Prem Tinsulanonda

General Prem Tinsulanonda พลเอก เปรม ติณสูลานนท์ MPCh MWM PC NR SR PPh PrC
President of the Privy Council of Thailand
Incumbent
Assumed office September 4, 1998
Monarch	Bhumibol Adulyadej
Preceded by	Sanya Dharmasakti
16th Prime Minister of Thailand
In office March 3, 1980 – August 4, 1988
Monarch	Bhumibol Adulyadej
Preceded by	Kriangsak Chomanan
Succeeded by	Chatichai Choonhavan
Thai Minister of Defence
In office May 24, 1979 – August 5, 1986
Prime Minister	Kriangsak Chomanan; himself
Preceded by	Kriangsak Chomanan
Succeeded by	Phaniang Kantrat
Personal details
Born	August 26, 1920 (1920-08-26) (age 91) Songkhla Province, Thailand
Nationality	Thai
Political party	non-partisan (Military)
Alma mater	Royal Thai Army Academy; United States Army Armor School, Fort Knox
Religion	Buddhism
Military service
Service/branch	Royal Thai Army
Years of service	1942-81
Rank	General (Phon Ek)
Commands	Commander-in-Chief (1978-81)
Battles/wars	Franco-Thai War World War II Communist insurgency campaigns

General Prem Tinsulanonda (Thai: เปรม ติณสูลานนท์; RTGS: Prem Tinnasulanon; pronunciation: [preːm tin.ná.sǔː.laː.non]; born August 26, 1920) is a retired Thai military officer who served as Prime Minister of Thailand from March 3, 1980 to August 4, 1988. He now serves as the Head of the Privy Council of the King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej.

In the Thai political crisis of the 2000's, he was accused by deposed prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra and his supporters of being a mastermind of the 2006 coup^[1] as well as in the appointment of the post-coup legislature and Interim Government of Surayud Chulanont.^[2] The military junta that ousted the illegally occupying Thaksin denied that Prem had any important political role.^[3]

Prem, as the Chief of the Privy Council, is a leader in promoting King Bhumibol's ideologies and royal projects though he has sometimes represented himself as being the voice of the king. He has always urged Thai society to follow the king's advice and has himself founded several welfare projects related to education, drug suppression, poverty, and national unity. A southerner, Prem has also dealt personally with trying to resolve the Islamic Southern Insurgency crisis.

Education, military, and political career

Born in Songkhla Province in the south of Thailand, Prem attended Maha-Vajiravut Secondary School in Songkhla, followed by Suankularb Wittayalai School in Bangkok. He entered the Royal Thai Army Academy (now Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy) in 1942. A distinguished Army officer, he entered politics in 1959, as a member of the Constitution Drafting Committee. From 1968 to 1971 he was a Senator, in 1972-73 Member of Parliament, and in 1976 was appointed to the Advisory Council of Prime Minister Tanin Kraivixien. Under Prime Minister Kriangsak Chamanan, he was Deputy Interior Minister in 1977-78 and Minister of Defence from 1979 to 1986.

General Prem is famous for initiating the negotiations with the members of the Communist Party of Thailand. Consequently, an amnesty was declared and many communist members - including former student protestors - returned home. This helped end the fighting between the government and communist guerrillas in 1980s.

Prime minister of Thailand

After Kriangsak retired in 1980, Prem was chosen the Prime Minister. Prem led three administrations and often shifted coalition partners.^[4]

