History of the USA PATRIOT Act

History of the USA PATRIOT Act

The history of the USA PATRIOT Act involved many parties who opposed and supported the legislation, which was proposed, enacted and signed into law a month and a half after the September 11 terrorist attacks of New York City in 2001. The USA PATRIOT Act, though approved by large majorities in the U.S. Senate and House of Representative was controversial, and parts of the law were invalidated or modified by successful legal challenges over constitutional infringements to civil liberties. The Act had several sunset provisions, most reauthorized by the "USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005" and the "USA PATRIOT Act Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Act." Both reauthorizations incorporated amendments to the original USA PATRIOT Act, and other federal laws.

Background

The Patriot Act made a number of changes to U.S. law. Key acts changed were the "Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978" (FISA), the "Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1968" (ECPA), the "Money Laundering Control Act of 1986" and "Bank Secrecy Act" (BSA), as well as the "Immigration and Nationality Act".

Title II of the Patriot Act made a number of significant changes to the laws relating to foreign intelligence surveillance, of which the main two Acts that were affected were FISA and the ECPA. FISA came about after the Watergate scandal and subsequent investigations by the Church Committee, which discovered and criticised abuses of domestic spying by the National Security Agency (NSA), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). This led to widespread congressional and public outcry, resulting in Congress passing FISA in 1978.cite journal|last=Swires|first=Peter P.|year=2004|month=August|title=The System of Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Law|journal=George Washington Law Review|volume=72|pages=23–30|url=http://ssrn.com/abstract=586616|accessdate=2007-10-07] FISA governs the way in which U.S. intelligence agencies may conduct wiretaps and the interception of communications in order to gather foreign intelligence. FISA established the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) and a FISC Court of Review which administer foreign intelligence related applications for access to business records, wiretaps, microphone "bugging," physical searches and the use of pen registers and trap and trace devices. The Act does not apply to U.S. citizens, but is limited to dealings with foreign powers and nationals.

The ECPA was an amendment to Title III of the "Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968", which is sometimes known as the "Wiretap Statute." The Wiretap Statute was mainly the result of two Supreme Court cases — "Katz v. United States" and "Berger v. New York" — and from criticism by the Church Committee of the actions of COINTELPRO (Counter Intelligence Program). The Supreme Court found in both "Katz v. U.S." and "Berger v. New York" that Fourth Amendment search and seizure protections prohibited warrantless wiretaps. COINTELPRO was a program of the FBI that was aimed at investigating and disrupting dissident political organizations within the United States. COINTERPRO's operations during 1956 to 1971 were broadly targeted against organizations that were (at the time) considered to have politically radical elements. These included those whose stated goal was the violent overthrow of the U.S. government (such as the Weathermen), non-violent civil rights groups such as Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Southern Christian Leadership Conference and violent groups like the Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazi Party.cite journal|last=Saitu|first=Natsu Taylor|year=2002|month=Winter|title=Whose Liberty? Whose Security? The USA PATRIOT Act in the Context of COINTELPRO and the Unlawful Repression of Political Dissent|journal=Oregon Law Review|volume=81|issue=4|pages=1051–1132|url=http://www.law.uoregon.edu/org/olr/archives/81/81_Or_L_Rev_1051.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-10-17] The Church Committee found that most of the surveillance was illegal. Consequently Title III of the "Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act", though noting that wiretaps and interception of communications are a vital part of the law enforcement, found that wiretapping had been undertaken without legal sanction and were being used to overhear the private conversations of U.S. citizens without their consent. These conversations were then often being used as evidence in court proceedings. Therefore, in order to protect the integrity of the courts while also ensuring the privacy of citizens was not violated, the Act provided a legal framework within which wiretaps and interceptions of communications could be used. The Act requires a court order authorizing the use of such measures against U.S. citizens, with penalties for those who do not get such authorization. The notable exception to these orders is in section usc-clause|18|2511|(3), which makes an exception to the restrictions of wiretaps in cases where the President must take measures to protect the U.S. from actual or potential hostile actions from a foreign power.

When Title III was established telecommunications was in its infancy and since that time many advances in communications technology have been made. This made it necessary to update the law to take into account these new developments. Thus the ECPA was passed, and extended Title III to also protect wire, oral and electronic communications while in transit, as well as protecting stored electronic communications. The ECPA also extended the prohibition of the use of pen register and/or trap and trace devices to record dialling information used in the process of transmitting wire or electronic communications without a search warrant.

Along with changes to surveillance measures, the Patriot Act also made substantial changes to laws relating to money laundering. The main law changed was the "Money Laundering Control Act" (MLCA), which was itself an amendment to the "Bank Secrecy Act" (BSA) The BSA was passed by Congress in 1970 and is designed to fight drug trafficking, money laundering and other financial crimes. It requires financial institutions to keep records of cash purchases of negotiable instruments, file reports of cash transactions exceeding a daily aggregate amount of $US10,000, and to report suspicious activity that might signify money laundering, tax evasion or other criminal activities. The MLCA, passed in 1986, further enhanced the BSA by making it a crime to structure transactions in such a way as to avoid BSA reporting requirements.

Immigration law was also tightened under the Patriot Act. The "Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952" (INA), also known as the "McCarran-Walter Act", was passed by Congress in 1952 and was designed to restrict immigration into the U.S. It allowed the government to deport immigrants or naturalized citizens engaged in subversive activities and also allowed the barring of suspected subversives from entering the country. The Act is codified under Title 8 of the United States Code, which primarily governs immigration and citizenship in the United States. Prior to the INA, a variety of statutes governed immigration law but were not organized within one body of text. The Act was later modified by the "Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965", and then by the "Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986". Since the Patriot Act, Title 8 has been modified even further by various Acts, including the "Real ID Act of 2005".

eptember 11, 2001 terrorist attack

The catalyst for the USA PATRIOT Act occurred on September 11, 2001 when terrorists attacked New York City and caused the destruction of the World Trade Center. In response President George W. Bush declared a War on Terror and soon thereafter Senators from both sides of politics started working on legislation that would give law enforcement greater powers to prevent and investigate terrorism in the United States.

According to "The Washington Post", Viet Dinh — who was then the Assistant Attorney General of the United States — started work on measures to increase the authority of Federal Agencies, reportedly based upon the understanding that " [t] he charge [from then Attorney General John Ashcroft] was very, very clear: 'all that is necessary for law enforcement, within the bounds of the Constitution, to discharge the obligation to fight this war against terror.' "cite news|last=O'Harrow, Jr.|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert O'Harrow, Jr.|title=Six Weeks in Autumn|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A1999-2002Oct22&notFound=true|work=The Washington Post|pages=W06|date=2002-10-27|accessdate=2007-10-17] Simultaneously, Jim Dempsey of the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT), expressed concerns that civil liberties might be trampled in the rush to push through legislation. According to Dempsey, it was hard enough to get their attention, but " [even if] you [did,] some members of the House and Senate were, 'Don't bother me with the details.' " Various interested parties, including the CDT, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC), closely scrutinised and critiqued the various proposed bills leading to the final Act, as well as the Act itself once passed.

First bills introduced

Within a few weeks of the September 11 attacks, a number of bills attempting to make changes to anti-terrorism laws were introduced into Congress. The first bill proposed was the "Combating Terrorism Act of 2001", which was introduced by Republican Senators Orrin Hatch (R-UT) and Jon Kyl (R-AZ) with Democrat Senators Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) and Chuck Schumer (D-NY) on September 13.cite web|title=Senate Amendment 1562|url=http://www.cdt.org/security/010913senatewiretap2.shtml|date=2001-11-13|publisher="Center for Democracy and Technology"|accessdate=2007-10-17] Among its proposed measures, it ordered a report on the readiness of the National Guard to pre-emptively disrupt domestic acts of terrorism that used weapons of mass destruction and called for long-term research and development into terrorist attacks. It also called for a review of the authority of Federal agencies to address terrorist acts, proposed a change that would have allowed the CIA to recruit terrorist informants and proposed to allow law enforcement agencies to disclose foreign intelligence that was discovered through wiretaps and other interception methods. The amendment proposed a Sense of Congress that not enough was being done to impede and investigate terrorist fundraising, and sought to increase measures to prevent the laundering of the proceeds of terrorism.

The "Public Safety and Cyber Security Enhancement Act" was introduced on September 20 to the House by Republican Senator Lamar Smith (R-TX). [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:h.r.02915:: H.R. 2915] , "THOMAS"] Its main focus was on the unauthorized access of protected computers and proposed making modifications to the laws surrounding cable subscriber privacy, as well as various changes to pen register and trap and trace laws. The bill would have made an exception for foreign intelligence gathering in the laws that require a court order necessary for pen register and trap and trace surveillance. It would also have removed restrictions on the prohibition of gaining access to cable subscriber records and only prohibited the disclosure of viewing patterns of cable television subscribers. [http://www.cdt.org/security/010920hcsa2.pdf Public Safety and Cyber Security Enhancement Act] . Source: "Center for Democracy and Technology". Accessed 26th June, 2007.]

