along with dramatic leaps, splits and slides. In addition, his horn players and backup singers (The Famous Flames) typically performed choreographed dance routines, and later incarnations of the Revue included backup dancers. Male performers in the Revue were required to wear tuxedoes and cummerbunds long after more casual concert wear became the norm among the younger musical acts. Brown's own extravagant outfits and his elaborate processed hairdo completed the visual impression.

A James Brown concert typically included a performance by a featured vocalist, such as Vicki Anderson or Marva Whitney, and an instrumental feature for the band, which sometimes served as the opening act for the show. Although Brown released many live albums, "Say It Live & Loud: Live in Dallas 08.26.68", released by Polydor in 1998, was one of only a few audio recordings that captured a performance of the James Brown Revue from beginning to end.

Cape routine

A trademark feature of Brown's stage shows, usually during the song "Please, Please, Please", involved Brown dropping to his knees while clutching the microphone stand in his hands, prompting the show's MC to come out, drape a cape over Brown's shoulders and escort him off the stage after he had worked himself to exhaustion during his performance. As Brown was escorted off the stage by the MC, Brown's vocal group, The Famous Flames, continued singing the background vocals "Please, please don't go-oh-oh". [Page, C. (January 2, 2007). [http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070102/A_OPINION0603/701020304 Godfather's soul transcended racial, musical barriers.] "The Record". Retrieved June 17, 2007.] Brown then shook off the cape and staggered back to the microphone to perform an encore.

This act was often repeated several times in succession. Brown's cape routine was inspired by a similar routine used by the professional wrestler Gorgeous George. [Loverro, T. (December 28, 2006). [http://www.washtimes.com/sports/20061228-123845-5230r.htm Soul Brother had sports roots.] "The Washington Times". Retrieved January 13, 2007.] His cape routine has also been alleged to have its origin in the Jim Crow South. James and the band were not allowed to use the dressing rooms, and often had to change clothes outside. In the wintertime he would wear a robe or cape to stay warm, and then upon entering the stage, he would toss aside the garment. [R.W. Morris]

Brown as band leader

Brown was a taskmaster when it came to band practices and performances. He demanded extreme discipline, perfection and precision from his musicians and dancers — right down to when performers in his Revue showed up for rehearsals all the way to whether members wore the right "uniform" or "costume" for concert performances.Tangari, J. (2007, January 3). [http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/feature/40233/James_Brown_19332006 James Brown, 1933-2006.] Pitchforkmedia, Inc. Retrieved January 21, 2007.] During an interview conducted by Terri Gross during the NPR segment "Fresh Air" with Maceo Parker, a former saxophonist in Brown's band for most of the 1960s and part of the 1970s and 1980s, Parker offered his experience with the discipline that Brown demanded of the band:Brown also had a practice of directing, correcting and assessing fines on members of his band who broke his rules, such as wearing unshined shoes, dancing out of sync or showing up late on stage.Burnett, B. (2006, December 21). [http://www.hour.ca/music/music.aspx?iIDArticle=11069 James Brown: Audience with the Godfather] (interview). The Hour. Retrieved January 9, 2007.] During some of his concert performances, Brown danced in front of his band with his back to the audience as he slid across the floor, flashing hand signals and splaying his pulsating fingers to the beat of the music. Although audiences thought Brown's dance routine was part of his act, this practice was actually his way of pointing to the offending member of his troupe who played or sang the wrong note or committed some other infraction. Brown used his splayed fingers and hand signals to alert the offending person of the fine that person must pay to him for breaking his rules. [Gottschild, B.D. (2000, August). James Brown: Godfather of dance. "Dance Magazine", 74(8), p. 54 (Document no. A63735725). Retrieved January 11, 2007 from the Biography Resource Center database.]

ocial activism

Civil unrest and self-empowerment

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, James Brown was renowned for his work with social activism. In 1966, he released the single "Don't Be a Drop-Out" as a lesson to young students who had thoughts of dropping out. He later made public speeches in front of dozens of children and advocated the importance of education in school. In 1967, he issued a pro-American single, "America is My Home", which was a "rap" about how he felt people, particularly in the African-American community, were neglecting the country that he said "could give (them) opportunities" explaining how at one time he was shining shoes and the next, he was greeting the President of the United States as he did when President Lyndon B. Johnson thanked him for donating money to school drop-out prevention programs.

A year later, he performed in front of a televised audience in Boston after the death of Martin Luther King, Jr.. Brown is often given credit for preventing rioting with the performance. However, it was Mayor Kevin White who strongly restrained the Boston Police from cracking down on minor violence and protests after the assassinationFact|date=June 2008, and Boston religious and community leaders who worked to keep tempers from flaringFact|date=June 2008. Also, White arranged to have the performance broadcast multiple times on Boston's public television station, WGBH, thus keeping many potential rioters off the streets, watching the concert for free. Brown demanded $60,000 for "gate" fees (money he thought would be lost from ticket sales on account of the concert being broadcast for free), and then threatened to go public about the secret arrangement when the city balked at paying up after the concert, news of which would have been a political death-blow to White, and possibly sparked riots on its ownFact|date=June 2008. White successfully lobbied the behind-the-scenes power-brokering group known as "The Vault" to come up with money for Brown's gate fee and other liberal social programs; The Vault contributed $100,000 to such programs, and Brown received $15,000 from them via the city. White persuaded management at the Boston Garden to give up their share of receipts to make up the differenceFact|date=June 2008.

