Saprang Kalayanamitr

Gen. Saprang Kalayanamitr
Saprang Kalayanamitr
Assistant Secretary-General of the Council for National Security
In office 19 September 2006 – ?
Preceded by	None
Commander of the CNS Special Operations Center
In office 1 December 2006 – ?
Preceded by	None
Assistant Commander of the Royal Thai Army
In office 1 October 2006 – 30 September 2007 Serving with Anupong Paochinda
Preceded by	General Pornchai Kranlert
Personal details
Born	8 July 1948 (1948-07-08) (age 63) Lampang, Thailand
Political party	None
Spouse(s)	Viphada
Relations	6 Brothers and 1 sister
Occupation	Military officer

General Saprang Kalayanamitr (Thai: พลเอก สพรั่ง กัลยาณมิตร, also known as Poei (Thai: เปย) or Big Poei (Thai: บิ๊กเปย), born 8 July 1948 in Lampang, Thailand) is a retired officer of the Royal Thai Army, Assistant Secretary-General of the Council for National Security, Commander of the junta's 14,000-man anti-protest force, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Airports of Thailand (AoT), and also Chairman of the Boards of TOT and CAT Telecom, two major Thai state-owned telecommunication companies.

Saprang grew up in an aristocratic military family and graduated from the 7th Class of the Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School and the 18th Class of the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy. He served for nearly three decades in the Army cavalry corp, and was promoted to 3rd Army Region Commander in 2005. He was a key leader of the September 2006 coup that overthrew the government of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra.^[1][2]

Saprang is one of the fiercest critics of Thaksin Shinawatra, calling him a "traitor" and claiming that he should be "banished to live forever in the jungle."^[3] Upon appointment to chair Airports of Thailand and TOT, he purged the management, initiated investigations into the overthrown government, and donated 200 million baht of the agency's funds to the Army. He fired the President of TOT for questioning an 800 million baht donation that the agency made to the Army. As head of CAT Telecom, he was accused of blocking attempts to launch People's Television, a new television station founded by ex-leaders of Thaksin's Thai Rak Thai party.

Saprang was considered one of the top contenders to lead the army and the junta after CNS-leader Sonthi Boonyaratkalin's mandatory retirement in 2007.^[4] However, in September 2007 he was demoted to be Deputy Permanent Secretary of the Defense Ministry, while his rival, General Anupong Paochinda, was promoted to lead the Army. As a result, Saprang retired from the Army in 2010.

Education and early career

Education

Born 8 July 1948 in Lampang, Thailand, Saprang graduated from the 7th Class of the Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School (AFAPS) and the 18th Class of the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy. His classmates included General Paisan Katanyu (appointed Deputy Army Commander after the coup), Admiral Bannawit Kengrien (appointed to the National Legislative Assembly after the coup, and leader of its Suvarnabhumi Airport committee), and General Lertrat Rattavanich.^[5][6] He later graduated from the 43rd class of the National Defence College of Thailand in 2001. His NDC thesis concerned the role of military forces in the control of illegal narcotics. His NDC classmates included Kraisi Karnasuta, governor of state energy company EGAT.^[7]

Early career

Saprang started his military career in 1969 as Rifle Platoon Leader in the 3rd Infantry Battalion, 4th Regimental Combat Team. He claims to have fought 200 battles during the course of his military career.^[5][8]

He was appointed Commander of the 1st Infantry Battalion of the 4th Infantry Regiment in 1982, stationed in Nakhonsawan (on the northwestern border with Burma). In 1985, he became Commander of the 1st Infantry Battalion in the 19th Infantry Regiment, stationed in Surasee Fort, Kanchanaburi (on the western border with Burma).

He was then promoted to be Regimental Commanding Officer of the Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School in 1990. In 1991, he began a six year stint as Regimental Commanding Officer of the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy.