The "Intelligence to Prevent Terrorism Act" was introduced to the Senate on September 28 by Senators Bob Graham (D-FL) and Jay Rockefeller (D-WV). [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:s.01448: S. 1448] , "THOMAS"] The bill proposed a number of changes relating to the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI). The most significant change proposed was to require the Attorney General or head of any other Federal department or agency to disclose to the DCI any foreign intelligence acquired in the course of a criminal investigation. However, it would also have required that the DCI and Secretary of the Treasury jointly report to Congress on the whether it would be a good idea to reconfigure the Office of Foreign Assets Control and its Foreign Terrorist Asset Tracking Center to provide for the analysis and dissemination of foreign intelligence relating to the financial capabilities and resources of international terrorist organizations. It would also have required the DCI to establish and maintain a National Virtual Translation CenterMemorably referred to as "Napster for spies" by Steven Cash during [http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_senate_hearings&docid=f:79625.wais a Senate Hearing] before the Select Committee on Intelligence.] for timely and accurate translations of foreign intelligence for elements of the intelligence community. Another area it covered was a proposal to make the Attorney General provide a program of training to Government officials regarding the identification and use of foreign intelligence."THOMAS". [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:s.1448: "Intelligence to Prevent Terrorism Act of 2001"] .] "Congressional Research Service". [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:SN01448:@@@D&summ2=m& CRS summary of "Intelligence to Prevent Terrorism Act of 2001"] ]

Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001 and Financial Anti-Terrorism Act

Meanwhile, Republican Senators Orrin Hatch and Arlen Specter (R-PA), along with Democrat Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT) had been working with John Ashcroft on a draft bill, called the "Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001". Many of the most controversial aspects of the USA PATRIOT Act were first part of this draft and it was later to be introduced as the PATRIOT Act/USA Act — which in turn became the basis for the final USA PATRIOT Act. Among other things, the administration proposal discussed extending roving wiretaps from the sole domain of domestic agencies into the domain of foreign intelligence surveillance and proposed the expansion of the use of wiretaps from phonelines to Internet technology. It would have made it possible for more law enforcement agencies to disseminate wiretap information and would have expanded the scope of surveillance subpoenas to allow broader access to personal records — including "books, records, papers, documents, and other items.""Electronic Privacy Information Center". [http://www.epic.org/privacy/terrorism/ata_analysis.html "Analysis of Provisions of the Proposed Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001"] ( [http://www.epic.org/privacy/terrorism/ATA_analysis.pdf PDF] )] [http://www.epic.org/privacy/terrorism/ata2001_text.pdf "Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001"] . Source: "Electronic Privacy Information Center". Accessed 2nd July, 2007.] Both the bill introduced by Senator Graham and the proposed Anti-Terrorism Act draft were referred to the Select Committee on Intelligence. According to "The Washington Post", EPIC's Jim Dempsey and a number of other representatives from other civil liberties groups were invited to discussions about the draft, but Dempsey's recollection was that "They [members of the Department of Justice] were livid, [and they] explicitly said, 'We don't think outsiders should be here, and we won't talk unless they leave the room.'" Though a deal was brokered, this began causing tensions between parties negotiating the bill and previously amicable discussions started breaking down between Leahy and Ashcroft.

Also introduced into the House was the "Financial Anti-Terrorism Act". This bill, which was later incorporated into the final USA PATRIOT Act, was introduced in the middle of October by Republican Representative Mike Oxley (R-OH), and was passed and then referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:H.R.3004: H.R. 3004] , "THOMAS"] It proposed strengthening financial law enforcement through a number of measures. These included establishing FinCEN as a bureau of the Department of the Treasury, enhancing forfeiture laws and preventing the structuring of transactions to bypass anti-money laundering and reporting legislation."Congressional Research Service", [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:HR03004:@@@D&summ2=m& CRS Summary of H.R. 3004] : "Title I: Strengthening Law Enforcement". October 17, 2001.] It also proposed establishing measures to increase the cooperation between the public and private sectors when it came to reporting and preventing financial crimes such as money laundering,"Congressional Research Service", [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:HR03004:@@@D&summ2=m& CRS Summary of H.R. 3004] : "Title II: Public-Private Cooperation". October 17, 2001.] along with further measures to combat international money laundering."Congressional Research Service", [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:HR03004:@@@D&summ2=m& CRS Summary of H.R. 3004] : "Title III: Combatting International Money Laundering". October 17, 2001.]

Birth of the USA PATRIOT Act

The first version of the Patriot Act was introduced into the House on October 2 2001 as the "Provide Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (PATRIOT) Act of 2001", and was later passed by the House as the "Uniting and Strengthening America (USA) Act" (H.R. 2975) on October 12. [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:H.R.2975: H.R. 2975] , "THOMAS"] This was based on the afore-mentioned "Anti-Terrorism Act", but had been changed after negotiations and work between Attorney General Ashcroft, Senators Leahy, Paul Sarbanes (D-MD), Bob Graham, Trent Lott (R-MS) and Orrin Hatch. It was introduced into the Senate as the "USA Act of 2001" (S. 1510) by Tom Daschle (D-SD) [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:S.1510: S. 1510] , "THOMAS".] where Senator Russ Feingold (D-WI) proposed a number of amendments, all of which were passed. Feingold amended the provision relating to interception of computer trespasser communications, [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:SP01899: Senate Amendment 1899] ] limited the roving wiretap authority under FISA [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:SP01900: Senate Amendment 1900] ] and modified the provisions relating to access to business records under FISA. [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:SP01901: Senate Amendment 1901] ] The "USA Act" was later vitiated and indefinitely postponed, because the Senate and House bills could not be reconciled in time.CongRec|2001|S11247|2001]

The "USA PATRIOT Act", H.R. 3162, was introduced into the House on October 23. It incorporated H.R. 2975 and S. 1510 and many of the provisions of H.R. 3004 (the "Financial Anti-Terrorism Act"). [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:H.R.3162: H.R. 3162] , "THOMAS"] Though there were some objections and concerns raised about the legislation,CongRec|2001|S10990|October 25, 2001] a motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill was passed.Passed 357 - 66; [http://clerk.house.gov/cgi-bin/vote.asp?year=2001&rollnumber=398 Roll number 398] (October 23 2001)] Patrick Leahy in particular commented that "our ability to make rapid progress [on drafting the bill] was impeded because the negotiations with the Administration did not progress in a straight line. On several key issues that are of particular concern to me, we had reached an agreement with the Administration on Sunday, September 30. Unfortunately, over the next two days, the Administration announced that it was reneging on the deal. I appreciate the complex task of considering the concerns and missions of multiple Federal agencies, and that sometimes agreements must be modified as their implications are scrutinized by affected agencies. When agreements made by the Administration must be withdrawn and negotiations on resolved issues reopened, those in the Administration who blame the Congress for delay with what the "New York Times" described as "scurrilous remarks," do not help the process move forward."CongRec|2001|S10991|October 25, 2001] The Act was opposed by only one vote, the sole dissenting Senator being Russ Feingold [http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=107&session=1&vote=00313 Record vote number 313] for H.R. 3192. Passed 98 - 1.] who found a number of measures objectionable or troubling. Feingold's concerns included the way that the bill was passed,CongRec|2001|S11020|October 25th, 2001] aspects of the wiretapping provisions, the changes to search and seizure laws,CongRec|2001|S11021|October 25th, 2001] the expanded powers under FISA that allowed law enforcement to gain access to business recordsCongRec|2001|S11022|October 25th, 2001] and the changes to detention and deportation laws for immigrants.CongRec|2001|S11022|October 25th, 2001] The Act had a number of "sunsets" included in it after insistence by Republican Representative Richard Armey (R-TX) However, the Act took into account any ongoing foreign intelligence investigations and allowed them to continue once the sections had expired.