Afterwards, President Johnson advised Brown to visit Washington, D.C. to greet inner-city residents there performing at a benefit concert there and expressed the notion that violence "wasn't the way to go". Many in the black community felt that Brown was speaking out to them more than some major leaders in the country, a sentiment that was strengthened with the release of his groundbreaking landmark single, "Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud".

Brown continued performing benefit concerts for various civil rights organizations including Jesse Jackson's PUSH and The Black Panther Party's Breakfast program throughout the early-1970s. Brown also continued to release socially-conscious singles such as "I Don't Want Nobody To Give Me Nothing (Open Up the Door, I'll Get It Myself)" (1969), "Get Up, Get Into It, Get Involved" (1971), "Talking Loud and Saying Nothing" (1972), "King Heroin" (1974), "Funky President (People It's Bad)" (1974) and "Reality" (1975). The week before his death, Brown took time to give Christmas presents to an orphanage in Atlanta.

Fannie Brown

James Brown's sister, Fannie Brown, shared James' passion and concern for the condition of today's youth and expressed these concerns by writing songs for James Brown and his band to perform in concert. Brown pocketed the songs for later collaboration, but sang songs written by Fannie Brown wrote in his final track "Gut Bucket". According to Fannie Brown, "Pull Your Pants UP! U SAGGIN'", a song about negativity in today's music world, is planned for a future release. [ [http://www.godsisterofsoul.com/component/option,com_frontpage/Itemid,1/ The God Sister of Soul - Home ] ]

Personal life

At the end of his life, James Brown lived in a riverfront home in Beech Island, South Carolina, directly across the Savannah River from Augusta, Georgia. Brown was once diagnosed with prostate cancer, which was successfully treated with surgery. [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=17912 Singer James Brown prostate cancer surgery successful.] (December 16, 2004). "Medical News Today". Retrieved January 10, 2007.] Regardless of his health, Brown maintained his reputation as the "hardest working man in show business" by keeping up with his grueling performance schedule. However, James Brown led as colorful a life on stage with his performances, as he had off stage with his troubles with the law and his last marriage in particular.

Marriages and children

Brown was married four times — Velma Warren (19 June 1953–1969, divorced), Deidre "Deedee" Jenkins (22 October 1970–10 January 1981, divorced), Adrienne Lois Rodriguez (born 9 March 1950) (1984–6 January 1996, wife's death) and Tomi Rae Hynie (December 2001–2006, his death). From these and other relationships, James Brown had five sons — Teddy Brown (1954-1973), Terry Brown, and Larry Brown, Daryl Brown (a member of Brown's backing band) and James Joseph Brown III, in addition to four daughters — Lisa Brown, Dr. Yamma Noyola Brown Lumar, Deanna Brown Thomas and Venisha Brown. [http://soulfulsynergy.com/images/brownfridaysprogram.pdf May the works I have done speak for me ... James Brown.] (December 29, 2006). Carpentersville Baptist Church, North Augusta, SC (obituary program for the Brown family's private memorial service). Retrieved January 10, 2007 (Adobe Acrobat Reader required for viewing).] [http://soulfulsynergy.com/images/brownsaturdaysprogram.ppt A Home coming celebration for Augusta's own native son: James Brown.] (2006, December 30). The James Arena, Augusta, Georgia (obituary program for the public memorial service of James Brown). Retrieved January 12, 2007 (Microsoft PowerPoint viewer/program required for viewing)] [http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/11/08/keeping-track-of-james-brown-and-the-big-payback/ "Keeping Track of James Brown and The Big Payback" Brenda Goodman, Nov. 8, 2007] Brown also had eight grandchildren and four great-grandchildren. Brown's eldest son, Teddy, died in a car crash on 14 June 1973.Stritof, S. & Stritof, B. (2006). [http://marriage.about.com/od/entertainmen1/a/jamesbrown.htm The marriages of James Brown.] About.com: Marriage. Retrieved January 8, 2007.]