In April 1997, Saprang was shortly transferred to the Ministry of Defense as a staff officer, before being promoted in October 1997 to Commanding General of the 15th Infantry Division, at the time stationed in Pran Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province. In 2003, he was promoted to 3rd Corps Commander.^[9] In 2004, it was strongly rumored that Saprang might be promoted to command the 4th Army, replacing General Pongsak Ekbannasingh. General Pongsak had been criticized for ineffectually fighting the South Thailand insurgency, after 39 successful arson attacks occurred in just one night.^[10] Pongsak ended up being replaced in April 2004 by Pisarn Wattanawongkhiri.^[11]

2006 Coup

See also: 2006 Thailand coup

In a surprise to many observers, Saprang was promoted to 3rd Army Area Commander in October 2005, headquartered in Phitsanulok and responsible most of northern and northeastern Thailand. Analysts had expected Prime Minister Thaksin to promote his own classmates from AFAPS Class 10 to the powerful position instead. At the same time, also in a surprise move, Deputy Army Commander Sonthi Boonyaratkalin was promoted to Army Commander.^[4]

Saprang and Sonthi started planning for the coup 7 to 8 months in advance, in approximately February 2006. Coup planning occurred prior to the April 2006 elections, during Thaksin's controversial sale of Shin Corporation to Temasek Holdings and the peak of the People's Alliance for Democracy's campaign to oust the government.^[12][13][14] In July 2006, Saprang gave an interview where he stated that Thai politics was below standard and that the Kingdom's leadership was weak. He also claimed that Thailand had a false democracy.^[15] He denied that such criticism constituted military interference in politics.^[5] At the same time, the Thai media speculated that in the October 2006 annual Army reshuffle, Saprang would not be promoted to Assistant Army Commander and would not be allowed to retain his position of 3rd Army Area Commander. In July, Saprang's own Deputy Commander in the 3rd Army Area, Major General Manas Paorik, warned the media that "a certain military officer who aspires to become Assistant Army Commander" was planning a coup.^[5]

In the weeks leading up to coup, Saprang openly mobilised soldiers and northern residents to rebel against the government.^[4] Saprang played a key role on the evening of 19 September 2006, securing Thaksin's home town and power base of Chiang Mai.^[16] That same night, he was appointed assistant Secretary-General of the CNS. The coup was executed just a week before the announcement of the Army's annual reshuffle.

After the 2006 coup

A week after the coup, Saprang was promoted to Assistant Army Commander, alongside fellow coup leader Anupong Paochinda.^[17] His predecessor, General Pornchai Kranlert, had not taken part in the coup and was transferred to an inactive position.^[18] Saprang was also promoted from Lieutenant General to General.

CNS Special Operations Center

In 27 December 2006, it was revealed that the Cabinet had approved over half a billion baht worth of funding for a 14,000-man secret anti-protest special operations force, of which General Saprang was Commander. The so-called CNS Special Operations Center, funded with 556 million baht diverted from the Defense Ministry, Police Office, and government emergency reserve fund, had been secretly established by the CNS on 1 December 2006 in order to control protests.^[1][2]

TOT and CAT Telecom

Saprang was appointed by the junta to become Chairman of the Board of Directors of Airports of Thailand (AoT) and also Chairman of the Boards of TOT and CAT Telecom, two major state-owned telecommunication companies.^[19] Saprang's first move as TOT Chairman was to hand-pick three Army colonels and vocal Thaksin-critic Vuthiphong Priebjrivat to sit on the state enterprise's Board of Directors. Saprang transferred TOT President Somkuan Bruminhent to an inactive position and appointed Vuthiphong new President.^[20] He then hand-picked all 10 other directors.^[21][22]

Saprang noted in an interview that, "if telecommunication businesses are in private hands, the country won't be safe."^[16] The junta had earlier announced plans to cancel the initial public offering of both TOT and CAT Telecom and to merge the two state enterprises.^[23][24]

Under Saprang's leadership, TOT reaffirmed its ownership rights to all existing backbone telecommunications networks under a new strategy to act as a "genuine" national telecom company. The new strategy was expected to increase political and business tensions. Under the Build-Transfer-Operate (BTO) concession agreements that TOT signed with private telecom operators, the TOT technically owns all fixed-line, mobile, and optical fibre networks in Thailand. However, it had never exercised those rights in the past.^[25]