Opposition grows

After the USA PATRIOT Act was passed it remained controversial, and began to be questioned by some members of Congress. On June 13 2002 the House Committee on the Judiciary wrote a letter to Attorney General Ashcroft asking 50 questions about the use and effectiveness of the Act. In the letter they stated that " [t] he Committee is interested in hearing from you [John Ashcroft] and FBI Director Robert F. Mueller concerning the Department of Justice’s use of [the Act's new investigative tools to combat new terrorist threats against the United States] and their effectiveness. In light of the broad scope of the Act, we are initially seeking written responses to the following questions, and we plan to schedule a hearing in the near future to allow further public discussion of these and other issues relating to the Department of Justice’s activity in investigating terrorists or potential terrorist attacks."Frank James Sensenbrenner & John Conyers Jr. (June 13, 2002). [http://judiciary.house.gov/judiciary/ashcroft061302.htm Letter to Attorney General John Ashcroft] ] Only 28 questions were answered publicly, with 7 answered under separate cover to the Committee.Daniel J. Bryant (July 26, 2002). [http://judiciary.house.gov/Media/PDFS/patriotresponses101702.pdf Response to 50 questions] . "United States Department of Justice"] Meanwhile, organisations such as the ACLU, the EFF and EPIC had not stopped opposing the most controversial parts of the Act. Three months after the official response to the Select Committee on the Judiciary, EPIC filed a Freedom of Information (FOI) request seeking the information that was not released by the U.S. Department of Justice."Electronic Privacy Information Center" (October 25, 2002) [http://www.epic.org/privacy/terrorism/patriot_foia_complaint.pdf FOI complaint] .] While the Department of Justice released a number of records in response to the request, they didn't release all the material, asserting that certain responsive records were exempt from disclosure. In order to gain access to these records, the ACLU and EPIC brought a civil action against the Department of Justice, [http://www.epic.org/privacy/terrorism/usapatriot/foia/sj-memo.pdf ACLU and EPIC v. Department of Justice, Civil Action No. 02-2077] . March 21, 2003.] and on November 26 U.S. District Judge Ellen Segal Huvelle ordered the Department of Justice to complete its processing of the FOI request by January 15 2003."ACLU and EPIC v. Department of Justice, Civil Action No. 03-2522". (D.D.C. ESH)", [http://www.epic.org/privacy/terrorism/usapatriot/foia/ PATRIOT Act FOIA] . EPIC website, retrieved 29th August, 2007.]

Meanwhile, on July 31, the "Protecting the Rights of Individuals Act" was introduced into the Senate by Senators Lisa Murkowski (R-AK) and Ron Wyden (D-OR)."THOMAS", [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d108:s1552: S.1552] .] It was the first of many bills introduced to attempt to change the Patriot Act. Among the changes were ones to FISA provisions, including limits to "sneak and peek" and roving wiretap provisions, the narrowing of the Patriot Act's definition of terrorism and the reinstatement of judicial review when agencies wished to access library and business records. It also would have restored the primary purpose criteria of FISA surveillance to be for foreign intelligence purposes, which had been changed in the Patriot Act to be a "significant purpose." The bill proposed a moratorium on data mining by agencies except under specific instances allowed under law and also would have prevented government access to education records without specific facts showing why those records were required in investigations."Electronic Frontiers Foundation", [http://www.eff.org/patriot/pri_act_analysis.php Analysis of the Protecting the Rights of Individuals Act] , retrieved September 4th, 2007.] "Congressional Research Service" (June 31st, 2003), [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d108:SN01552:@@@D&summ2=m& CRS Summary of S.1552] .] Further legislation attempting to curtail the Patriot Act was introduced into the House on September 24 by Dennis Kucinich (D-OH) and Ron Paul (R-TX). That bill was the "Benjamin Franklin True Patriot Act", [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d108:H.R.3171: H.R. 3171] , "THOMAS"] which is an allusion to Benjamin Franklin's famous quote that "those who would give up Essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety." Amongst other things, it proposed a 90-day review period after which 11 sections of the Patriot Act would cease to have effect. It would have reverted the sections on sneak and peek searches, expansion of pen register and trap and trace authorities as well the authority for the FBI to gain access to records and other tangible items under FISA. Also reverted would have been the sections that changed the primary purpose test for foreign intelligence surveillance under FISA to "significant purpose," the mandatory detention of aliens, the use of National Security Letters and the broadened definition of "domestic terrorism." The bill was referred to subcommittees for consideration, where no further action was taken before the end of the 108th Congress. The bill never went further and it was never reintroduced. The bill was publicly supported by the ACLUcite press release|title=ACLU Welcomes Bi-partisan "True PATRIOT Act," Measure Seeks to Restore Freedoms Lost Post 9/11|publisher=American Civil Liberties Union|date=2003-09-24|url=http://www.aclu.org/safefree/general/17688prs20030924.html|accessdate=2007-09-05|quote=The American Civil Liberties Union today joined with members of Congress and civil rights groups in welcoming bi-partisan legislation aimed to correct some of the most contentious provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act and other controversial measures adopted post 9/11. At a news conference today, Reps. Dennis Kucinich (D-OH) and Ron Paul (R-TX) unveiled their "Benjamin Franklin True Patriot Act."] and the EFF.cite news|url=http://www.eff.org/press/archives/2003/09/28|title=EFF Supports the Benjamin Franklin True Patriot Act|date=2003-09-28|publisher=Electronic Frontiers Foundation|accessdate=2007-09-05]

Further controversy soon came to a head when, in late January 2003, the founder of the Center for Public Integrity, Charles Lewis, published a leaked draft copy of an Administration proposal titled the "Domestic Security Enhancement Act of 2003"."PBS" (February 7th, 2007), [http://www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcript206_full.html Now with Bill Moyers] , transcript.] The document was quickly dubbed "PATRIOT II" or "Son of PATRIOT" by the media and organisations such as the EFF. [http://www.eff.org/Censorship/Terrorism_militias/patriot-act-II-analysis.php EFF Analysis of "Patriot II," Provisions of the Domestic Security Enhancement Act of 2003] , "Electronic Frontier Foundation". Retrieved 30th August, 2007.] The draft, which was circulated to 10 divisions of the Department of Justice, [http://www.publicintegrity.org/dtaweb/downloads/Story_01_020703_Doc_2.pdf Control Sheet of the "Domestic Security Enhancement Act of 2003"] , retrieved August 30th, 2007.] proposed to make further modifications to extend the USA PATRIOT Actcite news|first=Ryan|last=Singel|authorlink=Ryan Singel|title=A Chilly Response to 'Patriot II'|url=http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2003/02/57636|work=Politics : Law |publisher=Wired News|date=2003-03-12|accessdate=2007-10-17] and would have made more changes to FISA, including extending the definition of a foreign power in relation to FISA and allowed the use of wiretaps 15 days after Congress authorized the use of military force (currently, the law allows this only after a declaration of war). Further, it would have allowed Federal agencies to acquire foreign government's spoken communications and would have expanded the use of pen registers under FISA to apply to U.S. citizens. It proposed that the FISA Court of Review be allowed to employ a lawyer with security clearance to defend the judgement of the FISC, and would have expanded the use of law enforcement investigative tools under FISA. Further gags were proposed in the draft and, had it been introduced into Congress, it would have prevented the disclosure of terrorism investigation detainee information, "Worst Case Scenario" information and information relating to Capitol buildings. The draft contained measures to further restrict what participants in Grand Jury terrorism hearings could disclose, while other proposed measures would have enhanced investigations into terrorism, including the establishment of a terrorism identification database. Changes were proposed to define terrorism as a crime and the legal framework with which to prosecute such crimes. Further modifications would have also changed immigration and border-security laws. [http://www.eff.org/Censorship/Terrorism_militias/patriot2draft.html Patriot II (draft)] , "Electronic Frontiers Foundation". Retrieved August 30th, 2007.] Though the Department of Justice released a statement that it was only a draft,"United States Department of Justice" (February 7th, 2007), [http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2003/February/03_opa_082.htm Statement of Barbara Comstock, Director of Public Affairs] ] it caused an enormous amount of controversy, with many criticising it for impinging on privacy and civil liberties.cite news|first=Lawrence|last=Morahan|title='Patriot 2' Raises Concerns for Civil Liberties Groups|url=http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewNation.asp?Page=%5CNation%5Carchive%5C200302%5CNAT20030213b.html|publisher=CNS News|work=The Nation|date=2003-02-13|accessdate=2007-10-17] In particular, Patrick Leahy complained that "If there is going to be a sequel to the USA PATRIOT Act, the process of writing it should be open and accountable. It should not be shrouded in secrecy, steeped in unilateralism or tinged with partisanship. The early signals from the Administration about its intentions for this bill are ominous, and I hope Justice Department officials will change the way they are handling this."Patrick Leahy (February 10, 2003), [http://leahy.senate.gov/press/200302/021003.html Comments of Senator Patrick Leahy Ranking Democratic Member, Senate Judiciary Committee, on the Justice Department’s Secrecy in Drafting a Sequel to the USA PATRIOT Act] . Office of Patrick Leahy, Senator for Vermont (2003).]