According to a 22 August 2007 article published in the British newspaper "The Daily Telegraph", DNA tests indicate that Brown also fathered at least three illegitimate children. The only one of them who has been identified is LaRhonda Pettit (born 1962), a retired air stewardess and teacher who lives in Houston. [ [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/22/wbrown122.xml Telgraph report] ]

Brown-Hynie marriage controversy

Much controversy surrounds Tomi Rae Hynie's marriage to James Brown that occurred in December 2001, which was officiated by Rev. Larry Fryer. Brown's longtime attorney, Albert "Buddy" Dallas, reported that the marriage between Brown and Hynie was not valid because Hynie was married at that time to Javed Ahmed, a Pakistani whom Hynie claimed married her for a Green Card in an immigration fraud. Although Hynie stated that her marriage to Javed Ahmed was later annulled, the annulment for Hynie's 1997 marriage to Ahmed did not occur until April 2004.Martin, J. (January 4, 2007). [http://www.wrdw.com/news/headlines/5091311.html Tomi Rae defends her relationship with James Brown.] WRDW-TV (Augusta, Georgia). Retrieved January 9, 2007.] [Gardner,L. (December 26, 2006). [http://www.wrdw.com/news/headlines/5018766.html Tomi Rae Hynie: "It's a blatant lie".] WRDW-TV (Augusta, Georgia). Retrieved January 8, 2007.] In an interview on CNN with Larry King, Hynie produced a 2001 marriage certificate as proof of her marriage to James Brown, but she did not provide King with court records pointing to an annulment of her marriage to him or to Ahmed.Anderson, V. (January 5, 2007). [http://www.ajc.com/living/content/living/stories/2007/01/04/0105hynie.html Probate hearing may determine whether Hynie is James Brown's widow.] "The Atlanta-Journal Constitution". Retrieved January 8, 2007.]

According to Dallas, Brown was angry and hurt that Hynie concealed her prior marriage from him, and that Brown moved to file for annulment from Hynie. [Singer James Brown files for annulment. "Jet Magazine", 105(8), p. 18. Retrieved January 11, 2007 from the Biography Resource Center database.] Dallas added that, although Hynie's marriage to Javed Ahmed was annulled after she married James Brown, the Brown-Hynie marriage was not valid under South Carolina law because Brown and Hynie did not remarry after the annulment. [ [http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/12/26/james.brown.widow.ap/index.html Brown widow: I've been locked out.] (2006). CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved January 8, 2007.] In August 2003, Brown took out a full-page public notice in "Variety Magazine" featuring Hynie, James II and himself on vacation at Disney World to announce that he and Hynie were going their separate ways. [ [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/jabrown1.html Public announcement of annulment in "Variety Magazine".] (July 22, 2003). The Smoking Gun. Retrieved January 8, 2007.] [Stritof, S. & Stritof, B. (2007). [http://marriage.about.com/od/entertainmen1/a/jamesbrown_3.htm James Brown and Tomi Rae Hynie timeline: The puzzle of a complicated marriage relationship.] About.com: Marriage. Retrieved January 14, 2007.]

Paternity of James Brown II

In a separate CNN interview, Debra Opri, another Brown family attorney, revealed to Larry King that Brown wanted a DNA test performed after his death to confirm the paternity of James Brown II — not for Brown's sake, but for the sake of the other family members. [ [http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,21026466-5006024,00.html Brown wanted paternity test.] (January 8, 2007). "The Herald Sun" (Australia). REP YOURS ENDZ BLUD. SAFE HOLD IT BLESS. Retrieved January 8, 2007.] In April 2007, Hynie selected a guardian ad litem whom she wants appointed by the court to represent her son, James Brown II, in the paternity proceedings. [ [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/04/AR2007040400490.html James Brown's partner selects guardian.] (April 4, 2007). "The Washington Post. Retrieved April 11, 2007.]

Legal issues

Brown's personal life was marred by several brushes with the law. At the age of 16, was arrested for theft and served 3 years in prison. In 1988, Brown was arrested following an alleged high-speed car chase on Interstate 20 along the Georgia-South Carolina state border. He was convicted of carrying an unlicensed pistol and assaulting a police officer, along with various drug-related and driving offenses. Although he was sentenced to six years in prison, he was eventually released in 1991 after serving only three years of his sentence. Brown's FBI file, released to "The Washington Post" in 2007 under the Freedom of Information Act, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/daily/2007/jamesbrown.pdf In the Matter of James Joseph Brown, File No. SV-44B-3846.] (1989). Criminal Investigative Division, Civil Rights Unit. U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved on June 3, 2007 (Abobe Acrobat Reader required for viewing).] related Brown's claim that the high-speed chase did not occur as claimed by the police, and that local police shot at his car several times during an incident of police harassment and assaulted him after his arrest.Stephens, J. (April 3, 2007). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/02/AR2007040201614.html FBI file recounts James Brown's side Of '88 police chase.] "The Washington Post". Retrieved June 4, 2007.] Local authorities found no merit to Brown's accusations. In another incident, the police were summoned to Brown's residence on July 3, 2000 after he was accused of charging an electric company repairman with a steak knife when the repairman visited Brown's house to investigate a complaint about having no lights at the residence. [ [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/jamesbrown1.html Aiken County Sheriff's Office Incident Report, Case No. 0000030719.] (July 3, 2000). The Smoking Gun. Retrieved January 8, 2007.]

