Maria Edgeworth

Maria Edgeworth
Maria Edgeworth

Maria Edgeworth, ca. 1841
Born 1 January 1768(1768-01-01)
Black Bourton, Oxfordshire, England
Died 22 May 1849(1849-05-22) (aged 81)
Edgeworthstown, County Longford, Ireland
Occupation Writer (novelist)
Nationality Anglo-Irish
Period 18th century
Genres Romantic novel, Children's Literature

Maria Edgeworth (1 January 1768 – 22 May 1849) was a prolific Anglo-Irish writer of adults' and children's literature. She was one of the first realist writers in children's literature and was a significant figure in the evolution of the novel in Europe.[1] She held what were for a woman of her time advanced views on estate management, politics and education and corresponded with some of the leading literary and economic writers, including Sir Walter Scott and David Ricardo.

Contents

Early life

Maria Edgeworth was born at Black Bourton, Oxfordshire. She was the third child of Richard Lovell Edgeworth and Anna Maria Edgeworth (née Elers) and thus an aunt of Francis Ysidro Edgeworth. Her father fathered twenty-two children by four wives. She spent the first years of her life with her mother's family in England, until her mother's death when Maria was only five years old. On her father's second marriage to Honora Sneyd in 1773, she went with him to Ireland, where she eventually was to settle on his estate, Edgeworthstown, in County Longford.

Maria was sent to Mrs. Lattafière's school in Derby after her stepmother Honora fell ill in 1775. When Honora died in 1780, Maria transferred to Mrs. Devis's school in London. Meanwhile her father married Honora's sister Elizabeth (considered somewhat shocking in the moral climate of the time). Richard Edgeworth turned his attention upon Maria after 1781 when she was nearly blinded due to an eye infection.[2] Upon returning home at the age of fourteen, she helped take care of her many younger siblings.[3] She was further educated at home by her father in topics such as law, Irish economics and politics, science and literature. She started corresponding with learned men, mainly members of the Lunar Society, which she kept up all her life.

She became her father's assistant in managing the estate at Edgeworthstown, which had become run-down following the family absence from 1777 to 1782, and where she would live and write for the rest of her life. With their bond strengthened, Maria and her father began a lifelong academic collaboration "of which she was the more able and nimble mind."[4] Present at Edgeworthstown was an extended family, servants and tenants. She observed and recorded the details of daily Irish life, later drawing on this experience for her novels about the Irish. She also mixed with the Anglo-Irish gentry, particularly Kitty Pakenham (later the wife of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington), Lady Moira, and her aunt Margaret Ruxton of Black Castle. Margaret supplied her with the novels of Anne Radcliffe and William Godwin and encouraged her in her writing.[5]

Views

Though Maria Edgeworth spent most of her childhood in England, her life in Ireland had profound impacts on both her thinking and Irish culture. Fauske and Kaufman conclude, "[She] used her fiction to address the inherent problems of acts delineated by religious, national, racial, class based, sexual, and gendered identities."[6] Edgeworth used works such Castle Rackrent and Harrington to express her feelings on controversial issues in Britain.

Ireland

In her works, Edgeworth created a nostalgic past of Ireland in an attempt to celebrate Irish culture and separate it from British Imperialism. Suvendrini Perera said Edgeworth's novels traced "the gradual anglicanization of feudal Irish society." Edgeworth's goal in her works was to show the Irish as equal to the English, and therefore warranting equal, though not separate, status. Essay on Irish Bulls rejects the English stereotype of Irishmen and portrays them accurately in realistic, everyday settings.[7] This is a common theme in her Irish works, combating the caricatured Irish with accurate representations.[8]

Social

Like her father before her, Maria opposed the Act of Union. Concerning education, she thought boys and girls should be educated equally and together, drawing upon Rousseau's ideas.[9] She believed a woman should only marry someone who suits her in "character, temper, and understanding."[10] Becoming an old maid was preferable to an incompatible union. The story Vivian from Tales of Fashionable Life and Patronage attack eighteenth-century English Whig governance of Ireland as corrupt and unrepresentative.[11] Edgeworth strived for the self-realization of women and stressed the importance of the individual. She also wanted greater participation in politics by women. Her work Helen clearly demonstrates this point in the passage: "Women are now so highly cultivated, and political subjects are at present of so much importance, of such high interest, to all human creatures who live together in society, you can hardly expect, Helen, that you, as a rational being, can go through the world as it now is, without forming any opinion on points of public importance. You cannot, I conceive, satisfy yourself with the common namby-pamby little missy phrase, 'ladies have nothing to do with politics'."[12] She sympathized with Catholics and supported Catholic Emancipation.[13]