Vuthiphong was fired from the TOT board and his position of acting TOT President in June 2007. He immediately accused the Army of using the TOT as an unmonitored slush fund. He claimed that an unnamed Army unit had requested that TOT buy it 800 million baht worth of electronic equipment. Upon receiving the request, Vuthipong demanded to know why neither the Army nor the Defence Ministry used their own secret budgets to purchase the equipment, and why an internal Army unit, rather than the Kingdom's main national security organisations, had made the request. Saprang denied that there was any lack of transparency in the request for financial support.^[26] Vuthipong claimed that the equipment should only have cost 30 million baht, not 800 million baht. He was fired and expelled from the Board soon after refusing to sign off on the deal.^[27] The Board later appointed Col. Natee Sukolrat as the new TOT President and accepted the army's donation request.^[28]

Under his leadership, TOT's performance dropped. Revenues for the first half of 2007 fell 13% year-on-year, while net profit fell 36.1%. Fixed line revenue dropped 16%, while public telephone and international call revenue by 30% each.^[29]

As Chairman of CAT Telecom, Saprang was accused by the founders of People's Television (PTV), a new satellite television station, of being behind CAT Telecom's refusal to grant an internet link from Bangkok to a satellite up-link station in Hong Kong. PTV was established by several ex-executives of the Thai Rak Thai party. CAT Telecom claimed that it never received PTV's application for internet access.^[30]

Under Saprang's leadership, 80,000 subscribers of Thai Mobile, a TOT/CAT joint venture mobile phone operator, were cut off temporarily in early May 2007 when owners TOT and CAT Telecom failed to pay the bills of a major supplier. Thai Mobile had accumulated significant losses and the company was not able to make its debt payments or supplier payments. The partners had stopped payments to the supplier, Samart Corporation, for nearly a year, until Samart threatened to suspend services within three days. After no payment, it delivered on its threat. TOT was subsequently able to negotiate with Samart to restart the service.^[31]

Airports of Thailand

Purging of AoT management

A week after Saprang hinted at a reshuffle of AoT top management, AoT President Chotisak Asapaviriya was forced to resign, citing health reasons, while the Directors of Suvarnabhumi Airport and AoT Commercial Operations were dismissed.^[32][33] Police Commissioner General Seripisut Temiyavej was appointed as an AoT Director.^[34]

Suvarnabhumi Airport

As AoT Chairman, Saprang spearheaded an effort to reopen Don Muang Airport in parallel with the newly opened Suvarnabhumi Airport, despite objections from the Civil Aviation Department, airlines, and internal studies within Airports of Thailand.^[35][36][37] 60 airlines threatened to halt flights to Thailand if they were forced to move back to Don Muang airport.^[38][39]

Saprang also refused to authorize urgent repairs on the airport tarmac, despite warnings from engineers. Karun Chandrarangsu, president of the Engineering Institute of Thailand noted, "Suvarnabhumi is like a patient in a coma who continues to suffer from severe bleeding. Stopping the blood flow now is more urgent and important than debating what caused the injury."^[40] The Engineering Institute of Thailand sent a formal warning to AoT in November 2006 about the urgent need to drain water from beneath the tarmac, and noted that immediate action should be taken. "The AOT did nothing about the problem", Suebsak Promboon of the EIT noted. "The situation might not have become this bad if the water had been drained then." Suebsak Promboon, a senior foundation engineer and a member of the Tortrakul Yomnak-led airport tarmac inspection panel, accused the AOT of refusing to take any actions to solve the problems at the airport.^[41]

The airport faced ongoing operational challenges, including a computer virus that shut down the automated luggage bomb-scanning system in June 2007.^[42] A study by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) released in July 2007 found the airport unsafe, citing numerous spots where checked passengers can meet people who have not passed through security checkpoints.^[43]