In 2003, Brown was pardoned for past crimes that he was convicted of committing in South Carolina.South Carolina pardons James Brown for past crimes. (June 9, 2003). "Jet Magazine", 36. Retrieved January 14, 2007 from the Lexis-Nexis Academic database.] In January 2005, a woman named Jacque Hollander filed a lawsuit against James Brown, which stemmed from an alleged 1988 forcible rape. When the case was initially heard before a judge in 2002, Hollander's claims against Brown were dismissed by the court as the limitations period for filing the suit had expired. Hollander claimed that stress from the alleged assault later caused her to contract Grave's Disease, a thyroid condition. Hollander claimed that the incident took place in South Carolina while she was employed by Brown as a publicist.

Hollander alleged that, during her ride in a van with Brown, Brown pulled over to the side of the road and sexually assaulted her while he threatened her with a shotgun. In her case against Brown, Hollander entered as evidence a DNA sample and a polygraph result, but the evidence was not considered due to the limitations defense. Hollander later attempted to bring her case before the Supreme Court but nothing became of her complaint.Fact|date=January 2008

During the 1990s and 2000s, Brown was repeatedly arrested for domestic violence. Adrienne Rodriguez, his third wife, had him arrested four times between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s on charges of assault. In January 2004, Brown was arrested in South Carolina on a domestic violence charge after Tomi Rae Hynie accused him of pushing her to the floor during an argument at their home, where she suffered scratches and bruises to her right arm and hip. Later that year in June 2004, Brown pleaded no contest to the domestic violence incident, but served no jail time. Instead, Brown was required to forfeit a US$1,087 bond as punishment. [ [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/jbrownass1.html James Brown pleads to domestic violence.] (2004). The Smoking Gun. Retrieved January 8, 2007.]

Death and the aftermath

Death

On December 23, 2006, James Brown, in ill health, showed up at his dentist's office in Atlanta, Georgia several hours later than his appointment for dental implant work. During that visit, Brown's dentist observed that Brown looked "very bad ... weak and dazed." Instead of performing the dental work, the dentist advised Brown to see a doctor right away about his medical condition.Smith, W. (December 26, 2006). [http://www.newyorkbeacon.com/News/Article/Article.asp?NewsID=74983&sID=4 James Brown, the undeniable "Godfather of Soul" dead at 73.] "The New York Beacon". Retrieved January 10, 2007.]

Brown checked in at the Emory Crawford Long Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia on December 24, 2006 for a medical evaluation of his condition, and he was admitted to the hospital for observation and treatment. [http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/12/24/brown.ailing/index.html James Brown hospitalized with pneumonia.] (December 24, 2006). CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved January 9, 2007.] According to Charles Bobbit, Brown's longtime personal manager and friend, Brown had been sick and suffering with a noisy cough since he returned from a November trip to Europe. Bobbit also added that it was characteristic of Brown to never tell or complain to anyone that he was sick, and that Brown frequently performed during illness. Although Brown had to cancel upcoming shows in Waterbury, Connecticut and Englewood, New Jersey, Brown was confident that the doctor would discharge him from the hospital in time to perform the New Year's Eve shows.

For the New Year's celebrations, Brown was scheduled to perform at the Count Basie Theatre in New Jersey and at the B.B. King Blues Club in New York, in addition to performing a song live on CNN for the Anderson Cooper New Year's Eve special. [http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/12/24/brown.ailing/index.html James Brown hospitalized with pneumonia.] (2006, December 24). CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved January 9, 2007.] However, Brown remained hospitalized, and his medical condition worsened throughout that day.

On December 25, 2006, Brown died at approximately 1:45 a.m.(06:45 UTC) from congestive heart failure resulting from complications of pneumonia, with his agent Frank Copsidas and his friend Charles Bobbit at his bedside. [http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/12/25/james.brown.obit.ap/index.html Soul "godfather" James Brown dies.] (December 25, 2006). CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved January 9, 2007.] According to Bobbit, Brown uttered "I'm going away tonight", and then Brown took three long, quiet breaths and closed his eyes. He would never open them again.

Memorial services

After Brown's death on Christmas day, Brown's relatives and friends, a host of celebrities and thousands of fans attended public memorial services at the Apollo Theater in New York on December 28, 2006 and at the James Brown Arena on December 30, 2006 in Augusta, Georgia. A separate, private memorial service was also held in North Augusta, South Carolina on December 29, 2006, which was attended by Brown's family and close friends. Celebrities who attended Brown's public and/or private memorial services included Joe Frazier, Dick Gregory, MC Hammer, Jesse Jackson, Bootsy Collins, Michael Jackson, L L Cool J, 50 Cent, and Don King, among others. [ [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,239465,00.html Mourners pay respects to James Brown at Apollo Theater public viewing.] (December 28, 2006). Fox News. Retrieved March 16, 2007.] [ [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,239784,00.html Private ceremony held Friday for friends and family of James Brown.] (December 29, 2006). Fox News. Retrieved March 16, 2007.] [http://www.accesshollywood.com/news/ah3296.shtml Michael Jackson attends James Brown funeral.] (2006, December 30). Access Hollywood. Retrieved March 21, 2007.] [Anderson, V. (2006, December 30). [http://www.ajc.com/living/content/living/stories/2006/12/30/1230jacksonburst2.html Michael Jackson, McCartney had private viewing.] "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution". Retrieved March 23, 2007.] All of the public and private memorial services were officiated by Rev. Al Sharpton. [http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/29/people_hot_water/main2312609.shtml James Brown eulogized for impact on word: Family and friends attend a private South Carolina ceremony for the "Godfather of Soul".] (2006, December 29). CBS News: The Show Buzz. Retrieved March 10, 2007.] [ [http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/26/people_late_great/main2299342.shtml NYC & Ga. farewell for Godfather of Soul: Funeral procession and wake in Harlem; funeral in Georgia.] (2006, December 28). CBS News: The Show Buzz. Retrieved March 10, 2007.]

