- Cervical dilation
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Cervical dilation (cervical dilatation) is the opening of the cervix, the entrance to the uterus, during childbirth, miscarriage, induced abortion, or gynecological surgery. Cervical dilation may occur naturally, or may be induced by medical means.
Contents
Labor
In the later stages of pregnancy, the cervix may already have opened up to 1-3 cm (or more in rarer circumstances), but during labor, repeated uterine contractions lead to further widening of the cervix to about 6 centimeters. From that point, pressure from the presenting part (head in vertex births or bottom in breech births), along with uterine contractions, will dilate the cervix to 10 centimeters, which is "complete." Cervical dilation is accompanied by effacement, the thinning of the cervix.
General guidelines for cervical dilation:[1]
- Latent phase: 0-3 centimeters
- Active Labor: 4-7 centimeters
- Transition: 8-10 centimeters
- Complete: 10 centimeters. Delivery of the infant takes place shortly after this stage is reached (although the mother does not always push right away.)
Symptoms
During pregnancy, the os (opening) of the cervix is blocked by a thick plug of mucus to prevent bacteria from entering the uterus. During dilation, this plug is loosened. It may come out as one piece, or as thick mucus discharge from the vagina. When this occurs, it is an indication that the cervix is beginning to dilate, although not all women will notice this mucus plug being released.
Bloody show is another indication that the cervix is dilating. Bloody show usually comes along with the mucus plug, and may continue throughout labor, making the mucus tinged pink, red or brown. Fresh, red blood is usually not associated with dilation, but rather serious complications such as placental abruption, or placenta previa. Red blood in small quantities often also follows an exam.
The pain experienced during dilation is similar to that of menstruation (although markedly more intense), as period pains are thought to be due to the passing of endometrium through the cervix. Most of the pain during labor is caused by the uterus contracting to dilate the cervix.
Induced dilation
Prostaglandins (P2 and PGE2) contribute to cervical ripening and dilation. The body produces these hormones naturally. Sometimes prostaglandins in synthesized forms are applied directly to the cervix to induce labor.[2] In women who have had a previous cesarean section, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists issued a bulletin that misoprostol never be used for this purpose. ACOG's findings conclude that the collagen softening properties of misoprostol could be absorbed through the cervix and vaginal vault up into the low transverse scar of a typical cesarean section, and significantly increase the risk of uterine rupture.[3] Prostaglandins are also present in human semen, and sexual intercourse is commonly recommended for promoting the onset of labor, although the limited data available makes the effectiveness of this method uncertain.[4]
Other means of natural cervical ripening include nipple stimulation, which produces oxytocin, an organic hormone which is necessary for uterine contractions. Nipple stimulation can be performed manually, by use of a breast pump, or by suckling. Henci Goer, in her comprehensive book, The Thinking Woman's Guide to a Better Birth, details how this practice was researched in two separate studies of 100 and 200 women in the mid nineteen-eighties. Women were assigned randomly to two groups. In one group, nipples were stimulated for one hour sessions, three times per day. In the other group, women were to avoid any form of nipple stimulation or sexual intercourse. The researchers concluded in both studies that nipple stimulation could indeed ripen the cervix and in some cases induce uterine contractions. Goer further notes that in the smaller study, an external fetal monitor was used, and no uterine hyperstimulation was noted.[5]
Cervical dilation may be induced mechanically by placing devices inside the cervix that will expand while in place. A balloon catheter may be used. Other products include laminaria (made of dried seaweed) or synthetic hygroscopic materials, which expand when placed in a moist environment.[2]
References
- ^ Rodriguez, Lisa; Marjorie Greenfield (14 August 2004). "Examination during Labor". DrSpock.com. http://www.drspock.com/article/0,1510,6234,00.html. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
- ^ a b Rai, Jodie; James R. Schreiber (5 December 2007). "Cervical Ripening". EMedicine.com (WebMD). http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3282.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
- ^ American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice (August 2006). "ACOG Committee Opinion No. 342: induction of labor for vaginal birth after cesarean delivery" ([dead link] – Scholar search). Obstet Gynecol 108 (2): 465–8. doi:10.1097/00006250-200608000-00045. PMID 16880321. http://www.greenjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16880321.
- ^ Tenore JL (May 2003). "Methods for cervical ripening and induction of labor". Am Fam Physician 67 (10): 2123–8. PMID 12776961. http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030515/2123.html. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
- ^ The Thinking Woman's Guide to a Better Birth by Henci Goer,1999,ISBN 0-399-52517-3
External links
- Animation of cervical dilation during childbirth from the University of Pennsylvania Medical Animation Library
Pregnancy and childbirth Planning Conception Testing Prenatal AnatomyProceduresChildbirth PreparationRolesDeliveryPelvimetry/Bishop score: Cervical dilation · Cervical effacement · Position
Home birth · Multiple birth · Natural childbirth · Unassisted childbirth · Water birth
Bloody show · Childbirth positions · Contraction · Presentation (Breech, Cephalic, Shoulder) · Rupture of membranesPostpartum Obstetric history Categories:
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