• 42nd Administration (March 12, 1980 - March 19, 1983)
  • 1st Cabinet (3 March 1980 - 11 March 1981)
    • Coalition partners: Social Action Party, Chart Thai, Democrat, Chart Prachachon and Siam Democrat
    • Major opposition: Prachakorn Thai
  • 2nd Prem Cabinet (11 Mar 1981- 8 Dec 1981)
    • Coalition Partners: Democrat, Chart Thai and a number of smaller parties including Siam Democrat, Ruam Thai and Social Democrat
    • Major opposition: Social Action and Prachakorn Thai
  • 3rd Prem Cabinet (9 Dec 1981-30 Apr 1983)
    • Coalition Partners: Social Action, Democrat, Chart Thai and a number of smaller parties
    • Major opposition: Prachakorn Thai
• 43rd Administration (April 30, 1983 - August 5, 1986)
  • 4th Prem Cabinet (30 Apr 1983-11 Aug 1986)
    • Colatition partners: Social Action, Democrat, Prachakorn Thai and National Democrat (replaced by the Progressive party in Sep 1985)
    • Major opposition: Chart Thai
• 44th Administration (August 5, 1986 - April 28, 1988)
  • 5th Prem Cabinet (11 August 1986-28 April 1988)
    • Coalition partners: Democrat, Chart Thai, Social Action, Rasadorn
    • Major opposition: Prachakorn Thai, United Democratic, Ruam Thai, Community Action, Progressive

Overcoming coup attempts

During April 1–3, 1981, a group of army colonels known as 'the Young Turks' launched a coup attempt in Bangkok. Prem escorted the King and Queen to Nakhon Ratchasima, and began negotiating with the coup leaders. Finally on April 3, major leaders agreed to end their April Fool's Day coup attempt. Some were allowed to take refuge abroad.

Another coup attempt took place on September 9, 1985. Its leaders had been involved in the previous coup four years earlier. The attempt became violent when rebel soldiers firing at the government's information centers, killing an Australian journalist and his American soundman. The coup attempt was supported by Ekayuth Anchanbutra, a businessman who had fled the country after Prem's government issued new legislation against financial crime. By late afternoon of the same day, the rebels surrendered to the government. Most of its leaders, including Ekayuth, fled abroad.

Assassination attempts

Prem was the target of at least four assassination attempts in 1982. The investigation implicated military officers who were among the 1981 coup's leaders and former communists who opposed Prem's amnesty policy. This became one of the pretexts claimed by the coup leaders of 1991.

Negotiation with the communist insurgents

The communist insurgents in Thailand, mainly led by The Communist Party of Thailand, began its armed struggle in 1960s. After the crackdown of the student's rally at Thammasat University in October 1976, the communist activity in the countryside in the northeast of the country became vibrant as students fled to join with the party. In 1980s, Prem began changing his policy towards the communist insurgents. Previously Prem sent his men to China, persuading it to stop the support of the Thai communist party. China agreed. The Prem's new policy offered the amnesty to all insurgents, legally called 'the communist terrorists'. As a result, thousands of former students who fled to the jungle before, left the communist strongholds.^[5]

Privy councilor and Statesman

After political unrest in 1988, Prem dissolved the parliament and called for a general election. Following the general election, leaders of the winning political parties asked Prem to continue his premiership, but Prem refused. Consequently Chatichai Choonhavan, head of Chart Thai Party, was chosen to be the new prime minister.

On 4 September 1998, Prem was appointed to head King Bhumibol Adulyadej's Privy Council, becoming the successor to Sanya Dharmasakti.

During the Black May, bloody political crisis in May 1992, Prem was said to have played a crucial role in ending the military suppression of the demonstrations, consulting with King Bhumibol to end the violence and bloodshed.

Educational activities

Prem is actively involved in many charities, including the Prem Foundation. He established the Prem Tinsulanonda International School, which opened in August 2001 in Chiang Mai Province. The campus covers 90 acres (360,000 m²); the student body numbers over 400, with more than 36 nationalities represented.

March 2006 blast: Prem-Thaksin antagonism

Amidst the tension between Thaksin and 'unconstitutional figure', on 9 March 2006, a small bomb exploded outside Prem's residence in Bangkok. Two people were slightly injured, including a passing British tourist. Police said the device had been hidden beneath a stone bench near to an unoccupied security booth at the entrance of the residence. The guards were inside the residence at the time. Three cars parked nearby were damaged by the blast. Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra denied being involved in the attack.^[6][7] Prem's controversy with Thaksin's government was apparent from 2005, albeit he had never mentioned Thaksin. Prem, still influential with the armed forces, became a critic of Thaksin's interference in the promotion of the commanders. Armed forces officers, as public servants, should be free from political appointment. However, Thaksin named his first cousin, general Chaiyasith Shinawatra, as the chief of the army - a position he probably never would have held otherwise. Thaksin and his supporters immediately reacted against what they called an 'out of constitutional' individual (Prem) "meddling" in Thai politics.