Brown's public and private memorial ceremonies were elaborate, complete with costume changes for Brown and videos featuring him in concert performances. Brown's body, which was placed in a gold casket, was driven through the streets of New York to the Apollo Theater in a white, glass-encased horse-drawn carriage. [Christensen, J. (2006, December 28). [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/jamesbrown/photos/gallery/12985546/photo/3/large Picture of horse drawn carriage carrying James Brown's body in gold casket to the Apollo Theater in Harlem.] "Rolling Stone Magazine". Retrieved March 21, 2007.] [Altaffer, M. (2006, December 28). [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/jamesbrown/photos/gallery/12985546/photo/4/large Picture of pallbearers carrying James Brown's casket to Apollo Theater memorial service.] "Rolling Stone Magazine". Retrieved March 21, 2007.] In Augusta, Georgia, the procession for Brown's public memorial visited Brown's statue as the procession made its way to the James Brown Arena. During the public memorial at the James Brown Arena, nachos and pretzels were served to mourners, as a video showed Brown's last performance in Augusta, Georgia and the Ray Charles version of "Georgia On My Mind" played soulfully in the background. [ [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,239465,00.html Mourners pay respects to James Brown at Apollo Theater public viewing.] (2006, December 28). Fox News. Retrieved March 16, 2007.] [ [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,239784,00.html Private ceremony held Friday for friends and family of James Brown.] (2006, December 29). Fox News. Retrieved March 16, 2007.] [ [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,240157,00.html Farewell tour to James Brown ends with hometown memorial.] (2006, December 30). Fox News. Retrieved March 21, 2007.] Brown's last backup band, The Soul Generals, also played the music of Brown's hits during the memorial service at the James Brown Arena. The group was joined by Bootsy Collins on bass, with MC Hammer performing a dance in James Brown style. [Barnett, R. (2006, December 30). [http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-12-30-brown-farewell_x.htm Farewell tour to James Brown ends.] "USA Today". Retrieved March 16, 2007.]

Last will and testament

James Brown signed his last will and testament on August 1, 2000 before Strom Thurmond, Jr., an attorney for Brown's estate. [http://www.wrdw.com/home/headlines/5164202.html James Brown Jr. not included in will.] WRDW-TV News (Augusta, Georgia). Retrieved January 12,lauren was his first wife and it did not work out 2007.] The irrevocable trust, separate and apart from Brown's will, was created on Brown's behalf in 2000 by his attorney, Albert "Buddy" Dallas, who was named as one of three personal representatives of Brown's estate. Brown's will covered the disposition of his personal assets, such as clothing, cars and jewelry, while Brown's irrevocable trust covered the disposition of music rights, business assets of James Brown Enterprises and Brown's Beech Island estate in South Carolina. [http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/metro/stories/2007/01/06/0107metbrown.html James Brown's road to wealth was rocky: Financial turmoil part of "Godfather" legend.] "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution". Retrieved March 21, 2007.]

During the reading of Brown's will on January 11, 2007, Thurmond revealed that Brown's six adult living children (Terry Brown, Larry Brown, Daryl Brown, Yamma Brown Lumar, Deanna Brown Thomas and Venisha Brown) were named in the will. Hynie and James III were not mentioned in the will as parties who could inherit Brown's property. [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6255039.stm James Brown's widow "not in will".] BBC News (UK). Retrieved January 12, 2007.] Brown's will was signed ten months before James III was born and more than a year before Brown's marriage to Tomi Rae Hynie. Like Brown's will, his irrevocable trust also did not mention Hynie and James III as recipients of Brown's property. The irrevocable trust was established and had not been amended since the birth of James III. [Finn, N. (2007, January 18). [http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=82616c16-71cd-4fed-8de9-9d0e7451473b&entry=index James Brown's estate wills more drama.] E!News. Retrieved March 21, 2007.]

