Phoenix (mythology)

The phoenix (Ancient Greek: Φοῖνιξ, phoínix) is a mythical sacred firebird in ancient mythologies starting with the Greek and later the Egyptian and the Phoenician mythology.

Appearance and Abilities

A phoenix is a mythical bird with a tail of beautiful gold and red plumage (or purple and blue, by some sources [ [http://bestiary.ca/beasts/beast149.htm Medieval Bestiary : Phoenix ] ] ). It has a 600-800 year life-cycle, and near the end the phoenix builds itself a nest of cinnamon twigs that it then ignites; both nest and bird burn fiercely and are reduced to ashes, from which a new, young phoenix or phoenix egg arises, reborn anew to live again. The new phoenix is destined to live as long as its old self. In some stories, the new phoenix embalms the ashes of its old self in an egg made of myrrh and deposits it in the Egypt city of Heliopolis ("sun city" in Greek). The bird was also said to regenerate when hurt or wounded by a foe, thus being almost immortal and invincible — it is also said that it can heal a person with a tear from its eyes and make them temporarily immune to death; a symbol of fire and divinity. [Herodotus, The firebird also has an abitity to vanish people and warp them to another place. The Histories II.73]

History

Although descriptions (and life-span) vary, the phoenix (Bennu bird) became popular in early Catholic art, literature and Catholic symbolism, as a symbol of Christ representing His resurrection, immortality, and life-after-death. One of the Early Catholic Church Fathers, Clement, related the following regarding the Phoenix in chapter 25 of "The First Epistle of Clement":

Let us consider that wonderful sign [of the resurrection] which takes place in Eastern lands, that is, in Arabia and the countries round about. There is a certain bird which is called a phoenix. This is the only one of its kind, and lives five hundred years. And when the time of its dissolution draws near that it must die, it builds itself a nest of frankincense, and myrrh, and other spices, into which, when the time is fulfilled, it enters and dies. But as the flesh decays a certain kind of worm is produced, which, being nourished by the juices of the dead bird, brings forth feathers. Then, when it has acquired strength, it takes up that nest in which are the bones of its parent, and bearing these it passes from the land of Arabia into Egypt, to the city called Heliopolis. And, in open day, flying in the sight of all men, it places them on the altar of the sun, and having done this, hastens back to its former abode. The priests then inspect the registers of the dates, and find that it has returned exactly as the five hundredth year was completed.

Michael W. Holmes points out that early Christian writers justified their use of this myth because the word appears in Psalm 92:12 [LXX Psalm 91:13] , but in that passage it actually refers to a palm tree, not a mythological bird. [(Holmes, The Apostolic Fathers: Greek texts and English translations, page 59.)] However, it was the flourishing of Christian Hebraist interpretations of Job 29:18 that brought the Joban phoenix to life for Christian readers of the seventeenth century. At the heart of these interpretations is the proliferation of richly complementary meanings that turn upon three translations of the word chol -- as phoenix, palm tree, or sand -- in Job 29:18." [ [http://extra.shu.ac.uk/emls/11-2/budiphoe.htm [EMLS 11.2 (September, 2005): 5.1-15 Milton's Joban Phoenix in Samson Agonistes ] ]

Originally, the phoenix was identified by the Egyptians as a stork or heron-like bird called a "benu", known from the "Book of the Dead" and other Egyptian texts as one of the sacred symbols of worship at Heliopolis, closely associated with the rising sun and the Egyptian sun-god Ra.

The Greeks identified it with their own word "phoenix" φοίνιξ, meaning the color purple-red or crimson (cf. "Phoenicia"). They and the Romans subsequently pictured the bird more like a peacock or an eagle. According to the Greeks the phoenix lived in Phoenicia next to a well. At dawn, it bathed in the water of the well, and the Greek sun-god Helios stopped his chariot (the sun) in order to listen to its song. Featured in the painting "Heracles Strangles Snakes" (House of the Vettii, Pompeii Italy) as Zeus, the king of the Gods.

One inspiration that has been suggested for the Egyptian phoenix is the flamingo of East Africa. This bright pink or white bird nests on salt flats that are too hot for its eggs or chicks to survive; it builds a mound several inches tall and large enough to support its egg, which it lays in that marginally cooler location. The convection currents around these mounds resembles the turbulence of a flame. In zoology, flamingos are part of the family Phoenicopteridae, from the generic name "Phoenicopterus" or "phoenix-winged."

Some medieval Jewish commentators comment upon the Hebrew word Hol (חול) in the biblical book of Job ("...Then I said, I shall die in my nest, and I shall multiply my days as the sand (Hol)...", Job 29:18, the King James translation) as referring to phoenix (reference needed).

"Phoenix" is also the English-language name given to the most important bird in Chinese mythology, the fenghuang, with its own set of characteristics and symbolic meanings.

Related usage

In Persian mythology, Si'morgh, (Persian: سيمرغ, Middle Persian: senmurv) was a winged, bird-like creature that was very large and extremely ancient. The Simurgh appears in many Iranian literary classics such as Farid ud-Din Attar's "Conference of the Birds" as instructor and birds leader, and in Ferdowsi's epic "Shahnameh" (The Book of Kings); Phoenix raised up and cherished Zaal or Zal, father of Rostam.