Serious security gaps at Suvarnabhumi Airport became known to the public beginning in early 2007. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) found that there were many spots in the passenger terminal where checked passengers can meet people who have not passed through security checks and could receive unchecked objects and then carry them on board aircraft. The IATA also suggested that AoT deploy its own security staff instead of contracting out the job to the Loxley-ICTS consortium. AoT threatened the consortium with contract termination, but didn't follow through with its threat, even though the consortium failed to live up to its contract. Six months later, AoT stated that it still couldn't make up its mind on how it should improve airport security. AoT said it was open to all possible options, and has taken no action to upgrade the problem.^[44][45][46]

Trip to Europe

On Tuesday 27 February 2007, Saprang led a 13 member delegation to Europe, on what was claimed to be a week-long trip to study safety and security measures at major European airports. Many delegates and accompanying members shared the same surname, and the trip, which cost 7.2 million baht was attacked for "squandering" state funds for personal pleasure, disbursing unrealistic expenses, and inflating costs. The travel agent along received a 500,000 baht commission fee for booking the trip. Saprang denied any wrongdoing and claimed he was the victim of a smear campaign.^[47][48][49] He also noted that "If you knew my character, you would know that even if a relative joined the trip he should have realised that he should work hard."^[50] He also noted that instead of being a viewed as a defendant, he should be viewed as a hero for bringing down the Thaksin government.^[51] Saprang then summoned the leader of the AoT labor union in order to identify who leaked information about the trip to his accusers.^[52]

Financial performance

The first quarter after Saprang was appointed Chairman, AoT profits plunged 90% compared to the previous year, despite higher traffic volumes and increased passenger service charters and airline fees. Operating expenses surged 137%, contributing to the AoT's worst quarterly earnings report since it was listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand.^[53]

The AoT board also granted 200 million baht to the Army, which had requested a financial donation. AoT also lended some of its explosives detectors to the Army for use in the South Thailand insurrection.^[54]

Financial performance continued to spiral downwards in the 3rd quarter of 2007. Net profit for the period ending June fell by 84% from a year before, despite higher traffic and a 17.9% increase in revenue. The fall in profit was attributed to AoT's court case against King Power, the operator of duty-free shops within Suvarnabhumi Airport. King Power's concession was suspended while the case was in court, forcing AOT to stop reporting earnings from the concessionaire.^[55]

Thaksin Shinawatra

Saprang had long been a fierce critic of Thaksin Shinawatra, and prior to the coup had even called Thaksin's supporters within the military "evil."^[56] After the coup, Saprang called Thaksin a "traitor" and said that he should be "banished to live forever in the jungle."^[3]

He also accused Thaksin of spying on the military while he was Prime Minister.^[16]

Although Saprang and General Sonthi accused Thaksin of insulting and disrespecting King Bhumibol, he noted that the junta did not pursue lèse majesté charges against Thaksin because "the police corrupted the evidence", and delivered such a weak case that the attorney-general could not file a lawsuit.^[16][57] A vocal self-proclaimed royalist, he insisted that various groups actively tried to challenge the monarchy, and that he "couldn't stand it." He noted, "I am a soldier, born to protect the Crown. They could only challenge the monarchy over my dead body."^[8]

Saprang also suspected that Oliver Jufer, a Swiss man who was jailed for lèse majesté for spraying paint on a portrait of image of King Bhumibol, was hired by somebody to perform his vandalism. Saprang ordered a military investigation into the matter. The results have not been made public.^[58]

2007 New Years bombings

Saprang had a public confrontation with former Prime Minister Chavalit Yongchaiyudh regarding the 2006 Bangkok New Year's Eve bombings after Chavalit accused him of incompetence.^[59] Saprang claimed that "the evidence and intelligence information proves that the bombs were the dirty work of politicians who lost power and benefits. Bad soldiers loyal to bad politicians collaborated with them with the intention to topple this government."^[60][61] However, his claim was contradicted just an hour later by Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont.^[62][63]