On January 24, 2007, Brown's children filed a lawsuit against the personal representatives of Brown's estate. In their petition, Brown's children asked the court to remove the personal representatives of Brown's estate (including Brown's attorney and estate's trustee, Albert "Buddy" Dallas) and appoint a special administrator because of perceived impropriety and alleged mismanagement of Brown's assets. [http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2007/01/26/james_brown_s_children_request_trustees_ James Brown's children request trustees be removed.] (2007, January 26). Star Pulse. Retrieved January 28, 2007.] [ [http://images.bimedia.net/documents/jb_petition.pdf Emergency petition for termination of appointment and removal of personal representatives and for emergency order restraining all personal representatives.] In the matter of James Brown, a/k/a James Joseph Brown. Case/Estate No. 2007-ES02-0056 (S.C. Probate Ct., filed January 24, 2007).] Retrieved January 28, 2007 (Adobe Acrobat Reader required for viewing).] To challenge the validity of the will and irrevocable trust, Hynie also filed a lawsuit against Brown's estate on January 31, 2007. In her lawsuit against Brown's estate, Hynie asked the court to recognize her as Brown's widow, and she also asked the court to appoint a special administrator for the estate. [ [http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/ent/brown13107pet.html Emergency petition for appointment of special administrator.] In re estate of James Brown a/k/a James Joseph Brown, deceased, Case No. 2007-CP-02-0122 (S.C. Cir. Ct., filed January 31, 2007). FindLaw. Retrieved March 21, 2007.]

Burial at temporary site

After the public and private memorial services in late December 2006, James Brown's body remained in his casket for a time in a temperature-controlled room at his estate. Brown's casket was later moved to an undisclosed location, while his children and Tomi Rae Hynie became embroiled in disputes about Brown's final resting place and matters related to probating his will. [ [http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/20/people_late_great/main2495254.shtml Deal reached on James Brown's burial place: Judge appoints administrator to oversee "Godfather of Soul's" property and trust.] (2007, February 20). CBS News: The Show Buzz. Retrieved March 10, 2007.] More than ten weeks after Brown's death and the public and private memorial services, Brown's children and Hynie decided on a temporary burial site for James Brown. Brown was buried on March 10, 2007 in a crypt at the home of Deanna Brown Thomas, one of Brown's daughters who also held a private ceremony for the temporary burial.Grossberg, J. (2007, March 13). [http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=d84df93b-dad4-4dcf-8e94-4b373618a995James Brown laid to rest (finally).] E! Online. Retrieved April 14, 2007.] The private ceremony for the temporary burial, officiated by Al Sharpton, was attended by Brown's family and a host of friends.

According to Brown's family, Brown's body will remain buried at the temporary site while a public mausoleum is built for him and a decision has been made for Brown's final resting place. [http://www.cnn.com/2007/SHOWBIZ/Music/03/10/james.brown.burial.ap/index.html James Brown laid to rest in temporary tomb.] (2007, March 10). CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved March 10, 2007.] To turn Brown's estate into a visitor attraction, Brown's family plans to consult with the family of Elvis Presley for guidance about converting the estate into an attraction similar to Graceland. [ [http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/story/2007/01/20/jamesbrown-body-moved.html Godfather of Soul's body moved from home.] CBC (Canada). Retrieved January 21, 2007.]

Dallas, Brown's long time attorney and one of the trustees for Brown's estate, did not attend the private service for the temporary burial. He expressed his disapproval and disappointment with the temporary burial arrangement with the comment "Mr. Brown's not deserving of anyone's backyard." According to Dallas, the trustees for Brown's estate "had made arrangements for Brown to be laid to rest at no cost at a 'very prominent memorial garden in Augusta.'" [Goggins, K.A. (2007, March 11). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/10/AR2007031000979.html James Brown placed in daughter's crypt, for now.] "The Washington Post", p. D03. Retrieved March 14, 2007.]

Honors, awards and dedications

. [http://www.steamboat.com/winter-int.aspx?CategoryId=240 The String Cheese Independence Incident returns to Steamboat: Earl Scruggs and Family and Friends, Yonder Mountain String Band, James Brown & Corey Harris round out music acts.] (2002, June 26). Steamboat Ski Two, U.S.A. Retrieved January 29, 2007.]

During his long career, James Brown received several prestigious music industry awards and honors. In 1983, Brown was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. In addition, Brown was named as one of the first inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at its inaugural induction dinner in New York on January 23, 1986. However, the members of his original vocal group, The Famous Flames,Bobby Byrd, Johnny Terry, Bobby Bennett, and Lloyd Stallworth, were not. On February 25, 1992, Brown was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 34th annual Grammy Awards. Exactly a year later, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 4th annual Rhythm & Blues Foundation Pioneer Awards. A ceremony was held for Brown on January 10, 1997 to honor him with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

On June 15, 2000, Brown was honored as an inductee for the New York Songwriters Hall of Fame. On November 14, 2006, Brown was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame, and he was one of several inductees who performed at the ceremony. [ [http://www.endemoluk.com/?q=node/285&tid=7&shownews=1 UK Music Hall of Fame 2006.] (2006, March 11). Endemol UK Plc. Retrieved January 12, 2007.] In recognition of his accomplishments as an entertainer, Brown was a recipient of Kennedy Center Honors on December 7, 2003. In 2004, "Rolling Stone" magazine ranked James Brown as #7 on its list of the [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939214/the_immortals_the_first_fifty 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.] [Rubin, R. (2004, April 15). [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5940014/7_james_brown The Immortals: The first fifty – 7) James Brown.] "Rolling Stone Magazine" (issue 946). Retrieved January 10, 2007.]