The phoenix is a central figure in Lebanese ancient and modern cultures, as Lebanese are descendants of the Phoenicians and often claim themselves sons of the Phoenix. Lebanon, and Beirut particularly, is often depicted symbolically as a phoenix bird having been destroyed and rebuilt 7 times during its long history.

In China, Fenghuang ("鳳凰") is a mythical bird superficially similar to the phoenix. It is the second most-respected legendary creature (second to the dragon), largely used to represent the empress and females. The phoenix is the leader of birds. In Japan, the phoenix is called hō-ō(kanji:"鳳凰") or Nihongo|fushichō|不死鳥|; "Immortal Bird".

In Russian folklore, the phoenix appears as the Zhar-Ptitsa (Жар-Птица), or firebird, subject of the famous 1910 ballet score by Igor Stravinsky.The phoenix was featured in the flags of Alexander Ypsilantis and of many other captains during the Greek Revolution, symbolizing Greece's rebirth, and was chosen by John Capodistria as the first Coat of Arms of the Greek State (1828-1832). In addition, the first modern Greek currency bore the name of "phoenix". Despite being replaced by a royal Coat of Arms, it remained a popular symbol, and was used again in the 1930s by the Second Hellenic Republic. However, its use by the military junta of 1967-1974 made it extremely unpopular, and it has almost disappeared from use after 1974, with the notable exception of the Greek Order of the Phoenix).

In Jewish folklore, it is said that the phoenix was the only animal not to join Adam in his banishment from the Garden of Eden.

Popular culture

The image of the phoenix, rising from the ashes and symbolizing rebirth, has been referred to and borrowed repeatedly in modern culture. Comparisons have been made to devastated cities, political comebacks, and defeated nations, among others.

The phoenix is a prominent symbol on the flag and seal of the City and County of San Francisco, symbolizing the city rising from the ashes of the devastation caused by the 1906 earthquake and fire. Similarly, the phoenix is also the central feature of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
] of the City of Atlanta, along with the word "Resurgens" (Latin for having been restored/rebuilt, revived, rose up/appeared again; rared up again, lifted oneself), symbolizing the seemingly continual rebirth of the city after several devastating fires, most notable of which are General Sherman's burning of the city during the American Civil War on November 15, 1864, and the Great Atlanta fire of 1917.

In New York, 7 weeks after the September 11 terrorist attacks, a giant illuminated phoenix puppet led New York's Village Halloween Parade as a symbol of the city's rebirth from the ashes (the puppet was designed by parade designer Sophia Michahelles of the group Superior Concept Monsters).

Phoenix, Arizona, was so named because of the town's usage of old Hohokam (Native American) canal paths, and the fact that the area contained the remains of various Hohokam settlements. It is believed that this group migrated out of the area due to devastating floods and droughts between 1300-1450 AD. The establishment of modern Phoenix was seen as a rebirth of this older civilization. [" [http://phoenix.gov/CITYGOV/history.html#BORN Out of the Ashes, Phoenix is Born] ." " [http://www.phoenix.gov/ City of Phoenix] ." Retrieved on November 26, 2006.] The new city itself suffered damage from several large floods in its early years, such as in 1900, but eventually grew into a major city. The mythological bird is present on the city's flag and seal.

See also

* The Phoenix has been in a numerous times the main motive for collectors’ coins and medals, one of the most recent one is the famous Belgian 10 euro silver coin 60 years of peace. The obverse depicts the Phoenix as a representation of a new Europe, post 1945.
* Főnix Hall, an arena in Debrecen, Hungary, which was named after the Phoenix.
* Fenghuang, commonly referred to as the Chinese phoenix.
* Firebird (Russian folklore), an equivalent of phoenix in Russian mythology.
* Bennu, an Egyptian correspondence to the phoenix.
* Angha, a Huma, Simurgh, Persian phoenixes.
* Adarna, a Philippine version of the phoenix
* Avalerion, an Indian magic bird that drowns itself once it laid eggs.
* Garuda, an Indian version of the phoenix.
* Phoenix in popular culture

References

*R. Van den Broek, "The Myth of the Phoenix - According to Classical and Early Christian Traditions", E.J.Brill, Leiden, 1972.
*Silvia Fabrizio-Costa (ed.), "La Fenice : mito e segno" (simposio dell’università di Caen), Peter Lang, Bern, 2001. ISBN 3-906767-89-2
* Françoise Lecocq, « Les sources égyptiennes du mythe du phénix », "L’Egypte à Rome" (simposio dell’università di Caen), éd. F. Lecocq, Cahiers de la Maison de la Recherche en Sciences Humaines, n° 41, Caen, 2005. ISSN 1250-6419, reed. 2008 (p211-266.)
*Francesco Zambon, Alessandro Grossato, "Il mito della fenice in Oriente e in Occidente", Venezia, Marsilio Editori, 2004. ISBN 88-317-8614-8

External links

* [http://www.abdn.ac.uk/bestiary/translat/55r.hti Entry for the Phoenix in The Aberdeen Bes]
* [http://www.pheonix-az.com/Pheonix_Bird.htm Mythical Phoenix History]
* [http://www.eaudrey.com/myth/phoenix.htm General description, with Ancient References]
* Mythological Creatures - The Phoenix at Helium.com [http://www.helium.com/tm/146590/interesting-loved-myths-phoenixthe]
* [http://www.superiorconcept.org/SCMpages/VHP2001_Phoenix/phoenix3.html Giant Phoenix puppet from 2001 NY Village Halloween Parade]