In May 2007, Saprang claimed that he had information regarding the seizure of instructional manual on terrorism in Bangkok from a London apartment by English soldiers and police. He said he could not disclose any further information, but told the public to connect the dots themselves.^[64] Days later, a bomb exploded outside of Chitrlada Palace. Saprang later clarified his remark, saying the Bangkok terrorism manual discovery had been made in the early 1990s. Deputy Chief of the British Mission in Bangkok Andy Pierce said he was "concerned" by Saprang's remarks, which he insisted were "baseless".^[65]

Resignation of Pridiyathorn Devakula

Saprang was implicated in the resignation of Finance Minister Pridiyathorn Devakula in 28 February 2007. The Bangkok Post reported that Pridiyathorn resigned in protest after a CNS member lobbied him to sell shares of IRPC (formerly known as Thai Petrochemical Industry) back to a former shareholder. The newspaper identified Saprang as the unnamed CNS member. Saprang's brother, Chienchuang, was a key financial advisor to Prachai Liaophairat, the estranged founder of TPI.^[66][67][68]

Chienchuang's relations with the junta came under further public scrutiny when it was revealed that he was hired by the junta in order to lead a campaign to discredit deposed premier Thaksin Shinawatra. Politicians hired as part of the CNS campaign included Chat Pattana party leader Korn Dabbaransi, Democrats Korn Chatikavanij, Alongkorn Palabutr and Korbsak Sabavasu, Prapat Panya-chatraksa, a key Thai Rak Thai member who defected to the Chat Thai party, plus ex-senator Kraisak Choonhavan. Academics hired by the CNS included Wuttipong Piebjriya-wat, Sophon Supapong, Narong Phet-prasert, and Somkiat Osotspa.^[69]

Mad dogs and machine guns

Saprang was an extremely vocal critic of those who he perceived as his political opponents. In an interview with Thai Rath (Thailand's most popular newspaper) on 8 April 2007, he called an unspecified enemy a "mad dog" who he claimed was destroying the monarchy. He said that it was necessary to shoot the dog with a machine gun. In the same interview, he threatened violent response to the "bold words that came from the mouths of evil people who did not know restraint". He urged decisive action, so that the public would believe that good had triumphed over evil.^[70]

Post-coup role

Saprang was considered a strong contender to lead the junta given the mandatory retirement of Army commander-in-chief and CNS President Sonthi Boonyaratkalin in September 2007.^[16] He unofficially competed with fellow Assistant Army Commander Anupong Paochinda, who, as 1st Army Area Commander, secured Bangkok on the night of the coup. The Bangkok Post reported in October 2006 that Sonthi was grooming Anupong to be his successor by giving him responsibilities over coup logistics, a greater task than had been assigned to Saprang. The Asia Times quoted a former MP as saying that "Anupong is seen as the real force behind the coup. Saprang is more vocal, but he has no real base. The only way he could be seen as a promising leader is by pushing the country to the brink."^[62]

In an interview, Saprang warned that "the three pillars of society - the nation, the religion and the monarchy - might crumble", if "If rogue politicians return to power following the next [post coup] general election."^[16]

Saprang also held the opinion that military coups against the government "should never be ruled out." The abrogated 1997 constitution had outlawed coups. A replacement constitution was, at the time of Saprang's statement, being drafted by a military appointed panel.^[71][72]

Saprang was sidelined in security plans preceding the Constitutional Tribunal's 20 May 2007 ruling on the dissolution of the Thai Rak Thai and Democrat Parties. After the 2006 coup, Sonthi had delegated the task of securing Bangkok to Saprang. The pre-ruling plan put Sonthi directly in charge of Bangkok crowd security, allying him with alum of AFPS Class 9, including Army Chief of Staff General Montri Sangkhasap and First Army Region commander Lt General Prayuth Chan-ocha.^[73]

Panitan Wattanayagorn, a military scholar at Chulalongkorn University and a personal adviser to Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont noted in early September 2007 that "if the army is going to take a full step into politics, then it will be Saprang. If only a half-step, then Anupong. And if it intends to beat a full retreat or take one step back, it will be [Army chief of staff] Montri [Sangkhasap ]."^[74]