Writing

Edgeworth's early literary efforts were melodramatic rather than realistic. She wrote many children's novels that conveyed moral lessons to their audience. One of her schoolgirl novels features a villain who wore a mask made from the skin of a dead man's face. Edgeworth's first published work was Letters for Literary Ladies in 1795. Her work, "An Essay on the Noble Science of Self-Justification" (1795) is written for a female audience in which she convinces women that the fair sex is endowed with an art of self-justification and women should use their gifts to continually challenge the force and power of men, especially their husbands, with wit and intelligence. It humorously and satirically explores the feminine argumentative method.[14] This was followed in 1796 by her first children's book, The Parent's Assistant (which included Edgeworth's celebrated short story The Purple Jar). The Parent's Assistant was influenced by her father's work and perspectives on childrens education.[3]

Portrait of Edgeworth, from Boston Monthly Magazine 1826

Mr. Edgeworth, a well-known author and inventor, encouraged his daughter's career. At the height of her creative endeavors, Maria wrote, "Seriously it was to please my Father I first exerted myself to write, to please him I continued."[15] Though the impetus for Maria's works, Mr. Edgeworth has been criticized for his insistence on approving and editing her work. The tales in The Parent's Assistant were approved by her father before he would allow them to be read to her younger siblings. It is speculated that her stepmother and siblings also helped in the editing process of Edgeworth's work.

Practical Education (1798) is a progressive work on education that combines the ideas of Locke and Rousseau with scientific inquiry. Edgeworth asserts that "learning should be a positive experience and that the discipline of education is more important during the formative years than the acquisition of knowledge."[16] The system attempted to "adapt both the curriculum and methods of teaching to the needs of the child; the endeavor to explain moral habits and the learning process through associationism; and most important, the effort to entrust the child with the responsibility for his own mental culture."[17] The ultimate goal of Edgeworth's system was to create an independent thinker who understands the consequences of their actions.

Her first novel, Castle Rackrent (1800) was written and submitted for anonymous publication in 1800 without her father's knowledge. It was an immediate success and firmly established Edgeworth's appeal.[5] The book is a satire on Anglo-Irish landlords, before the year 1782, showing the need for more responsible management by the Irish landowning class. The story follows four generations of an Irish landholding family, the Rackrents. It is narrated by an Irish catholic worker on the estate, named Thady Quirk, and portrayed the rise of the catholic-Irish middle class.[18]

Belinda (1801), a three volume work published in London, was Maria Edgeworth's first full length novel. It dealt with love, courtship, and marriage, dramatizing the conflicts within her "own personality and environment; conflicts between reason and feeling, restraint and individual freedom, and society and free spirit."[19] Belinda was also notable for its controversial depiction of interracial marriage between an African servant and an English farm-girl. Later editions of the novel, however, removed these sections.[20]

Tales of Fashionable Life (1809 and 1812) is a two series collection of short stories which often focus on the life of a woman.[21] The second series was particularly well received in England, making her the most commercially successful novelist of her age. After this, Edgeworth was regarded as the preeminent woman writer in England alongside Jane Austen.[22]

Following an anti-Semitic remark in The Absentee, Edgeworth received a letter from an American Jewish woman named Rachel Mordecai in 1815 complaining about Edgeworth's depiction of Jews.[23] In response, Harrington (1817) was written as an apology to the Jewish community. The novel was a fictitious autobiography about overcoming antisemitism and includes the first sympathetic Jewish character in an English novel.[24]

Helen (1834) is Maria Edgeworth's final novel and the only one she wrote after the death of her father. She chose to write a novel focused on the characters and situation, rather than moral lessons.[25] In a letter to her publisher, Maria wrote, "I have been reproached for making my moral in some stories too prominent. I am sensible of the inconvenience of this both to reader and writer & have taken much pains to avoid it in Helen."[26] Her novel is also set in England, a conscious choice as Edgeworth found Ireland too troubling for a fictitious work in the political climate of the 1830s.[27]

Travel

In 1798 Richard married Frances Beaufort, daughter of Daniel Augustus Beaufort, who instigated the idea of travelling to England and the European continent. Francis was a year younger than Maria and filled the role of lifelong confidante to Maria. The family travelled first to London in 1800.