Role in political crisis and 2006 coup

Prem found himself named as a leading player in the Thailand political crisis of 2005-2006. In a number of public lectures, he had fiercely criticized the attempts of politicians to tighten their grip on the army, urging the public to resist corruption and vested interests. Some commentators inferred that Prem was criticizing Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra and his administration.

In June 2006, Thaksin gave a controversial speech to officials claiming 'the intervention of an extra-constitutional power, or figure' who was seeking to damage his government. Thaksin's supporters presumed Prem was that figure, though Thaksin himself mentioned no names.

Following the September 2006 military coup, Thaksin's supporters blamed Prem, whom they decided must have been the mastermind behind the coup against Thaksin.^[1] Prem did help secure the appointment of Surayud Chulanont, his another member of the King's Privy Council, as Premier, and allegedly had a say in the appointment of Surayud's Cabinet. Critics claimed the cabinet was full of "Prem's boys."^[8][9][10]

In an interview published in early 2006, Prem explained his vision of a distinctive Thai-style democracy in which the monarch remains the ultimate defender of the public interest and retains control of the armed forces. Prem used an equestrian metaphor to describe the relative roles of Monarch, Prime Minister and the army: "In horse racing they have the stable and the owner of the stable owns the horse. The jockey comes and rides the horse during the race, but the jockey does not own the horse. It’s very easy [to comprehend]".^[11]

The issue Prem's responsibility for the coup and the subsequent junta has been hotly contested. A Ruling Military Council spokesman stated that Prem was not behind the coup.^[12] Thai police Lieutenant-General Theeradech Rodphot-hong, head of the Special Branch, cautioned that the any legal proceedings would be improper as these could involve the King in a political conflict. He also urged the activists to drop their campaign as it could create conflict within the country.^[13]

On July 22, 2007, thousands of protesters, mostly Thaksin's supporters, demonstrated in front of Prem's house, calling for him to resign. When the demonstration exploded into violence, the police cracked down and arrested several protest leaders, including an interim National Human Rights Commissioner and a former judge, both being former members of deposed prime minister Thaksin's political party.^[14] Afterwards, junta chief Sonthi Boonyaratklin visited Prem to apologise for the protests on behalf of the government. A day later, Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont, along with 34 members of his Cabinet, went to Prem's house to apologize to Prem for failing to ensure justice. Surayud accused the protestors of trying to bring down the highest institution of the country.^[15] Government spokesman Yongyuth Mayalap said Prem categorically denied the protestors' allegations that he was behind the military coup. According to Yongyuth, Prem said that the charges were repetitive, baseless and provocative.^[16]

Prem is reportedly considering whether to take legal action against the pro-Thai Rak Thai United front for Democracy against Dictatorship for defamation. A source close to him said Gen Prem was compiling evidence and would soon decide whether to file defamation charges against nine key anti-coup figures.^[17] Prem continues to wield considerable influence over the military. Interior Minister Aree Wongarya and his deputy, Banyat Chansena, held talks with Prem at his residence on 1 August 2007. During the meeting, Prem gave advice on resolving the South Thailand insurgency and on providing assistance for family members of the victims in accordance with the government’s Sarn Jai Thai Su Jai Tai campaign.^[18]

Prem and April 2009 protest of Thaksin's supporters

Before and during the mass protest of Thaksin's supporters, the UDD, Thaksin started mentioning the name of Prem publicly. The UDD leaders harshly blasted Prem for meddling in politics, calling him by using a term of 'ammatya', 'a royal puppet', or 'aristocrat', as a threat to democracy since he has never been democratically elected but had been appointed by the king. However Prem has never responded to these attacks.