On 19 September 2007, Saprang's rival, Assistant Army Commander-in-Chief Gen Anupong Paochinda, was appointed as the new commander-in-chief of the Army, replacing the retiring General Sonthi. Anupong's mandatory retirement occurred 2010. Sonthi was, after resignation, appointed Deputy Prime Minister. Saprang was transferred to become Deputy Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Defense. Saprang's ally, Defence Ministry Deputy Permanent Secretary Admiral Bannawit Kengrien, called Saprang's transfer a "demotion" and a "punishment." However, Saprang himself claimed that he did not feel slighted for being passed over, noting that "everything is over" for him.^[75] Bannawit himself was later transferred from Defence Ministry Deputy Permanent Secretary to be a Chief Adviser of the Ministry, replaced by Chief Advisor General Toosarat Muang-am. Bannawit denied that his own transfer was the result of his criticism of Saprang's transfer.^[76] Bannawit then announced that he would resign from the military and enter politics. There was also rampant speculation that Saprang himself would resign and enter politics.^[77] Although the Kyodo News Agency noted speculation that Saprang would stage a coup against Anupong, Saprang denied coup rumors, saying that another coup would be "suicide."^[78]

Family

Saprang is the youngest of 9 children of Lieutenant Colonel Sri (Thai: ศรี กัลยาณมิตร) and Phenkaew Kalayanamitr (Thai: เพ็ญแก้ว กัลยาณมิตร). Sri was the eldest of the 8 children of Phraya Sucharitraksa, ruler (Chao Muang) of the northern border city of Tak.

The Kalayanamitrs are a military aristocratic family with Chinese (Hokkien)-Northern Thai roots.^[79] Saprang's ancestor, Luang Phichai Waree (original name Ung Mang, Thai: หลวงพิไชยวารี, มั่ง แซ่อึ้ง) migrated to Siam during the reign of King Taksin plying the samphao trade, and was given a feudal title during the reign of King Rama I.^[80]

Saprang has evoked his aristocratic background in order to increase his credibility in public confrontations.^[59] Saprang is married to Viphada (Thai: วิภาดา) and has 3 sons: Army Cadet Ekawee (Thai: เอกวีร์), Air Force Cadet Akharawat (Thai: อัครวัต), Air Force Cadet Ekwarit (Thai: เอกวริษฐ์).^[81]

Trivia

• Saprang stands 161 centimeters tall and as of March 2007, weighed 52 kilograms.^[8]

See also

• Sonthi Boonyaratkalin
• Council for National Security
• Surayud Chulanont
• 2006 Thailand coup
• Wat Kalayanamitr, one of the Kalayanamitr family's three temples