By now public opinion of the Act appeared to be waning, with a Gallup poll response to the question "Based on what you have read or heard, do you think the Patriot Act goes too far, is about right, or does not go far enough in restricting people's civil liberties in order to fight terrorism?" showing that between 2003 and 2004 nearly a quarter of all Americans felt that the Act went too far, while most felt that it was either just right or did not go far enough.cite news|title=USA TODAY/CNN/Gallup Poll results|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/polls/tables/live/2004-02-25-patriot-act-poll.htm|publisher=USA Today|date=2005-05-20|accessdate=2007-10-17] In response, the Department of Justice established a website [http://www.lifeandliberty.gov www.lifeandliberty.gov] that defended the Act from such organizations as the ACLU (which itself had created a website that campaigned against the Patriot Act called [http://www.aclu.org/safefree/index.html Safe and Free] ).cite journal|last=Owen III|first=Henry|year=2007|month=January|title=The Life and Liberty.gov Web site review|journal=Government Information Quarterly|volume=24|issue=1|pages=229–229|issn=0740-624X|doi=10.1016/j.giq.2006.07.014|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W4G-4M33W0W-1&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_cdi=6542&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_artOutline=Y&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=1b2f03e3e6bf325bf80bd7deb1ef147d#secx1|format=fee required|accessdate=2007-09-01] At the same time, Attorney General Ashcroft toured 16 cities giving speeches to invite only crowds defending the Patriot Act and touting its importance.cite news|first=Eric|last=Lichtblau|authorlink=Eric Lichtblau|title=Ashcroft's Tour Rallies Supporters and Detractors|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802E4DF173BF93BA3575AC0A9659C8B63|publisher=The New York Times|date=2003-09-08|accessdate=2008-03-23] cite news|first=Jane Ann|last=Morrison|coauthors=Puit, Glenn|title=Ashcroft touts Patriot Act's virtues|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2003/Aug-27-Wed-2003/news/22024763.html|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|date=2003-08-27|accessdate=2007-10-17] In the speeches — which among other things made allusions to Bunker Hill, Antietam, the Argonne, Iwo Jima, Normandy and Abraham Lincoln — he defended the Patriot Act's provisions that eliminated the "wall" preventing foreign intelligence agencies from sharing information with domestic law enforcement agencies, roving wiretaps and the expanded capabilities of the U.S. Joint Terrorism Task Force. He also claimed that they had "neutralized alleged terrorist cells in Buffalo, Detroit, Seattle and Portland [and] brought 255 criminal charges. One hundred thirty two individuals have been convicted or pled guilty. All told, more than 3,000 suspected terrorists have been arrested in many countries. Many more have met a different fate."John Ashcroft (August 19th, 2003). [http://www.usdoj.gov/archive/ag/speeches/2003/081903remarksataeifinal.htm Prepared Remarks of Attorney General John Ashcroft Preserving Life and Liberty] , speech to American Enterprise Institute.] Among those arrested was Sami Amin Al-Arian and seven others who were indicted on 50 counts, including using an Islamic think tank to funnel funds to the group Palestinian Islamic Jihad, which is classed as a terrorist organization by the United States government.cite news|title=FBI charges Florida professor with terrorist activities|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/South/02/20/professor.arrest/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=2003-02-20|accessdate=2007-10-17] [http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/alarian/usalarian0203ind.pdf U.S. v. Sami Amin Al-Arian et al.] , "Findlaw"] Ashcroft cited the arrests to show how the Patriot Act had broken down information sharing barriers between agencies. The speeches themselves were met with support, but in many states Ashcroft attracted protests and a number of critical editorials were written — in one particularly stinging column, "The Philadelphia Inquirer" wrote that there was "an air of desperation about it."Cited in cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802E4DF173BF93BA3575AC0A9659C8B63|title=Ashcroft's Tour Rallies Supporters and Detractors|first=Eric|last=Lichtblau|authorlink=Eric Lichtblau|publisher=New York Times|published=September 8, 2003] Meanwhile, controversy over the Patriot Act was leading to resistance from many State and local governments. Arcata in California passed an ordinance in February 2003 that barred city employees (including police and librarians) from assisting or cooperating with any federal investigations under the Act that would violate civil liberties (Nullification).cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/West/05/18/patriot.act.ap/index.html|title=Town criminalizes compliance with Patriot Act|publisher=CNN|date=2003-05-18] cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A64173-2003Apr20&notFound=true|title=Local Officials Rise Up to Defy The Patriot Act|first=Evelyn|last=Nieves|publisher=Washington Post|date=2003-04-21|page=A01] Eventually, eight states (Alaska, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Maine, Montana and Vermont) and 396 cities and counties (including New York City; Los Angeles; Dallas; Chicago; Eugene, Oregon; Philadelphia; and Cambridge, Massachusetts) passed resolutions condemning the Act for attacking civil liberties. The Bill of Rights Defense Committee helped [http://www.bordc.org/list.php coordinate] many local efforts. These ordinances are largely symbolic, as under the United States Constitution's supremacy clause, federal law overrides state and local laws.

ecurity and Freedom Ensured Act

The "Security and Freedom Ensured Act" (SAFE) [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d108:s.01709: S.1709] , "THOMAS"] was introduced some time later by Republican Senator Larry Craig (R-ID). It was introduced on October 2 2003 and was co-sponsored by Senators John E. Sununu (R-NH) and Richard Durbin (D-IL) and would have limited the scope of roving wiretaps,"THOMAS", Security and Freedom Ensured Act of 2003, [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c108:S.1709: S.1709] Section 2] changed the "sneak and peek" delayed notification period from "within a reasonable period" to not later than 7 days after execution of the warrant,"THOMAS", Security and Freedom Ensured Act of 2003, [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c108:S.1709: S.1709] Section 3] restored the requirements for seizure of business records that there are specific and articulate facts that business records are those of a foreign power or agents of a foreign power"THOMAS", Security and Freedom Ensured Act of 2003, [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c108:S.1709: S.1709] Section 4] and prevent the use of National Security Letters to gain access to library records."THOMAS", Security and Freedom Ensured Act of 2003, [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c108:S.1709: S.1709] Section 5] It also would have extended the sunset provisions of the Patriot Act to include section 213 (Authority for delaying notice of the execution of a warrant), section 216 (Modification of authorities relating to use of pen registers and trap and trace devices), section 219 (Single-jurisdiction search warrants for terrorism) and section 505 (Miscellaneous national security authorities)."THOMAS", Security and Freedom Ensured Act of 2003, [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c108:S.1709: S.1709] Section 6] The EFF urged the swift passage of the bill, [http://www.eff.org/patriot/safe_act_analysis.php EFF: Analysis of the SAFE Act] , "Electronic Frontiers Foundation" website. Retrieved September 1st, 2007] while Senator Russell Feingold urged the bill be passed as " [t] hese are reasonable and moderate changes to the law. They do not gut the provision. They do not make it worthless. They do recognize the growing and legitimate concern from across the political spectrum that this provision was passed in haste and presents the potential for abuse. They also send a message that fourth amendment rights have meaning and potential violations of those rights should be minimized if at all possible."CongRec|2003|S12377|October 2nd, 2003] In Congressional debate, Rick Durbin stated that "many in Congress did not want to deny law enforcement some of the reasonable reforms contained in the PATRIOT Act that they needed to combat terrorism. So, we reluctantly decided to support the administration's version of the bill, but not until we secured a commitment that they would be responsive to Congressional oversight and consult extensively with us before seeking any further changes in the law."CongRec|2003|S12386|October 2nd, 2004]

In response to the bill, Attorney General Ashcroft wrote a four page letter to Congress urging them not to make wholesale changes to the Patriot Act, and warned that President Bush would veto the bill if it appeared on his desk.cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-01-29-bush-patriot-act_x.htm?csp=15|title=Ashcroft: Bush would veto bill scaling back Patriot Act|work=Washington/Politics|date=2004-01-29|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=2007-10-17] cite news|last=McUllagh|first=Declan|title=Ashcroft says surveillance powers should stand|url=http://news.com.com/2100-1028-5150477.html|publisher=CNET News.com|date=2004-01-29|accessdate=2007-07-24] cite news|title=Ashcroft warns of Bush veto on scaled-back Patriot bill|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/01/29/patriot.act.ap/|date=2004-01-29|publisher=CNN|accessdate= 2007-07-24] Senator Durbin countered that this was "an unfortunate overreaction to a reasoned and measured effort to mend the Patriot Act [and] I believe it is possible to combat terrorism and preserve our individual freedoms at the same time." SAFE was referred to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on April 7 2004 and a Conference report prepared. However, the co-sponsors of the Act were extremely unhappy with the report, stating that " [t] he conference report, in its current form, is unacceptable. There is still time for the conference committee to step back and agree to the Senate’s bipartisan approach. If the conference committee doesn’t do that, we will fight to stop this bill from becoming law". Thus, this bill never proceeded any further.cite press release|url=http://www.sununu.senate.gov/pressapp/record.cfm?id=248936&&year=2005&|title=SAFE Act Co-Sponsors Say Patriot Act Conference Report Unacceptable|date=2005-11-16|publisher=John E. Sununu]