Royal decorations

Prem has received the following decorations and awards in the Honours System of Thailand:

• 1975 - Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand
• 1978 - Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant
• 1982 - Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao
• 1988 - Member of the Order of Symbolic Propitiousness Ramkeerati Boy Scout Citation Medal (Special Class)
• 1988 - Knight of the Ancient and Auspicious Order of the Nine Gems
• 1990 - Knight Grand Commander (First Class) of the Honourable Order of Rama
• 1996 - Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Most Admirable Order of the Direkgunabhorn

Medals

• Victory Medal - Indochina
• Victory Medal - World War II
• Freemen Safeguarding Medal (First Class)
• Safeguarding the Constitution Medal
• Chakra Mala Medal (15 years military/police service)
• 1982 - King Rama IX Royal Cypher Medal, 1st Class
• King Rama IX Coronation Medal
• 25th Buddhist Century Celebration Medal
• Commemorative Medal of the Royal State Visits to the United States of America and Europe
• Silver Jubilee Medal of B.E. 2514 (AD 1971)
• Commemorative Medal of HRH Prince Vajiralongkorn's Investiture as Crown Prince
• Commemorative Medal on the Occasion of the Elevation of HRH Princess Sirindhorn to the title of "Princess Maha Chakri"
• Commemorative Medal on the Occasion of the Rattanakosin Bicentennial
• Commemorative Medal on the Occasion of the 50th Birthday Anniversary of Her Majesty Queen Sirikit
• Commemorative Medal on the Occasion of the 84th Birthday Anniversary of HRH Somdej Phra Srinagarindra Boromarajajonani
• Commemorative Medal on the Occasion of the 60th Birthday Anniversary of HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej
• Commemorative Medal on the Occasion of the Longest Reign Celebrations
• Red Cross Medal of Appreciation

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Asia Sentinel, Could Thailand be Getting Ready to Repeat History?, 2 April 2007
2. ^ Former Thai PM Prem Tinsulanonda had key role in coup - analysts
3. ^ Bangkok Post, UDD aims to damage monarchy, 25 July 2007
4. ^ Suchit Bunbongkarn, "The Military in Thai Politics, 1981-1986", published by the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1987.
5. ^ http://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1900s/yr55/fthailand1959.htm
6. ^ The Telegraph, British tourist injured in Bangkok bomb blast, 10 March 2006
7. ^ Times Online, Thailand tourist alert after Bangkok bomb, 9 March 2006
8. ^ The Australian, Thailand's post-coup cabinet unveiled, 9 October 2006
9. ^ The Nation, NLA 'doesn' t represent' all of the people, 14 October 2006
10. ^ The Nation, Assembly will not play a major role, 14 October 2006
11. ^ Far Eastern Economic Review
12. ^ Bangkok Post, CNS to take action against Prem's critics, April 2007
13. ^ Asia Media Post, Petitioners cautioned that appeal improper, April 2007
14. ^ Bangkok Post, Six protesters held, 23 July 2007
15. ^ The Nation, PM says sorry to Prem over mob violence, July 2007
16. ^ The Bangkok Post PM: UDD aims to damage monarchy, 25 July 2007
17. ^ The Bangkok Post Prem may take UDD to court, July 26, 2007
18. ^ Bangkok Post, Ministers talk to Prem on southern unrest, 1 August 2007

External links

• General Prem Tinsulanonda Home Page
• Prem Center for International Education
• News article about his recent activity

Preceded by Kriangsak Chomanan	Prime Minister of Thailand 1980–1988	Succeeded by Chatichai Choonhavan
Preceded by Sanya Dharmasakti	President of the Privy Council of Thailand 1998–present	Succeeded by Incubent

Persondata
Name	Tinsulanonda, Prem
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	August 26, 1920
Place of birth	Songkhla Province, Thailand
Date of death
Place of death