Haplochromis

Haplochromis
Haplochromis
Haplochromis thereuterion
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Superclass: Osteichthyes
Class: Actinopterygii
Subclass: Neopterygii
Infraclass: Teleostei
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Cichlidae
Subfamily: Pseudocrenilabrinae
Tribe: Haplochromini
Genus: Haplochromis
Hilgendorf, 1888
Type species
Chromis obliquidens
Hilgendorf, 1888
Diversity
About 220 species
Synonyms

Many, see text

Haplochromis is a ray-finned fish genus in the family Cichlidae. It has been used as the default "wastebin taxon" for Pseudocrenilabrinae cichlids of the East African Rift, and as such became the "largest" fish "genus". Many of these cichlids are popular aquarium fishes; like similar Haplochromini they are known as "haplos", "happies" or "haps" among aquarium enthusiasts.[1]

The genus was established by F.M. Hilgendorf in 1888. It was originally conceived as a subgenus of A.C.L.G. Günther's "Chromis", at that time an even larger "wastebin genus" for Pseudocrenilabrinae cichlids. The type species of Hilgendorf was H. obliquidens. "Chromis" of Günther turned out to be a junior homonym of G. Cuvier's ocean fish genus Chromis, established in 1814 already, and was abolished. As the years went by, other genera of (mostly) Haplochromini were lumped with and split again from Haplochromis, and the final delimitation of the clade around H. obliquidens is not yet done.

Contents

Extinction crisis in Lake Victoria

The introduction of Nile Perch (Lates niloticus) to Lake Victoria after 1954 severely upset the lake's ecosystem. By the late 1970s, the perch's population was approaching carrying capacity, and the smaller cichlids were fair game for the huge carnivorous Lates, The Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), an adaptable generalist, was also introduced and competed with the often specialized endemic cichlids of the lake for food and other resources. When the Nile Perch stocks finally declined again in the late 1980s, an estimated 200 Haplochromini species (mostly Haplochromis) had become extinct – many of these had only been scientifically described a few years before their demise, and additional ones were only known or suspected to exist, but never properly studied or described.[2]

While the stocks of those species that survived are in many cases recovering, the lake ecosystem has changed irrevocably. It is being observed that the entire trophic web has been upset. But still, evolution runs its course: those Lake Victoria Haplochromis that still exist are in many cases adapting to new food sources, and in time speciation is likely to set in and produce a new adaptive radiation of these fishes. Until then, however, the ecological balance of the lake is still on the brink, and many of the cichlids that survived the peak population of Lates are still Critically Endangered and close to extinction.[3]

Systematics and taxonomy

Haplochromis is the type genus of the tribe Haplochromini. Most of the tribe's members were at one time or another included in the present genus, but in many cases this was only temporary. Around the year 1900 as well 100 years later, there was a trend to split up the genus; especially in the mid-20th century on the other hand, most authors lumped any and all Haplochromini that were not conspicuously distinct in the type genus.[4]

While a number of African Rift Valley ciclids are certainly very close relatives of H. obliquidens, the type species of the present genus, it is not very clear where to draw the boundary of Haplochromis with regard to its relatives. Still, several genera are nowadays recognized as distinct by many authors and scientific databases such as FishBase (see below); in particular the Haplochromini from Lake Tanganyika and Lake Malawi are usually removed form Haplochromis. The genus delimitation in the entire tribe remains badly resolved however, and further changes in taxonomy are likely in the future. In particular between Haplochromis, Astatotilapia and Thoracochromis, species have been moved to and fro over the years. The habit of Pseudocrenilabrinae to hybridize is hampering molecular phylogenetic studies based on mtDNA alone, while trophic morphs of a single species may appear to be distinct "species" if they are not phylogenetically studied. Several proposed genera are again included in Haplochromis at present, but it cannot be ruled out that some of these will eventually be recognized as valid again.[5]

Species

As of 2009, FishBase places about 220 species in Haplochromis. In addition, there are distinct several populations known which probably represent additional species (see below). The species list here follows FishBase, except for recognizing Pundamilia as distinct:[6]