Brown was also honored in his hometown of Augusta, Georgia for his philanthropy and civic activities. On November 20, 1993, Mayor Charles DeVaney of Augusta held a ceremony to dedicate a section of 9th Street between Broad and Twiggs Streets, renamed "James Brown Boulevard", in the entertainer's honor. On May 6, 2005, as a 72nd birthday present for Brown, the City of Augusta unveiled a life-sized bronze James Brown Statue on Broad Street. [http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/123006/spe_110576.shtml The James Brown review.] (2006, December 30). "The Augusta Chronicle". Retrieved January 12, 2007.] The statue was to have been dedicated a year earlier, but the ceremony was put on hold because of a domestic abuse charge that Brown faced at the time. [James Brown's legal troubles delay statue unveiling. (2004, May 1). "The Augusta Chronicle". Retrieved January 14, 2007 from the Lexis-Nexis Academic database.] On August 22, 2006, the Augusta-Richmond County Coliseum Authority voted to rename the city's civic center the James Brown Arena, and James Brown attended a ceremony for the unveiling of the namesake center on October 15, 2006.

On December 30, 2006 during the public memorial service at the James Brown Arena, Dr. Shirley A.R. Lewis, president of Paine College, a historically black college in Augusta, Georgia, bestowed posthumously upon Brown an honorary doctorate in recognition and honor of his many contributions to the school in times of its need. Brown was scheduled originally to receive the honorary doctorate from Paine College during its May 2007 commencement. [ [http://www.wjbf.com/midatlantic/jbf/news_index.apx.-content-articles-JBF-2006-12-30-0001.html Remembering James Brown: Augusta memorial memorable.] WKBF-TV (Augusta, Georgia). Retrieved January 10, 2007.] [ [http://www.diverseeducation.com/artman/publish/article_6831.shtml James Brown receives posthumous degree.] (2007, January 2). "Diverse: Issues In Higher Education". Retrieved March 16, 2007.]

During the 49th Annual Grammy Awards presentation held on February 11, 2007, James Brown's famous cape was draped over a microphone at the end of a montage in honor of notable persons in the music industry, including Brown, who died during the previous year. Earlier that evening, Christina Aguilera delivered an impassioned performance of one of Brown's hits, "It's a Man's Man's Man's World", while Chris Brown performed a dance routine in honor of James Brown.Hasty, J. (2007, February 12). [http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003544475 Grammy performances look forward and back.] "Billboard Magazine". Retrieved February 12, 2007.]

As a tribute to James Brown, the Rolling Stones covered the song, "I'll Go Crazy" from Brown's "Live at the Apollo" album, during its 2007 European tour. On September 12, 2007, barely nine months after James Brown's death, Bobby Byrd, the original leader and founder of The Famous Flames vocal group along with Brown, died of cancer at 73 years old. [ [http://www.azcentral.com/ent/celeb/articles/0822stones-CR.html Rolling Stones show they are still greatest rock band.] (2007, August 22). "The Arizona Republic". Retrieved August 24, 2007.]

On December 22, 2007, the first annual "Tribute Fit For the King of King Records" in honor of James Brown was held at the Madison Theater in Covington, Kentucky. The tribute, organized by Bootsy Collins, featured appearances by Afrika Bambaataa, Chuck D of Public Enemy, The Soul Generals, Buckethead, Freekbass, Triage and many of Brown's surviving family members. Comedian Michael Coyer was the emcee for the event. During the show, the mayor of Cincinnati proclaimed December 22 as James Brown Day. [Tunis, W. (2007, December 21). [http://www.kentucky.com/118/story/265108.html Feel good again: Show to pay tribute to the Godfather of Soul, a year after his death.] "Lexington Herald-Leader". Retrieved December 23, 2005.] It has been said that a biopic is in the works about the godfather himself Spike Lee has signed on to direct, Brian Grazer has signed on to produce with Jez and John-Henry Butterworth writing the script. Celebs like Usher (entertainer) and Fergie (singer) are interested in being in the project.

Discography

Notable albums

Four of James Brown's albums appeared on the "Rolling Stone Magazine's" 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time: [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5938174/the_rs_500_greatest_albums_of_all_time/print The RS 500 greatest albums of all time.] (2003, November). "Rolling Stone Magazine". Retrieved January 27, 2007.]

* "Live at the Apollo" (1963) (#24)
* "In the Jungle Groove" (1986) (#330)
* "Star Time" (1991) (#79)
* "20 All-Time Greatest Hits!" (1991) (#414)

In addition, Brown's 1970 double album "Sex Machine" was ranked 96th in a 2005 survey held by British television station Channel 4 to determine the 100 greatest albums of all time. [ [http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest/albums/results.html The 100 greatest albums: Results.] Channel 4 (UK). Retrieved January 30, 2007.] Other notable albums, originally released as double LP records, feature extensive playing by The J.B.'s and served as prolific sources of samples for later musical artists, including:

* "Get On the Good Foot" (1972)
* "The Payback" (1974)
* "Hell" (1974)

The 1968 "Live at the Apollo, Vol. II" double LP album was notably influential on musicians at the time of its release. This classic album remains an example of Brown's energetic live performances and audience interaction, as well as providing a means of documenting the metamorphosis of his music from the R&B and soul styles into hard funk.

