Hesba Stretton

Sarah Smith
Sarah Smith
Born	27 July 1832(1832-07-27) Wellington, Shropshire, England
Died	8 October 1911(1911-10-08) (aged 79) Ham, London, England
Pen name	Hesba Stretton
Occupation	Writer (novelist)
Nationality	English
Period	19th century
Genres	Children's Literature

Hesba Stretton was the pen name of Sarah Smith (27 July 1832 – 8 October 1911), an English writer of children's books. She concocted the name from the initials of her five siblings and the name of a neighbouring village.

Early life

Sarah Smith was the daughter of a bookseller, Benjamin Smith (1793–1878) of Wellington, Shropshire and his wife Anne Bakewell Smith (1798–1842), a noted Methodist. She and her elder sister attended the Old Hall, a school in the town, but were self-educated to a great extent.^[1] About 1867, she moved south and lived at Snaresbrook and Loughton near Epping Forest and at Ham, near Richmond, Surrey.

Writings and social work

Smith was one of the most popular Evangelical writers of the 19th century, who used her "Christian principles as a protest against specific social evils in her children's books." ^[2] Her moral tales and semi-religious stories, chiefly for the young, were printed in huge numbers, especially as school and Sunday school prizes. She became a regular contributor to Household Words and All the Year Round under Charles Dickens's editorship, after her sister had successfully submitted a story of hers without her knowledge. Altogether she wrote more than 40 novels.^[3]

The book that won her widespread fame was Jessica's First Prayer, first published in the journal Sunday at Home in 1866 and the following year in book form. By the end of the 19th century it had sold at least a million and a half copies.^[4] Brian Alderson notes that its sales were "nearly ten times as many as those of Alice in Wonderland."^[5] The book gave rise to a genre of stories about homeless children "that successfully combined elements of the sensational novel and the religious tract and helped introduce the image of the poor, urban child into the Victorian social conscious."^[6] A sequel, Jessica's Mother, was published in Sunday at Home in 1866 and as a book in 1904. Jessica is a homeless girl in Victorian London, abandoned by an alcoholic actress mother, who finds comfort and religious support in a friendship with Daniel Standring, owner of a coffee stall. She appears as a child actress, but when she becomes too big for such parts, she is beaten by her mother, receives little to eat, and wanders London. The act of humanity by Standring, a chapel keeper in a Methodist church, helps him too by re-evaluating his concept of religion and respectability.

Smith became the chief writer for the Religious Tract Society.^[7] Her experience of working with slum children in Manchester in the 1860s gave her books a greater sense of authenticity, for Stretton's books "drive home the abject state of the poor with almost brutal force."^[8] She became one of the founders of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children in 1884,^[9] although she resigned a decade later in protest against financial mismanagement.

In retirement in Richmond, Surrey, the Smith sisters ran a branch of the Popular Book Club for working-class readers. Sarah died at home at Ivycroft on Ham Common on 8 October 1911, surviving her sister by only eight months.^[10]

References

1. ^ Patricia Demers: Smith, Sarah... In: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: OUP, 2004; online e. October 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2010. Subscription required.
2. ^ Jan Susina: The Place of Lewis Carroll in Children's Literature (New York: Routledge. 2009), p. 111; Margaret Nancy Cutt: Ministering Angels: a study of nineteenth-century Evangelical writing for children (Wormley, England: Five Owls Press, 1979), p. 133.
3. ^ Patricia Demers: "Smith, Sarah"...
4. ^ Jan Susina..., p. 108.
5. ^ Brian Alderson: "Tracts, Reward and Fairies: the Victorian contribution to children's literature". In: Essays in the History of Publishing..., ed. Asa Briggs (London: Longman, 1974), p. 268
6. ^ Jan Susina..., p. 108.
7. ^ Jan Susina, p. 108.
8. ^ Gillian Avery: Nineteenth Century Children: heroes and heroines in English children's stories 1780-1900 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1865), p. 94.
9. ^ Jan Susina..., p. 113.
10. ^ Patricia Demers: "Smith, Sarah"...

This article incorporates text from the public domain 1907 edition of The Nuttall Encyclopædia.

Sources

• Dictionary of National Biography

External links

• Works by Hesba Stretton at Project Gutenberg
• Biography and ebooks
• Works by or about Hesba Stretton in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Persondata
Name	Stretton, Hesba
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	27 July 1832
Place of birth	Shropshire, England
Date of death	8 October 1911
Place of death	Ham, London, England