Judicial and legislative challenges

A number of sections were struck by the courts. Section 805 of the Patriot Act allowed the U.S. government to prohibit citizens from providing material support for specially designated terrorist organisations, including "expert advise and assistance." Two organisations so designated were the Kurdistan Workers Party (in Kurdish it is the "Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan", or PDK) and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (also known as either the Tamil Tigers, the Ellalan Force or the LTTE). The Humanitarian Law Project supported both groups, and brought a civil action against the government complaining that the law was unconstitutional. The Federal court agreed and in a decision brought in December 2004 struck down section 805(a)(2)(B) because, in the courts view, it violated the First and Fifth Amendments to the United States Constitution as it was so vague that it "could be construed to include unequivocally pure speech and advocacy protected by the First Amendment." In the decision, the judge determined that this vagueness would cause a person of average intelligence to guess whether they were breaking the law, and thus potentially cause a person to be charged for an offence that they had no way of knowing was illegal. The vagueness may also have the effect of allowing arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement of the law, as well as possible chilling effects on First Amendment rights." [http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/terrorism/hlpash12304ord.pdf Humanitarian Law Project et al. v. John Ashcroft] ", "Findlaw"] cite press release|title=Key Patriot Act provision ruled unconstitutional under the First Amendment|publisher=Humanitarian Law Project|date=2004-01-26|url=http://hlp.home.igc.org/docs/press/patact012604.html|accessdate=2007-07-24|quote=January 26 2004: The Center for Constitutional Rights announced today that a federal court in Los Angeles has declared unconstitutional a provision of the USA PATRIOT Act, enacted six weeks after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. This is the first judicial ruling in the country declaring part of the Patriot Act unconstitutional. In a decision issued late Friday, U.S. District Judge Audrey Collins ruled that a ban on providing "expert advice and assistance" to terrorist groups violates the First and Fifth Amendments to the Constitution because it is so vague that it "could be construed to include unequivocally pure speech and advocacy protected by the First Amendment."] Soon after the decision, the Department of Justice released a statement that "The provision at issue in today's decision was a modest amendment to a pre-existing antiterrorism law that was designed to deal with real threats caused by support of terrorist groups. By targeting those who provide material support by providing 'expert advice or assistance' the law made clear that Americans are threatened as much by the person who teaches a terrorist to build a bomb as by the one who pushes the button."Citing Mark Corallo, spokesman for the United States Department of Justice. Cited in: cite news|first=Terry|last=Frieden|title=Federal judge rules part of Patriot Act unconstitutional|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/01/27/patriot.act/|work=Law Center |publisher=CNN|date=2004-01-27|accessdate=2007-07-24]

Title V of the Patriot Act amended the ECPA's National Security Letter (NSL) provisions (usc|18|2709). These were challenged by the ACLU, who filed a lawsuit on April 9 2004 on behalf of an unknown party against the U.S. government."Doe v. Ashcroft", 334 F.Supp.2d 471 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) [http://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/rulings/04CV2614_Opinion_092904.pdf source] ] The specifics of the original case brought by the ACLU is not known, except that the unknown party is an internet service provider, and the case involves either wiretaps or secretly subpoenaed customer records from telephone and internet companies — ostensibly in the course of investigating possible terrorist activity. Due to the NSL provisions, the government would not let the ACLU disclose they had even filed a case for nearly a month, after which they were permitted to release a heavily redacted version of the complaint.cite news|publisher=Wired|url=http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2004/09/65136|title=Part of Patriot Act Struck Down|work=Politics : Law|date=September 29th, 2004] cite news|publisher=News.com|url=http://news.com.com/Judge+disarms+Patriot+Act+proviso/2100-1028_3-5388764.html|title=Judge disarms Patriot Act proviso|first=Declan|last=McCullagh|date=September 29, 2004] cite news|title=Court strikes down Patriot Act provision|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-09-29-patriotact_x.htm|publisher=USA Today|work=Washington/Politics|date=September 29, 2004|first=Toni|last=Locy] The ACLU argued that the NSL violated the First and Fourth Amendments of the United States Constitution because section 2709 failed to spell out any legal process whereby a telephone or internet company could try to oppose an NSL subpoena in court. They also argued that section 2709 prohibited the recipient of an NSL subpoena from disclosing that they had received such a request from the FBI, and therefore outweighed the FBI's need for secrecy in counter-terrorism investigations. The Court subsequently found the NSL provisions of the ECPA unconstitutional. It reasoned that it could not find in the provision an implied right for the person receiving the subpoena to challenge it in court as is constitutionally required. The court found in favour of the ACLU, and declared the provision unconstitutional. The finding of unconstitutionality essentially dismisses any claimed presumptive legal need for absolute secrecy in regard to terrorism cases. However, the USA Patriot Act is affected only if the limits on NSLs in terrorism cases also apply to non-terrorism cases such as those authorized by the Act and even though the NSL was dropped, the John Doe remained under a gag order.

Legislative action was also undertaken by Bernie Sanders (I-VT), Jerrold Nadler (D-NY), John Conyers Jr., Clement Leroy Otter (R-ID) and Ron Paul. They proposed an amendment to the "Commerce, Justice, State Appropriations Bill of 2005" which would cut off funding to the Department of Justice for searches conducted under section 215. [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d108:HR04754: H.R. 4754] , "THOMAS". See also [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d108:HZ00652: H.AMDT.652] , "THOMAS".] The amendment initially failed to pass the House with a tie vote, 210–210. [http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2004/roll339.xml Roll number 339] , July 8th, 2004] Although the original vote came down in favor of the amendment, the vote was held open and several House members were persuaded to change their votes.cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37480-2004Jul8.html|title=House GOP Defends Patriot Act Powers|coauthors=Dan Morgan and Charles Babington|work=Politics, In Congress|publisher=Washington Post|date=July 9, 2004|page=A01] However, on June 15 2005 they made a second attempt to limit section 215 searches in an amendment to another House appropriations bill [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:h.r.02862: H.R. 2862] , "THOMAS"; see also [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:HZ00280: H.AMDT 280] ] and this time it passed with a vote of 238-187 in favor of the Sanders amendment. [http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2005/roll258.xml Roll number 258] , June 15th, 2005]

Not all proposed legislation was against the Patriot Act, however. In July 2004, Senator Jon Kyl introduced the "Tools to Fight Terrorism Act" into the Senate. In a statement given on September 13 to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Senator Kyl stated his concern that "Congress has enacted no major antiterror legislation since the passage of the USA Patriot Act almost three years ago."A Review of the Tools to Fight Terrorism Act (Senate Hearing). [http://judiciary.senate.gov/member_statement.cfm?id=1301&wit_id=2575 Statement of Chairman Kyl] (September 13th, 2004). United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology, and Homeland Security.] The bill would have allowed FBI agents to seek warrants for surveillance of "lone wolf terrorists," allowed greater sharing of intelligence between federal authorities and state and local authorities, punish those making terrorism hoaxes, and impose 30-year mandatory-minimum penalties for possession of shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles, atomic and radiological bombs, and variola virus.cite news|publisher=TruthNews|url=http://www.truthnews.net/world/2004090150.htm|title= Giving Law Enforcement Some Overdue Tools In the Fight Against Terrorism|first=Jon|last=Kyl|date=September 20, 2004|authorlink=Jon Kyl] However, perhaps due to the increasingly controversial nature of the Act, the Senate did not further consider the proposed legislation.

Lead up to reauthorization

By now the sunsets in the Patriot Act were getting closer to expiring. The Bush administration had been campaigning for the reauthorization of the Act for some time, with the President speaking about the Act in his 2004 State of the Union Address, where he said that,

cquote|Inside the United States, where the [War on Terror] began, we must continue to give our homeland security and law enforcement personnel every tool they need to defend us. And one of those essential tools is the Patriot Act, which allows federal law enforcement to better share information, to track terrorists, to disrupt their cells, and to seize their assets. For years, we have used similar provisions to catch embezzlers and drug traffickers. If these methods are good for hunting criminals, they are even more important for hunting terrorists.

Key provisions of the Patriot Act are set to expire next year. The terrorist threat will not expire on that schedule. Our law enforcement needs this vital legislation to protect our citizens. You need to renew the Patriot Act.|30px|30px| [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/01/20040120-7.html 2004 United States State of the Union Address] , United States President George W. Bush.