In 1802 the Edgeworth family made a tour of the English midlands. They then travelled to the continent, first to Brussels and then to Consulate France (during the Peace of Amiens, a brief lull in the Napoleonic Wars). They met all the notables, and Maria received a marriage proposal from a Swedish courtier, Count Edelcrantz. Her letter on the subject seems very cool, but her stepmother assures us in the Augustus Hare Life and Letters that Maria loved him very much and did not get over the affair quickly. They came home to Ireland in 1803 on the eve of the resumption of the wars and Maria returned to writing. Tales of Fashionable Life, The Absentee and Ormond are novels of Irish life.[5] Edgeworth was an extremely popular author who was compared with her contemporary writers Jane Austen and Sir Walter Scott. She initially earned more than them, and used her income to help her siblings.[14]

On a visit to London in 1813, where she was received as a literary lion, Maria met Lord Byron (whom she didn't like) and Humphry Davy. She entered into a long correspondence with the ultra-Tory Sir Walter Scott after the publication of Waverley in 1814, in which he gratefully acknowledged her influence, and they formed a lasting friendship. She visited him in Scotland at Abbotsford House in 1823, where he took her on a tour of the area.[5] The visit was returned the following year, when Sir Walter visited Edgeworthstown. When passing through the village, one of the party wrote, "We found neither mud hovels nor naked peasantry, but snug cottages and smiles all about."[28] A counterview was provided by another visitor who stated that the residents of Edgeworthstown treated Edgeworth with contempt, refusing even to feign politeness.[29]

Later life

Richard Edgeworth was comparatively fair and forgiving in his dealings with his tenants and was actively involved in the management of the estate. After debating the issue with the economist David Ricardo, Maria came to believe that better management and the further application of science to agriculture would raise food production and lower prices.[30] Both Richard and Maria were also in favour of Catholic Emancipation, enfranchisement for catholics without property restrictions (although he admitted it was against his own interest), agricultural reform and increased educational opportunities for women.[31][32] She particularly worked hard to improve the living standards of the poor in Edgeworthstown. In trying to improve conditions in the village she provided schools for the local children of all denominations.[33]

After her father's death in 1817 she edited his memoirs, and extended them with her biographical comments. She was an active writer to the last.

She worked strenuously for the relief of the famine-stricken Irish peasants during the Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849). She wrote Orlandino for the benefit of the Relieve Fund.[34] Her letters to the Quaker Relief Committee provide a vivid account of the desperate plight facing the tenants in Edgeworthstown, the extreme conditions under which they lived, and the struggle to obtain whatever aid and assistance she could to alleviate their plight.[35][36] Through her efforts she received gifts for the poor from America.[34]

During the Irish Famine Edgeworth insisted that only those of her tenants who had paid their rent in full would receive relief.[37] Edgeworth also punished those of her tenants who voted against her Tory preferences.[38]

With the election of Rowan Hamilton to president of the Royal Irish Academy, Maria became a dominant source of advice for Hamilton, particularly on the issue of literature in Ireland. She suggested that women should be allowed to participate in events held by the academy. For her guidance and help, Hamilton made Edgeworth an honorary member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1837, following in the footsteps of Louisa Beaufort, a former member of the academy and a relative of hers.[39]

After a visit to see her relations in Trim, Maria, now in her eighties, began to feel heart pains and died suddenly of a heart attack in Edgeworthstown on May 22, 1849.[40]

Partial list of published works

  • Letters for Literary Ladies - 1795
  • An Essay on the Noble Science of Self-Justification - 1795
  • The Parent's Assistant - 1796
  • Practical Education - 1798 (2 vols; collaborated with her father, Richard Lovell Edgeworth)
  • Castle Rackrent (1800) (novel)
  • Early Lessons - 1801
  • Moral Tales- 1801
  • Belinda - (1801) (novel)
  • The Mental Thermometer- 1801
  • Essay on Irish Bulls - 1802 (political, collaborated with her father)
  • Popular Tales - 1804
  • The Modern Griselda - 1804
  • Moral Tales for Young People - 1805 (6 vols)
  • Leonora - 1806 (written during the French excursion)
  • Essays in Professional Education- 1809
  • Tales of Fashionable Life - 1809 (first in a series, includes The Absentee)
  • Ennui - 1809 (novel)
  • The Absentee - 1812 (novel)
  • Patronage - 1814 (novel)
  • Harrington - 1817 (novel)
  • Ormond - 1817 (novel)
  • Comic Dramas - 1817
  • Memoirs of Richard Lovell Edgeworth - 1820 (edited her father's memoirs)
  • Rosamond: A Sequel to Early Lessons- 1821
  • Frank: A Sequel to Frank in Early Lessons- 1822
  • Tomorrow - 1823 (novel)
  • Helen - 1834 (novel)
  • Orlandino- 1848 (temperance novel)