References

1. ^ ^{a b} The Nation, Secret military division deployed, 27 December 2006
2. ^ ^{a b} Bangkok Post, CNS to have own B500m peace-keeping force, 27 December 2006
3. ^ ^{a b} The Nation, Deposed PM criticized for attacking sufficiency economy, 7 February 2007
4. ^ ^{a b c} The Nation, 10 Newsmakers in 2006, 3 January 2007
5. ^ ^{a b c d} Bangkok Post, Loyal to the very tip of his tongue, 15 August 2006
6. ^ m&c, The Inside Story: Thailand’s military coup – Act 1, 8 January 2007
7. ^ รายชื่อเอกสารวิจัยส่วนบุคคลของนักศึกษา วปอ. รุ่นที่ ๔๓ ประจำปี ๒๕๔๓ - ๒๕๔๔
8. ^ ^{a b c} Bangkok Post, Little big Soldier, 5 March 2007
9. ^ ผู้จัดการออนไลน์, ถอดรหัสแม่ทัพภาค 3 : “ม้าของชาติ และพระเจ้าแผ่นดิน” (Decoding the 3rd Army: "Horses of the Nation and the King"), 19 July 2006
10. ^ Bangkok Post, Chettha Confirms 4th Army Chief Pongsak Will Be Replaced, 12 March 2004
11. ^ Xinhua, Thai military reshuffled amid escalating violence in south, 30 March 2004
12. ^ The Nation, The persistent myth of the 'good' coup, 2 October 2006
13. ^ กรุงเทพธุรกิจ, พล.ท.สพรั่ง กัลยาณมิตร"วางแผนปฏิรูปการปกครองมาแล้ว 7-8 เดือน", 24 September 2006
14. ^ Thanapol Eawsakul, "The Coup for Democracy with the King as Head of State", Fa Dieo Kan special issue, 2007
15. ^ คมชัดลึก, [มทภ.3ชี้ชาติไร้ผู้นำ ตท.10ย้ำชัดไม่ยึดอำนาจ], 19 July 2006
16. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Straits Times, Straight-talking general on the rise, 21 February 2007
17. ^ The Nation, Annual military reshuffle announced, 29 September 2006
18. ^ The Nation, Ousted PM's allies receives lenient punishment, 29 September 2006
19. ^ The Nation, Saprang to chair TOT board, 26 January 2007
20. ^ Bangkok Post, THAILAND: New TOT board may order cleanup, 31 January 2007
21. ^ The Nation, TOT chief seeks justice for agency, 18 February 2007
22. ^ Bangkok Post, Secret deals at the TOT?, 26 June 2007
23. ^ The Nation, Sweeping changes in state telecom boards, 28 October 2006
24. ^ The Nation, Call for end to policy corruption, 16 October 2006
25. ^ Bangkok Post, TOT to assert its rights over network, 15 March 2007
26. ^ The Nation, [1], 22 June 2007
27. ^ Bangkok Post, [2], 22 June 2007
28. ^ Bangkok Post, TOT goes ahead with army project
29. ^ Bangkok Post, Forget about ever listing, minister tells TOT, 2 August 2007
30. ^ The Nation, PTV says 'CAT attack' ruined debut, 2 March 2007
31. ^ Bangkok Post, Network shutdown causes caller chaos, 10 May 2007
32. ^ Bangkok Recorder, Airport president resigns, 3 February 2007
33. ^ ETNA, Thailand's new international airport head steps down, 2 February 2007
34. ^ The Nation, Seripisut joins AOT board, 2 June 2007
35. ^ The Nation, Making the best out of airport debacle, 8 February 2007
36. ^ Thailand to reopen old airport, giving Bangkok two hubs, Channel NewsAsia, 6 February 2007
37. ^ The Nation, THAI baulks at moving to Don Muang, 15 February 2007
38. ^ Bangkok Post, PM: I'll sort out new airport myself, 16 February 2007
39. ^ Bangkok Post, Airlines adamant about staying at Suvarnabhumi, 17 February 2007
40. ^ The Nation, 'Can we get to work please?', 17 February 2007
41. ^ The Nation, AOT staff stalling urgent repairs: engineer, 23 February 2007
42. ^ The Nation, Scanners fixed, virus blamed, 22 June 2007
43. ^ Bangkok Post, New airport is unsafe, checks below par, says IATA report, 5 July 2007
44. ^ Bangkok Post, Security holes at the airport, 17 July 2007
45. ^ Bangkok Post, Airport security still below par
46. ^ Bangkok Post, New airport is unsafe, checks below par, says IATA report, 5 July 2007
