Hong San See

Hong San See (Chinese: 凤山寺) is a Chinese temple in Singapore, and is located at Mohamed Sultan Road in the River Valley Planning Area, within the Central Area, Singapore's central business district.

Hong San See Temple was constructed between 1908 and 1913, erected by migrants from Nan An town in Fujian province with materials imported from China. Built on a small hill, the temple once overlooked the sea. The temple's vicinity now mainly houses bars, restaurants and expensive apartments.

The temple is owned by the Singapore Lam Ann Association.

History

The original temple to the God of Wealth was built in 1829 on Tras Street in Tanjong Pagar, and was erected by migrants from Nan An town in Fujian province of China. In 1907, the land was acquired by the government for road widening and the temple trustees were given compensation of $50,000. The temple trustees used the money to buy land on a 999-year lease on Mohamed Sultan Road from Sam Tomlimson who was the Municipal Engineer.

The name of the temple means "Temple on Phoenix Hill". Sited on the side of Institution Hill, the temple was situated on high ground with a view of the sea. According to the principles of Chinese geomancy, this is a prime spot for a temple.

The construction of the temple began in 1908 with materials imported from China. The chief contractor was Lim Loh, the father of World War II hero Lim Bo Seng. The temple was completed in 1913 at the cost of $56,000. It was renovated once in 1934 and again in 1962. In 1970 renovations to the temple were not done according to restoration guidelines and several features were removed. These are to be restored to make the temple faithful to its original early twentieth century architecture. One major change, now likely to have been removed, was the addition of ornate carvings painted in gold all along the trusses of the temple.

As with some of the other Chinese temples in Singapore, its premises were used as a school for children from nearby villages. Called Nan Ming School, it was closed after ten years when it ran into financial difficulties.

Today, Hong San See has lost its view of the sea, blocked by high-rises which now surround it. However, it remains on high ground, and to reach the temple, devotees have to climb a long flight of stairs.

Hong San See Temple was gazetted as a national monument on 10 November, 1978.

Architecture

Hong San See is located on a hill with the entrance facing south or the "yang" position at the back of the complex against higher ground and the cold north that generates "yin", which also has a good "feng shui". There are granite plaques in the entrance hall, dated between 1868 and 1913 which list the donors who contributed to the building of the temple. There are other modern plaques on the walls commemorating donors in recent years. The granite column on either side of the main entrance are engraved verses extolling the site's once excellent view of the sea and its wealthy neighbourhood. This view has since been blocked by high-rise development in the 1990s. There are four carved granite columns in the temple, with two at the entrance are six-sided columns with entwined dragons and other figures. Just past the entrance on either side of the courtyard are two columns with carvings of flowers and leaves.

The main door is made of double-leafed timber and painted with phoenixes. The two side doors flanking the main door are painted with door gods. The main door is usually kept barred except on important occasions. The roof ridges and eaves of the temple have "chien nien" ornamentation and plaster relief-work. "Chen nien" ornamentation is the tradition southern Chinese art of creating figures, flowers, leaves and other images with small pieces of colourful porcelain. Another key feature of traditional Chinese building is exposed structural elements. Traditionally constructed without nails, the weight of the roof is supported on the columns on which rest of the beams. Walls in Chinese temples do not bear the weight of the roof. The exposed structure shows off the ingenious carpentry. The roof of the main hall is a two-tiered "xie shan" roof with curved swallow tail ridge ends. In the centre of the roof ridge are two prancing dragons on either side of a blazing pearl. At the ends of the lower-tier roof are Minnan spirals.

The main hall of the temple with the altar to patron deity "Guang Ze Zun Wang" is raised on a nine-metre podium and opens out to the internal open-air courtyard in front of it. The courtyard is flanked by covered corridors which lead to the side halls. At the centre of the edge of the podium is a sloping granite block with ornamental carvings. In the side hall, there is a shrine to "Guan Yin". In a corner nearby is the shrine to Abbot "Swee Yee". The secondary altars are dedcicated to "Cheng Huang" (城隍) and "Xuan Tian Shang Di" (玄天上帝; Heavenly Emperor). These altars are positioned at the back of the main hall to the left and right of the main altar. The main hall has six solid timber columns that are convex in mid-shaft. They rest on carved granite bases. On the black columns are verses written by a Singaporean calligraphist, the late Pan Shou. The side halls have square columns set in granite bases. They are plain and without ornamentation. Nan Ming School used two halls from 1915 as classrooms. The children came from nearby villages such as Bukit Ho Swee and would not otherwise have been able to afford an education. The school closed in 1925 due to financial problems.

References

*Lee Geok Boi (2002), "The Religious Monuments of Singapore", Landmark Books, ISBN 981-3065-62-1
*Preservation of Monuments Board, "Know Our Monuments"

External links

* [http://livelife.ecitizen.gov.sg/culture/heritage/temples_detail.asp?plc_id=1 Singapore Government eCitizen website]