Undescribed species

These populations are typically referred to by the names they have in the aquarium fish trade. A number of them is likely to represent undescribed distinct species; others might just be subspecies or color morphs. Whether they all belong in Haplochromis is, of course, doubtful. Some of these populations are:

Formerly in Haplochromis

Adult male Golden Mbuna (Melanochromis auratus)
Giraffe Hap (Nimbochromis venustus)
Adult male Sciaenochromis fryeri

Among other genera of Haplochromini that were formerly included here, many are small or monotypic. The distinctness of these is highly doubtful, as they may just be distinct lineages of Haplochromis or other haplochromines. That nonwithstanding, Haplochromini genera to which some former "Haplochromis" have been removed are in particular:[9]

Some other Pseudocrenilabrinae were also – mainly by early authors – included in Haplochromis, even though they are not members of its tribe. These are:[4]

Synonyms of Haplochromis

With all the taxonomic and systematic confusion affecting Haplochromis and its allies, it is hardly surprising that the genus has a large number of junior synonyms. Most referred to small or monotypic genera that were once considered distinct, but are nowadays included in Haplochromis again, if only to wait for a major review of their status. Synonyms are:

  • Allochromis Greenwood, 1980
  • Cleptochromis Greenwood, 1980
  • Enterochromis Greenwood, 1980
  • Gaurochromis Greenwood, 1980
  • Harpagochromis Greenwood, 1980
  • Labrochromis Regan, 1920
  • Lipochromis Regan, 1920
  • Platytaeniodus Boulenger, 1906
  • Prognathochromis Greenwood, 1980
  • Ptyochromis Greenwood, 1980
  • Psammochromis Greenwood, 1980
  • Tridontochromis Greenwood, 1980
  • Xystichromis Greenwood, 1980
  • Yssichromis Greenwood, 1980

and sometimes other genera listed above are also synonymized.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Linke & Staeck (1994)
  2. ^ Linke & Staeck (1994), Kishe-Machumu et al. (2008), IUCN (2009)
  3. ^ Kishe-Machumu et al. (2008), IUCN (2009)
  4. ^ a b FishBase [2009b]
  5. ^ Nagl et al. (2001), FishBase [2009b]
  6. ^ FishBase [2009a]
  7. ^ a b c d e f g de Zeeuw; Mietes, Niemantsverdriet, ter Huurne & Witte (2010). "Seven new species of detritivorous and phytoplanktivorous haplochromines from Lake Victoria". Zoologische Medelingen Leiden 84: 201–250. http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/191025. 
  8. ^ Wamuini Lunkayilakio; Vreven (2010). "‘Haplochromis’ snoeksi, a new species from the Inkisi River basin, Lower Congo (Perciformes: Cichlidae)". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 21 (3): 279–287. http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief21_3_08.pdf. 
  9. ^ Linke & Staeck (1994), FishBase [2009b]

References

  • FishBase [2009a]: Valid Haplochromis species. Retrieved 2009-OCT-03.
  • FishBase [2009b]: Haplochromis taxa. Retrieved 2009-OCT-03.
  • International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) (2009): 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. Retrieved 2009-SEP-20.
  • Kishe-Machumu, Mary; Witte,Frans & Wanink, Jan H. (2008): Dietary shift in benthivorous cichlids after the ecological changes in Lake Victoria. Anim. Biol. 58(4): 401-417. doi:10.1163/157075608X383700 (HTML abstract)
  • Linke, H. & Staeck, L. (1994): African cichlids II: Cichlids from East Africa. A handbook for their identification, care and breeding. Tetra Press, Germany. ISBN 1-56465-167-3
  • Nagl, Sandra; Tichy, Herbert; Mayer, Werner E.; Samonte, Irene E.; McAndrew, Brendan J. & Klein, Jan (2001): Classification and Phylogenetic Relationships of African Tilapiine Fishes Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 20(3): 361–374. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.0979

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