Notes

  1. ^ "Maria Edgeworth". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 19 December 2009.
  2. ^ W. J. McCormack, “Edgeworth, Maria (1768–1849),” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: OUP, 2004); online ed., ed. Lawrence Goldman, January 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com.proxy-remote.galib.uga.edu/view/article/8476 (accessed November 16, 2011).
  3. ^ a b Donawerth, Jane (2002). Rhetorical Theory By Women Before 1900. Lanham, MD: Rowman & LittleField. pp. 130–131. ISBN 0742517179. 
  4. ^ W. J. McCormack, “Edgeworth, Maria (1768–1849),” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: OUP, 2004); online ed., ed. Lawrence Goldman, January 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com.proxy-remote.galib.uga.edu/view/article/8476 (accessed November 16, 2011).
  5. ^ a b c d Boylan, Henry (1998). A Dictionary of Irish Biography, 3rd Edition. Dublin: Gill and MacMillan. p. 120. ISBN 0-7171-2945-4. 
  6. ^ Fauske, Chris and Heidi Kaufman, ed. An Uncomfortable Authority. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2004. p.11
  7. ^ Fauske, Chris and Heidi Kaufman, ed. An Uncomfortable Authority. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2004. p.44
  8. ^ Butler, Marilyn. Maria Edgeworth: A Literary Biography. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. p.345
  9. ^ Fauske, Chris and Heidi Kaufman, ed. An Uncomfortable Authority. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2004. p.37
  10. ^ Butler, Marilyn. Maria Edgeworth: A Literary Biography. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. p.187
  11. ^ Fauske, Chris and Heidi Kaufman, ed. An Uncomfortable Authority. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2004. p.49
  12. ^ Edgeworth, Maria. Helen. London: George Routledge and Sons, LTD, 1893. p.260
  13. ^ Butler, Marilyn. Maria Edgeworth: A Literary Biography. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. p.451
  14. ^ a b Donawerth, Jane (2002). Rhetorical Theory By Women Before 1900. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 
  15. ^ Harden, Elizabeth. Maria Edgeworth Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1984. p.1
  16. ^ Harden, Elizabeth. Maria Edgeworth Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1984. p.26
  17. ^ Harden, Elizabeth. Maria Edgeworth Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1984. p.27
  18. ^ RIA Dictionary of Irish Biography, 2009. p. 577
  19. ^ Harden, Elizabeth. Maria Edgeworth Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1984. p.50
  20. ^ See Introduction to World Classics edition of Belinda, page xxvii, written by Kathryn Kirkpatrick: "In the 1810 edition of her novel Edgeworth effectively rewrote her representation of romantic relationships between English women and West Indian men, both Creole and African. She felt her novel so changed, she described it to her aunt as 'a twice told tale'. And that she retold her story to omit even the possibility of unions between English women and West Indian men is significant. For it suggests that in order for Belinda to merit inclusion in a series defining the British novel, Edgeworth had to make her colonial characters less visible, less integrated socially into English society. And she certainly had to banish the spectre of inter-racial marriage." Edgeworth herself said she removed the Juba-Lucy interracial marriage "because my father has great delicacies and scruples of conscience about encouraging such marriages."
  21. ^ W. J. McCormack, “Edgeworth, Maria (1768–1849),” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: OUP, 2004); online ed., ed. Lawrence Goldman, January 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com.proxy-remote.galib.uga.edu/view/article/8476 (accessed November 16, 2011).
  22. ^ W. J. McCormack, “Edgeworth, Maria (1768–1849),” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: OUP, 2004); online ed., ed. Lawrence Goldman, January 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com.proxy-remote.galib.uga.edu/view/article/8476 (accessed November 16, 2011).
  23. ^ Harden, Elizabeth. Maria Edgeworth Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1984. p.88
  24. ^ Harden, Elizabeth. Maria Edgeworth Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1984. p.90
  25. ^ W. J. McCormack, “Edgeworth, Maria (1768–1849),” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: OUP, 2004); online ed., ed. Lawrence Goldman, January 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com.proxy-remote.galib.uga.edu/view/article/8476 (accessed November 16, 2011).
  26. ^ W. J. McCormack, “Edgeworth, Maria (1768–1849),” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: OUP, 2004); online ed., ed. Lawrence Goldman, January 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com.proxy-remote.galib.uga.edu/view/article/8476 (accessed November 16, 2011).
  27. ^ W. J. McCormack, “Edgeworth, Maria (1768–1849),” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: OUP, 2004); online ed., ed. Lawrence Goldman, January 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com.proxy-remote.galib.uga.edu/view/article/8476 (accessed November 16, 2011).
  28. ^ Report (12 September 1903). "Maria Edgeworth". The Irish Times. 
  29. ^ Michael Hurst, Maria Edgeworth and the Public Scene. Fla.: Coral, 1969, pg. 94.
  30. ^ Kern, William. "Maria Edgeworth and Classical Political Economy". Publications. American Economic Association: Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession. http://www.cswep.org/edgeworth.html. Retrieved 1 October 2011. 
  31. ^ M. Butler, Maria Edgeworth: A Literary Biography (Oxford 1972). p. 112
  32. ^ Murphy, Sharon (2004). Maria Edgeworth and Romance. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 1851828524. 
  33. ^ Longford, Lord (23 May 1949). "Memorial Service, Maria Edgeworth". The Irish Times: p. 5. 
  34. ^ a b Report (28 February 1895). "Maria Edgeworth". The Irish Times: p. 5. 
  35. ^ Neiligh O Cléirigh - Hardship and High Living: Irish Women's Lives 1808-1923. Portobello Press, 2003. ISBN 0951924915
  36. ^ Biddy Macken, Schools Folklore Collection accessed 26 September 2011
  37. ^ Michael Hurst, Maria Edgeworth and the Public Scene. Fla.: Coral, 1969
  38. ^ Michael Hurst, Maria Edgeworth and the Public Scene. Fla.: Coral, 1969.
  39. ^ W. J. McCormack, “Edgeworth, Maria (1768–1849),” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: OUP, 2004); online ed., ed. Lawrence Goldman, January 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com.proxy-remote.galib.uga.edu/view/article/8476 (accessed November 16, 2011).
  40. ^ W. J. McCormack, “Edgeworth, Maria (1768–1849),” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: OUP, 2004); online ed., ed. Lawrence Goldman, January 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com.proxy-remote.galib.uga.edu/view/article/8476 (accessed November 16, 2011).