President Bush also strongly urged for the Patriot Act to be reauthorized immediately when he swore in the successor to Attorney General John Ashcroft, Alberto Gonzales. In his swearing-in speech for Gonzales, Bush stated that " [m] any key elements of the Patriot Act are now set to expire at the end of this year. We must not allow the passage of time or the illusion of safety to weaken our resolve in this new war. To protect the American people, Congress must promptly renew all provisions of the Patriot Act this year."cite press release|date=2004-02-14|publisher=United States Department of Justice|title=President Thanks Attorney General Gonzales at Swearing-In Ceremony|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/02/20050214-2.html]

In April 2005, a Senate Judicial Hearing on the Patriot Act was held. The newly appointed Attorney General admitted that he was "open to discussion" about the Act, but argued that not only was the Patriot Act working well and needed few changes, but that all 16 of the expiring sections of the Act should be reauthorized. He in particular commented on section 215, the section allowing national security authorities to produce court orders under FISA to gain access to personal records, and section 206, the roving wiretap authority provision. He emphasised "the department has not sought a Section 215 order to obtain library or bookstore records, medical records or gun sale records. Rather, the provision to date has been used only to obtain driver's license records, public accommodation records, apartment leasing records, credit card records and subscriber information, such as names and addresses for telephone numbers captured through court-authorized pen register devices." Section 217, the "sneak and peek" search provisions, were also raised as a concern and were defended by the Department of Justice.April 5th, 2005. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A28081-2005Apr5.html Transcript of the Senate Judicial Hearing on the Patriot Act] , source: "The Washington Post".] cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A27535-2005Apr5.html?referrer=emailarticle|title=Congress Urged to Renew Patriot Act|publisher=The Washington Post|first=Dan|last=Eggen|date=2005-04-06|page=A17] cite news|title=Debate on USA Patriot Act|publisher=Chicago Tribune|first=Andrew|last=Zajac|date=2005-04-06]

President Bush continued to campaign for the reauthorization of the Act. In a speech given in June 2005 to the Ohio State Highway Patrol Academy he reiterated his belief that key provisions should be reauthorized, and that "The Patriot Act has accomplished exactly what it was designed to do: it has protected American liberty and saved American lives. For the sake of our national security, Congress must not rebuild a wall between law enforcement and intelligence."cite news|title=Bush Campaigns to Extend Patriot Act|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/09/AR2005060900201.html|first=Jim|last=VandeHei|authorlink=Jim VandeHei|date=2005-06-10|page=A06|publisher=The Washington Post|work=Politics, Bush Administration] cite news|title=Bush to Congress: Renew Patriot Act|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/06/09/bush.patriot/|date=2005-06-09|work=Politics|publisher=CNN] However, by this time the Act was as controversial as ever, and more than a few groups were campaigning against it. Aside from the EFF, the ACLU, the CDT and the EPIC, the Act had raised the ire of the American Library Association (ALA) and the American Booksellers Foundation for Freedom of Expression, who were all extremely concerned about the provisions of the Patriot Act, with a particular focus on section 215.cite news|title=In Patriot's Cradle, the Patriot Act Faces Scrutiny|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/24/nyregion/24CONN.html|publisher=New York Times|date=2005-04-24|first=Jane|last=Gordon] An even more disparate group called the "Patriots to Restore Checks and Balances" (or PRCB) had also been formed to campaign against the Act, and were urging Congress to let the sections expire. Many unlikely bedfellows formed this group, and those numbered in its membership including the ACLU, the American Conservative Union, Gun Owners of America, and the United States Libertarian Party. The group had also supported the SAFE Act.cite news|title=Reform the Patriot Act to ensure civil liberties|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/04/20/ramasastry.patriotact/|first=Anita|last=Ramasastry|publisher=CNN|date=2004-04-20|work=Law Center|authorlink=Anita Ramasastry]

A tense period followed as proponents and critics of the Act continued arguing their respective positions. Tensions came to a head on June 10, when a hearing into the Patriot Act by the House Committee on the Judiciary ended in furore. During the testimony on the reauthorization of the Act, Chairman James Sensenbrenner abruptly gavelled the proceedings to a close after Congressional Democrats and their witnesses launched into broad denunciations of the War on Terrorism and the condition of detainees at Guantanamo Bay. In frustration, Sensenbrenner declared, "We ought to stick to the subject. The USA PATRIOT Act has nothing to do with Guantanamo Bay. The USA PATRIOT Act has nothing to do with enemy combatants. The USA PATRIOT Act has nothing to do with indefinite detentions." He then gavelled the meeting to a close and walked out with the gavel. However Jerrold Nadler, a Democrat Congressman representing New York's 8th congressional district, and other witnesses continued speaking despite Sensenbrenner's departure, and C-SPAN cameras continued to roll after microphones in the hearing room had been turned off. According to "The Washington Post", James J. Zogby, president of the Arab American Institute, complained that the action taken by the Chairman was "totally inappropriate — no mike on, and no record being kept" and that "I think as we are lecturing foreign governments about the conduct of their behavior with regard to opposition, I'm really troubled about what kind of message this is going to teach to other countries in the world about how they ought to conduct an open society that allows for an opposition with rights."cite news|title=Panel Chairman Leaves Hearing|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/10/AR2005061002110.html|first=Mike|last=Allen|date=2005-06-11|page=A04|publisher=The Washington Post|work=Politics]

Reauthorization legislative history

In June, the Select Committee on Intelligence met behind closed doors to consider a draft proposal by Pat Roberts (R-KS) which, among other things, would have removed the primary purpose of FISA warrants issued "ex parte" and "in camera" to be for foreign intelligence. Instead, the warrants could also have been used for purposes unrelated to foreign intelligence. This was condemned by the ACLU,cite news|title=Patriotism vs. the USA Patriot Act|date=2005-07-04|first=Dorothy M.|last=Ehrlich|publisher=San Francisco Herald|work=Open forum] with ACLU Attorney Lisa Graves complained that the secret hearings into the draft was "an attempt to force the debate onto their terms, versus where the momentum has been headed, which is to roll back the Patriot Act to bring it in line with the Constitution and make sure its tools are focused on terrorists, as opposed to Americans."cite news|title=Panel to weigh beefed-up Patriot Act|url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2005/06/05/panel_to_weigh_beefed_up_patriot_act/|publisher=The Boston Globe|date=2005-06-05|work=Nation, Washington]

The committee's proposed legislation was introduced into the House on July 21 as the "USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005". It repealed the sunset date for surveillance provisions of the Patriot Act — in other words, it would have made those sections permanent. A number of amendments were also proposed and passed. Several of the amendments were to surveillance provisions and included an amendment that added to the list of terrorist crimes that could be used for obtaining electronic surveillance, [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:HZ00498: H. AMDT 498] (21st June, 2005). Proposed by Daniel E. Lungren] the requirement that the Director of the FBI must personally approve any library or bookstore requests by the FBI under section 215, [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:HZ00489: H. AMDT 489] (21st June, 2005). Proposed by Jeff Flake] making law enforcement report back to a court within 15 days of using the a roving wiretap [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:HZ00490: H. AMDT 490] (21st June, 2005). Proposed by Darrell E. Issa] and the narrowing of the scope for "sneak-and-peek" delayed notification search warrants. [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:HZ00495: H. AMDT 495] (21st June, 2005). Proposed by Jeff Flake] Several other amendments were related to NSLs, including allowing those in receipt of an NSL the ability to consult a lawyer and challenge it in court [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:HZ00492: H. AMDT 492] (21st June, 2005). Proposed by Jeff Flake] and preventing the penalization of NSL recipients who are mentally incompetent, under undue stress, under threat of bodily harm, or under a threat of being fired if they disclose they have been served an NSL. [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:HZ00493: H. AMDT 493] (21st June, 2005). Proposed by Maxine Waters] Other amendments included standardizing penalties for terrorist attacks and other violence against railroad carriers and mass transportation systems on land, water, or in the air [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:HZ00491: H. AMDT 491] (21st June, 2005). Proposed by Shelley Moore Capito] and clarifying the definition of terrorism in forfeiture laws. [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:HZ00494: H. AMDT 494] (21st June, 2005). Proposed by William D. Delahunt] Congressman Howard Berman proposed an amendment that required a report to Congress on the development and use of data mining technology by departments and agencies of the Federal government. [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:HZ00497: H. AMDT 497] (21st June, 2005). Proposed by Howard L. Berman] Other amendments were proposed to other areas not covered by the USA PATRIOT Act, for instance one amendment defined a new crime of "narco-terrorism," while another addressed crime and terrorism at U.S. seaports. The bill was passed 257-171 [http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2005/roll414.xml Roll call 414] for H.R. 3199. July 21st, 2005.] however when it was introduced into the Senate it was replaced by a bill proposed by Arlen Specter, S.1389. The Senate then requested a conference with the House.