Notable singles

Until the early 1970s, Brown was famous mostly for his road show and singles, rather than his albums (with his live LPs as a major exception). Six of his hit singles appeared on the "Rolling Stone Magazine's" 2004 list of the 500 greatest songs of all time: [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/500songs The RS 500 greatest songs of all time.] (2004, November). "Rolling Stone Magazine". Retrieved January 27, 2007.]

*"Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" (1965) (#72)
*"I Got You (I Feel Good)" (1965) (#78)
*"It's a Man's Man's Man's World" (1966) (#123)
*"Please, Please, Please" (1956) (#142)
*"Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud" (1968) (#305)
*"Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine" (1970) (#326)

Complete singles reissue

In 2006, Hip-O Select Records began a multi-volume reissue of James Brown's complete singles (both A-sides and B-sides) on CD. As of February 2008, five volumes have been released: "The Federal Years: 1956-1960"; ""; "The Singles: 1964-1965;" "The Singles: 1966-1967" and "The Singles: 1967-1969".

Filmography

*"The T.A.M.I. Show" (1964) (documentary)
*"Ski Party" (1965)
*"The Phynx" (1970)
*" Black Caesar (1973) (soundtrack only)
*"Slaughter's Big Ripoff" (1974) (soundtrack only)
*"The Blues Brothers" (1980)
*"Doctor Detroit" (1983)
*"Rocky IV" (1985)
*"When We Were Kings" (1996) (documentary)
*"Soulmates" (1997)
*"Blues Brothers 2000" (1998)
*"Holy Man" (1998)
*"Undercover Brother" (2002)
*"The Tuxedo" (2002)
*"" (2002) (short subject)
*"Paper Chasers" (2003) (documentary)
*"Sid Bernstein Presents..." (2005) (documentary)
*"Glastonbury" (2006) (documentary)
*"Life on the Road with Mr. and Mrs. Brown" (2007) (documentary; release pending)

ee also

* Honorific titles in popular music

References

;Footnotes

;Other References

*Sussman, M. (producer). (2006, December 25). [http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/arts/20061225_BROWN_AUDIOSS/blocker.html Arts: Soul classics by James Brown] (multimedia presentation). "The New York Times". Retrieved January 9, 2007.
* [http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2006/12/25/obituaries/20061225_BROWN_SLIDESHOW_1.html Slide show: James Brown through the years.] (2006, December 25). "The New York Times". Retrieved January 9, 2007.
* Lethem, J. (2006, June 12). [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/10533775/being_james_brown Being James Brown.] "Rolling Stone Magazine". Retrieved January 14, 2007.
* [http://podcast.rbn.com/rstone/rstone/download/podcast/jonathanlethem.mp3 "Rolling Stone Magazine" audio interview with Jonathan Lethem about James Brown and his music.] "Rolling Stone Magazine". Retrieved January 9, 2007.

External links

* [http://www.soulevolution.co.uk/Legendoftheweek.html Profile of James Brown at Soul Evolution]
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article1061658.ece "The Times" Obituary for James Brown]
*imdb name|id=0113768|name=James Brown
*MusicBrainz artist|id=20ff3303-4fe2-4a47-a1b6-291e26aa3438|name=James Brown
*AMG name|id=ntknu3t5an1k|name=James Brown
*dmoz|Arts/Music/Styles/R/Rhythm_and_Blues/Funk/Bands_and_Artists/Brown,_James/
* [http://chronicle.augusta.com/jamesbrown/ James Brown, 1933-2006.] News and multimedia archive from The Augusta Chronicle
* [http://www.downbeat.com/jamesbrown.asp James Brown's Musicians Reflect On His Legacy] - article from "Down Beat Magazine"
* [http://www.funky-stuff.com/jamesbrown/BioPoliticMain.htm Biography: James Brown and the Black Arts movement of the 60s and 70s] (biography at Funky-Stuff.com).
* [http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo11/jamesbrown.htm James Brown biography and concert review in cosmopolis.ch]
* [http://rbmaradio.com/ARCHIVE.153.0.php?extID=0&showID=425 RBMA Radio On Demand - Across 135th Street - Volume 7 - Tribute to James Brown - Chairman Mao (RBMA, Egotrip)]
* [http://www.democracynow.org/2006/12/29/james_brown_in_his_own_words 1980 Interview with James Brown and the Rev. Al Sharpton] by Jon Alpert on Democracy Now

Persondata
NAME=Brown, James Joseph, Jr.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Godfather of Soul
SHORT DESCRIPTION=Singer, songwriter, record producer
DATE OF BIRTH=May 3, 1933
PLACE OF BIRTH=Barnwell, South Carolina, United States
DATE OF DEATH=December 25, 2006
PLACE OF DEATH=Atlanta, Georgia, United States