External links

Alpini, Gloria (2009). Alpini,Gloria Translating Social Action Texts Mary Wollstonecraft e Maria Edgeworth. Fano, Italia: Aras Edizioni. pp. 227. ISBN 978-8896378076. </ref>

Sources

Other

v · d · eWorks by Maria Edgeworth
Novels

Castle Rackrent (1800) · Belinda (1801) · Leonora (1806) · The Absentee (1812) · Patronage (1814) · Harrington (1817) · Ormond (1817) · Helen (1834)

 Maria Edgeworth, by Richard Beard.jpg
Stories
Non-fiction

Practical Education (1798)
v · d · eEighteenth-century British children's literature

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  • Maria Edgeworth — Maria Edgeworth. Maria Edgeworth (1 de enero de 1767 – 22 de mayo de 1849) fue una escritora angloirlandesa. Maria Edgeworth nació en Black Bourton, Oxfordshire, siendo la segunda hija de Richard Lovell Edgeworth y Anna Maria Edgeworth (nacida… …   Wikipedia Español

  • Maria Edgeworth — (* 1. Januar 1767 in Oxfordshire; † 22. Mai 1849 in Edgeworthstown, Irland) war eine britische Schriftstellerin. Maria Edgeworth wurde in Oxfordshire im Haus ihrer Großeltern geboren. Sie verbrachte den Großteil ihres Lebens in Irland, auf dem… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

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  • Edgeworth — may refer to:;People * Francis Ysidro Edgeworth (1845 ndash;1926), Irish statistician and economist * Henry Essex Edgeworth (1745 ndash;1807), Catholic priest and confessor of Louis XVI * Maria Edgeworth (1767 ndash;1849), novelist * Richard… …   Wikipedia

  • Edgeworth — steht für: Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten: Edgeworth (Massachusetts) Edgeworth (Pennsylvania) Edgeworth (Texas) Personen: Francis Ysidro Edgeworth (1845–1926), englischer Ökonom Kenneth Essex Edgeworth (1880–1972), irischer Astronom Richard… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

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  • Edgeworth, Maria — born Jan. 1, 1767, Blackbourton, Oxfordshire, Eng. died May 22, 1849, Edgeworthstown, Ire. British Irish writer. From age 15 she assisted her father in managing his estate, gaining a knowledge of rural economy and the Irish peasantry. Her early… …   Universalium

  • Edgeworth, Richard Lovell — ▪ Irish inventor born May 31, 1744, Bath, Somerset, Eng. died June 13, 1817, Edgeworthstown, County Longford, Ire.  Anglo Irish inventor and educationalist who had a dominant influence on the novels of his daughter Maria Edgeworth (Edgeworth,… …   Universalium

  • Edgeworth — This most interesting name, of Anglo Saxon origin, is a locational name from Edgeworth, in Gloucestershire, which appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Egesworde ; and in Lancashire, recorded as Eggewrthe in the Book of Fees (1212). The… …   Surnames reference

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