The House responded on September 11 that they unanimously disagreed with the Senate amendment, and agreed to a conference. They then attempted to make a number of changes to the bill however it was not enough for Republican Senators Larry Craig, John Sununu and Lisa Murkowski, and Democratic Senators Dick Durbin, Russ Feingold and Ken Salazar, who wrote a letter threatening to block the bill if further changes were not made.cite news|title=Bipartisan group of senators threatens to hold up Patriot Act reauthorization|date=2005-11-17|publisher=The America's Intelligence Wire|first=Jesse J.|last=Holland] The House duly proposed a House report, which was incorporated into a Conference report, which was then presented to the Senate. However, the Senate rejected the report, and on December 16 refused to end debate on legislation to renew the Act. A cloture motion was then ordered, but it failed, having fallen seven votes short of invoking closure on the matter, leaving the future of the Act in doubt. The vote went as follows: Fifty Republicans as well as two Democrats voted unsuccessfully to end debate; Five Republicans, 41 Democrats and one independent voted to block. [http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=1&vote=00358 Senate Roll Call 358] for H.R. 3199. December 16th, 2005.] With the sunsets threatening to expire, on December 21 the U.S. Senate came to a bipartisan agreement (S.2167) to extend by six months the expiring provisions of the Act. [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:s.02167: S. 2167] , "THOMAS"] Under House rules, the House Judiciary Committee Chairman James Sensenbrenner had the authority to block enactment of the six-month extension. On the following day, the House rejected the six-month extension and voted for a one-month extension, [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:HZ00678: House Amendment 678] (December 22nd, 2005), proposed by James Sensenbrenner.] which the Senate subsequently approved later that night.CongRec|2005|S14424|December 22nd, 2005] However, on February 1, the House voted to again extend the sunsets to March 10.cite news|title=U.S. House Approves Patriot Act Extension; Senate to Vote Soon|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000087&sid=asM8HWPchziI&refer=top_world_news|work=Top Worldwide|publisher=Bloomberg|date=2006-02-01] cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/02/02/national/w165714S45.DTL|title=Congress Closer to Extending Patriot Act|first=Laurie|last=Kellman|publisher=San Francisco Herald|date=2006-02-02] cite news|title=Congress to Give Patriot Act Another Month|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/01/ap/politics/mainD8FGDRK82.shtml|publisher=CBS News|date=2006-02-01] cite news|title=House Passes Temporary Extension of Patriot Act|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,183454,00.html|publisher=Fox News|date=2006-02-01] The reauthorization Act was finally passed on March 2 by the Senate with a vote of 95-4, though this was opposed by Senator Feingold who unsuccessfully attempted to extend the sunsets.cite news|title=Senate passes Patriot Act changes|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-03-01-patriot-act_x.htm|first=John|last=Diamond|publisher=USA Today|work=Washington/Politics|date=2006-03-01] The House voted 280-138 in favour of authorizing the Act.cite news|title=House approves Patriot Act renewal|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/03/07/patriot.act/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=2006-03-07|work=Politics] Finally, on March 8, President Bush signed the reauthorization Act,cite news|title=Bush Logs Victory as USA Patriot Act Passes Congress|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000103&sid=aqe0iCqhjqwo&refer=us|author=Jeff Bliss|coauthors=James Rowley|publisher=Bloomberg|date=2006-03-08] declaring that "The Patriot Act has served America well, yet we cannot let the fact that America has not been attacked since September the 11th lull us into the illusion that the terrorist threat has disappeared" and that the White House would "continue to give [military law enforcement, homeland security and intelligence professionals] the tools to get the job done." [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/09/AR2006030901294.html Bush Speaks After Signing Patriot Act] (March 9, 2006). "The Washington Post". Transcript.] However, after the ceremony, he issued a signing statement that "The executive branch shall construe the provisions of H.R. 3199 that call for furnishing information to entities outside the executive branch, such as sections 106A and 119, in a manner consistent with the President's constitutional authority to supervise the unitary executive branch and to withhold information the disclosure of which could impair foreign relations, national security, the deliberative processes of the Executive, or the performance of the Executive's constitutional duties"cite press release|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/03/20060309-8.html|publisher=The White House|title=President's Statement on H.R. 199, the "USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005"|date=2006-03-09] — in other words, he would not feel bound to comply with some of the provisions of the law if they conflicted with other Constitutional laws.cite news|publisher=Wikinews|url=http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Bush_declares_immunity_from_Patriot_Act_oversight|title=Bush declares immunity from Patriot Act oversight|date=2006-03-24] This immediately drew a sharp rebuke from Senator Leahy, who condemned the statement as "nothing short of a radical effort to re-shape the constitutional separation of powers and evade accountability and responsibility for following the law ... The President’s signing statements are not the law, and we should not allow them to be the last word. The President’s constitutional duty is to faithfully execute the laws as written by the Congress. It is our duty to ensure, by means of congressional oversight, that he does so."cite press release|url=http://leahy.senate.gov/press/200603/031506c.html|title=Leahy: President Strikes Again In PATRIOT Act Bill Signing Statement; Suggests He'll Pick And Choose Which Parts Of Law To Follow|publisher=Office of Patrick Leahy, Senator for Vermont|date=2006-03-15] cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/03/24/bush_shuns_patriot_act_requirement/|title=Bush shuns Patriot Act requirement|publisher=The Boston Globe|date=2006-03-24|page=2]

Judges strike key provisions

Though in the 2004 "Doe v. Gonzalez" case it was ruled that the NSL provisions of usc|18|2709 violated the First and Fourth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution, the Department of Justice had appealed against this decision. The reauthorization Act, however, modified the law and made judicial review a requirement of NSLs but never removed the permanent gag provision. Therefore, on September 6 2007, U.S. District Judge Victor Marrero ruled that the use of NSLs to gain access to e-mail and telephone data from private companies for counter-terrorism investigations was "the legislative equivalent of breaking and entering, with an ominous free pass to the hijacking of constitutional values." The court struck down NSLs because the gag power was unconstitutional and courts could still not engage in meaningful judicial review of these gags.cite press release|url=http://www.aclu.org/safefree/nationalsecurityletters/31580prs20070906.html|title=Federal Court Strikes Down National Security Letter Provision of Patriot Act|publisher=American Civil Liberties Union|date=2007-09-06|quote=NEW YORK - A federal court today struck down the amended Patriot Act's National Security Letter (NSL) provision. The law has permitted the FBI to issue NSLs demanding private information about people within the United States without court approval, and to gag those who receive NSLs from discussing them. The court found that the gag power was unconstitutional and that because the statute prevented courts from engaging in meaningful judicial review of gags, it violated the First Amendment and the principle of separation of powers.] cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/06/AR2007090601438.html|title=Judge Invalidates Patriot Act Provisions|publisher=The Washington Post|first=Dan|last=Eggen|date=2007-09-07|page=A01] cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uslatest/story/0,,-6903200,00.html|title=Judge Strikes Down Part of Patriot Act|first=Larry|last=Neumeister|date=2007-09-07|publisher=The Guardian]

Another provision struck down was the so-called "sneak and peek" provisions of the Patriot Act. These were struck down after the FBI wrongfully used the provision to arrest Portland attorney Brandon Mayfield on suspicions that he had been involved in the 2004 Madrid train bombings. They had concluded this wrongly because they believed that they found his fingerprint on a bag of detonators found at the scene.citation|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/s0601/final.pdf|title=Special Report: A Review of the FBI's Handling of the Brandon Mavfield Case|date=March 2006|page=29|publisher=United States Department of Justice] Agents seized three hard drives and ten DNA samples preserved on cotton swabs, and took 335 photos of personal items. Mayfield then filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Government, contending that his rights were violated by his arrest and by the investigation against him, and that the sneak and peek provisions were unconstitutional. The Government was forced to apologise to Mayfield and his family, stating that " [t] he United States acknowledges that the investigation and arrest were deeply upsetting to Mr. Mayfield, to Mrs. Mayfield, and to their three young children, and the United States regrets that it mistakenly linked Mr. Mayfield to this terrorist attack."cite news|publisher=The Washington Post|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/29/AR2006112901155.html?nav=rss_nation/nationalsecurity|title=Apology Note from the United States Government|date=2006-11-29] However, Mayfield took it further and on September 26 2007 judge Ann Aiken found that the searches violated the provision of the United States Fourth Amendment that prohibits unreasonable searches. Thus the law was declared unconstitutional.cite news|publisherWired|url=http://blog.wired.com/27bstroke6/2007/09/court-strikes-2.html|title=Court Strikes Down 2 Key Patriot Act Provisions|work=Surveillance, The Courts|date=2007-09-26|first=Ryan|last=Singel] cite news|publisher=The New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/27/washington/27patriot.html?ref=us|title=Judge Rules Provisions in Patriot Act to Be Illegal|first=Susan Jo|last=Keller|date=September 27, 2007]