47. ^ The Nation, Saprang flayed for costly overseas trip, 6 March 2007
48. ^ The Nation, Saprang accused of squandering Bt7.2 million in foreign trip, 6 March 2007
49. ^ The Nation, Saprang denies wrongdoing in overseas trip, 6 March 2007
50. ^ Bangkok Post, General Saprang unwittingly lands himself in trouble, March 2007
51. ^ มติชน, "สพรั่ง"ประกาศไม่ใช่จำเลย เป็น"วีรบุรุษ" ("Saprang" screams I'm a "hero", not a defendant), 7 มีนาคม 2550
52. ^ Bangkok Post, Opinion: Even heroes are accountable, 12 March 2007
53. ^ Bangkok Post, AOT profits plunge 90 per cent, 16 May 2007
54. ^ Bangkok Post, [3], 27 July 2007
55. ^ Forbes, Airports of Thailand's Q3 net profit plunges amid dispute over duty-free shops, 15 August 2007
56. ^ บางกอกทูเดย์, แม่ทัพภาค 3 อัด "ทหารเลว" สอพลอทักษิณ, 21 July 2006
57. ^ The Nation, Thaksin impolite to King: Sonthi, 4 March 2007
58. ^ The Telegraph, Swiss man faces jail for lèse majesté, 13 March 2007
59. ^ ^{a b} The Nation, Chavalit and CNS still slug it out, 5 January 2007
60. ^ Financial Times, Thai stocks fall as bombings reverberate, 4 January 2007
61. ^ CBC, Thai military blames former government supporters for bombing, 3 January 2007
62. ^ ^{a b} Daniel Ten Kate, Asia Sentinel, Thailand’s Bombing Mystery Gets Murkier, 4 January 2007
63. ^ Thailand’s Bombing Mystery Gets Murkier, 3 January 2007
64. ^ คมชัดลึก, "สพรั่ง"แฉตำรวจอังกฤษบุกยึด "คู่มือก่อการร้ายในกรุงเทพฯ", 3 พฤษภาคม 2550
65. ^ The Nation, Expats' rally in London played down by the govt, 6 May 2007
66. ^ The Nation, Ethanol rises to Bt23 per litre, 23 March 2006
67. ^ Bangkok Post, Goings on at Channel 9, 8 March 2007
68. ^ Chemical Week, Former TPI Boss Alleges Embezzlement by Debt Restructuring Firm, 16 March 2001
69. ^ The Nation, Saprang's cousin given PR work 'because of experience', 11 April 2007
70. ^ Thai Rath, บางครั้งอาจ​ต้อง​ใช้​ปืนกลไล่ยิงหมา, 8 April 2007. Quotes are บางครั้งอาจ​ต้อง​ใช้​ปืนกลยิงหมาตัวหนึ่ง("it was necessary to shoot the dog with a machine gun"), เหตุการณ์​จะ​รุนแรง​หรือ​ใหญ่​โต​หรือ​ไม่​ขึ้น​อยู่​กับ​ปากของคนเลว​ ​ที่​ไม่​รู้จักบันยะบัน​ยัง​ ​เริ่มเหิมเกริม ​หากถามว่า​จะ​รุนแรง​หรือ​ไม่​ ​แน่นอน​ต้อง​ตอบโต้รุนแรง ("bold words that came from the mouths of evil people who did not know restraint") and เราก็​ต้อง​เด็ดขาดเช่น​กัน​ ​เพื่อ​ให้​ประชาชนเชื่อว่า​ ​ธรรมะชนะอธรรม ("decisive action, so that the public would believe that good had triumphed over evil")
71. ^ Bangkok Post, Military coups 'should never be ruled out', 8 March 2007
72. ^ The Nation, Coup could recur, says Saprang, 8 March 2007
73. ^ The Nation, Top Boot Politics Sequel V, 29 May 2007
74. ^ Asia Times, Thai reshuffle exposes cracks in military, 7 September 2007
75. ^ The Nation, Saprang punished: Admiral, 24 September 2007
76. ^ The Nation, Bannawit shifted, faces disciplinary probes, 5 October 2007
77. ^ The Nation, Bannawit to run the next election, 18 October 2007
78. ^ Kyodo News, Succession speculation keeps Thailand on tenterhooks, 8 September 2007
79. ^ AsiaMedia, Straight-talking general on the rise, February 21, 2007
80. ^ พ.อ.ชาญ กัลยาณมิตร, สกุลกัลยาณมิตร, 1997
81. ^ Nation Blog, เบื้องลึก ตระกูลกัลยาณมิตร ของ พล.อ.สพรั่ง, 1 February 2007

Further reading

• Website of the 4th Infantry Regiment (in Thai)
• Website of the 19th Infantry Regiment (in Thai)

Persondata
Name	Kalayanamitr, Saprang
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	8 July 1948
Place of birth	Lampang, Thailand
Date of death
Place of death