References

External links

;Government sources:* [http://www.lifeandliberty.gov/index.html "The USA PATRIOT Act: Preserving Life and Liberty"] by the Department of Justice;2005 renewal:* [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:h.r.03199: H.R. 3199, Bill Summary and Status] :* [http://leahy.senate.gov/press/200110/102401a.html Section-by-section summary] by Senator Patrick Leahy

;Supportive views
* [http://www.heritage.org/Research/HomelandDefense/wm612.cfm The Patriot Act and Related Provisions: The Heritage Foundation's Research]
* [http://www.nationalreview.com/lowry/lowry082803.asp Patriot Hysteria] — The Zacarias Moussaoui Protection Act, article by Rich Lowry, National Review
* [http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.19661,filter./pub_detail.asp The Patriot Act under Fire] by law professors John Yoo and Eric Posner, December 23 2003
* [http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forumy/2006/03/patriot-act-reauthorized.php The Patriot Act, Reauthorized] , JURIST
* The FBI's "GUARDIAN" database (in replacement of TALON)
* The international "ECHELON" network (UKUSA civilian-information sharing program)
*
* The IAO, an evolution of DARPA's "Total Information Awareness" program, spawned in 2002, "defunded" in '03, and continuing to this day

;Critical views
* [http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forumy/2006/01/patriot-games-terrorism-law-and.php PATRIOT Games: Terrorism Law and Executive Power] , JURIST
* [http://www.loyalnine.com The Loyal Nine] , youth based civil liberties organization against the USA PATRIOT Act
* [http://www.ala.org/cfapps/archive.cfm?path=washoff/Patriotres.html American Library Association's Resolution on the PATRIOT Act]
* [http://www.amnestyusa.org/waronterror/patriotact/ "War on Terror" Human Rights Issues] "Amnesty International USA"
* [http://truthout.com/docs_02/04.02A.JVB.Patriot.htm Jennifer Van Bergen, Repeal the USA PATRIOT Act] A six-part series analyzing the Act.
* [http://reclaimdemocracy.org/civil_rights/govpower_enhancement_act.html Beware of the "Domestic Security Enhancement Act"] by activist group ReclaimDemocracy.org
* [http://bordc.org Bill of Rights Defense Committee] : community-level initiatives opposing the Act
* [http://www.eff.org/Privacy/Surveillance/Terrorism/20011031_eff_usa_patriot_analysis.php Electronic Frontier Foundation's detailed analysis of the Act] , October 27 2003
* [http://feingold.senate.gov/~feingold/statements/01/10/102501at.html Statement Of U.S. Senator Russ Feingold On The Anti-Terrorism Bill] , October 25 2001
* [http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/09/17/1758231&mode=nocomment Thousands dead, millions deprived of civil liberties?] , by Richard Stallman, September 17 2001
* [http://www.pen.org/page.php/prmID/438 Analysis of the USA PATRIOT Act] : PEN American Center
* [http://www.lwv.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Individual_Liberties&Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&TPLID=23&ContentID=990 League of Women Voters' Resources on the USA PATRIOT Act and Individual Liberties]

;Other
* [http://www.acluprocon.org/bin/procon/procon.cgi?database=5%2dJ%2dSubs%2edb&command=viewone&id=4&op=t&ct=d Pros vs. Cons Examination of the USA PATRIOT Act]
* [http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/currentawareness/patriot.php Patriot Act news and resources] , JURIST
* Video Debate: [http://www.c-span.org/Search/basic.asp?ResultStart=1&ResultCount=10&BasicQueryText=dean+owens+terrorism Howard Dean and Governor Bill Owens (R-CO), debate the USA PATRIOT Act, August 9 2004] (Real Player required)
* [http://volokh.com/archives/archive_2004_10_14.shtml#1098119066 More on Wikipedia and its PATRIOT Act overview] ; Volokh Conspiracy, Orin Kerr
* [http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=patriot&search_crit=title&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding the USA PATRIOT Act]
* [http://campaigns.wikia.com/wiki/PATRIOT_Act PATRIOT Act] at Wikia
* [http://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_701713501/Is_the_Patriot_Act_Unconstitutional.html Is the Patriot Act Unconstitutional?] - "Encarta"

;Law review articles
* Chesney, Robert M. [http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/jol/vol42_1/chesney.php "The Sleeper Scenario:] Terrorism Support Laws and the Demands of Prevention". "Harvard Journal on Legislation" (2005).
* Gouvin, Eric J. [http://www1.law.wnec.edu/faculty/index.cfm?selection=doc.3146 "Bringing Out the Big Guns:] The USA PATRIOT Act, Money Laundering and the War on Terrorism". "Baylor Law Review" 55 (2003): 955.
* Kerr, Orin. [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=594101 "Digital Evidence and the New Criminal Procedure"] . "Columbia Law Review" (2005).
* Slovove, Daniel J. [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=786266 "Fourth Amendment Codification and Professor Kerr's Misguided Call for Judicial Deference"] . "Fordham Law Review" 74 (2005).
* Van Bergen, Jennifer. "In the Absence of Democracy: The Designation and Material Support Provisions of the Anti-Terrorism Laws". "Cardozo Pub. [?] Law Policy & Ethics Journal" 2 (2003): 107.
* Wong, Kam C. "Implementing the USA PATRIOT Act: A Case Study of the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS)". "Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal" 2 (2006).
* –––. "The making of the USA PATRIOT Act I: Legislative Process and Dynamics". "International Journal of the Sociology of Law" 34.3 (2006): 179–219.
* –––. "The making of the USA PATRIOT ACT II: Public Sentiments, Legislative Climate, Political Gamesmanship, Media Patriotism". "International Journal of the Sociology of Law" 34.2 (2006): 105-140.
* –––. "USA PATRIOT Act and a Policy of Alienation". "Michigan Journal of Minority Rights" 1 (2006): 1–44.
* –––. "USA PATRIOT Act: Some Unanswered Questions". "International Journal of the Sociology of Law" 43.1 (2006): 1-41.

;Books
* Cole, Dave, and James X. Dempsey. "Terrorism and the Constitution: Sacrificing Civil Liberties in the Name of National Security". 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2002. ISBN 1-56584-782-2. (Full discussion of prior legislative history of the Act, going back more than ten years.)
* Harvey, Robert and Hélène Volat. "De l'exception à la règle. USA PATRIOT Act" [http://www.editions-lignes.com/public/livre.php?motsClefs=9782849380482] . Paris: Lignes, 2006. 215 p.
* Mailman, Stanley, Jeralyn E. Merritt, Theresa M. B. Van Vliet, and Stephen Yale-Loehr. "Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA Patriot Act) Act of 2001: An Analysis". Newark, NJ and San Francisco, CA: Matthew Bender & Co., Inc. (a member of the LexisNexis Group), 2002. (Rel.1-3/02 Pub. 1271) ("An expert analysis of the significant changes in the new USA Patriot Act of 2001 [which] ...track [s] the legislation by section, explaining both the changes and their potential impact with respect to: enhanced surveillance procedures;money laundering and financial crimes; protecting the border; investigation of terrorism; information sharing among federal and state authorities; enhanced criminal laws and penalties for terrorism offenses, and more.")
* Michaels, C. William. "No Greater Threat: America Since September 11 and the Rise of the National Security State". Algora Publishing, Completely Updated for 2005. ISBN 0-87586-155-5. (Covers all ten titles of the USA PATRIOT Act; Includes review and analysis of: Homeland Security Act, "PATRIOT Act II," Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, Supreme Court decisions, "National Strategy" documents, 9-11 Commission recommendations, and various ongoing developments nationally and internationally in the "war on terrorism.")
* Van Bergen, Jennifer. "The Twilight of Democracy: The Bush Plan for America". Common Courage Press, 2004. ISBN 1-56751-292-5. (A constitutional analysis for the general public of the USA PATRIOT Act and other administrative measures, with the first half of the book spent on principles of democracy and constitutional law.)
* Brasch, Walter. "America's Unpatriotic Acts: The Federal Government's Violation of Constitutional and Civil Rights." Peter Lang Publishing , 2005. ISBN 0820476080 (A long list of civil rights abuse claims by the Bush Administration inside the United States and other countries.)
* Kam C. Wong, "The Impact of USA Patriot Act on American Society: An Evidence Based Assessment" (N.Y.: Nova Press, 2007) (In print)
* Kam C. Wong, "The Making of USA Patriot Act: Legislation, Implementation, Impact" (Beijing: China Law Press, 2007) (In print)


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