Montenegrin Orthodox Church

Montenegrin Orthodox Church Црногорска православна црква Crnogorska pravoslavna crkva
Coat of arms of the Montenegrin Orthodox Church
Founder	Antonije Abramović
Independence	1993.[citation needed]
Recognition	Bulgaria, Italia, Moldava, Georgia, Macedonia
Primate	Miraš Dedeić
Headquarters	Cetinje
Territory	Montenegro  Serbia (Lovćenac)  Argentina (Chaco)
Possessions	None
Language	Montenegrin
Adherents	Approximately 50,000[citation needed]
Website	www.cpc.org.me

Part of a series on
Montenegrins
By region or country
Recognized populations
Montenegrins Serbia (Vojvodina) Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Republic of Macedonia Albania
Austria · Denmark France · Germany Italy · Luxembourg Russia · Slovenia Sweden · Switzerland United Kingdom
North America United States · Canada
South America Chile · Argentina Bolivia · Brazil · Colombia
Oceania Australia · New Zealand
Culture
Literature · Music · Art · Cinema Cuisine · Dress · Sport
Religion
Eastern Orthodox (Montenegrin • Serbian) Roman Catholicism Islam
Language and dialects
Montenegrin
History
History of Montenegro Rulers
v · d · e

The Montenegrin Orthodox Church (MOC, Montenegrin: Црногорска православна црква, ЦПЦ / Crnogorska Pravoslavna Crkva, CPC) is an Orthodox Christian organization acting in Montenegro and Montenegrin emigration circles - e.g. the village of Lovćenac (in Serbia's northern province of Vojvodina) and the Montenegrin emigration colony in Argentina. It was created as an NGO movement in 1993 by the political forces eminent for Montenegro's secession from Yugoslavia, being recognized in 1999 as a religious community. However, it remains canonically unrecognized and only claims over the canonical jurisdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Church, in prime its legal Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral.

In a poll between the Montenegrin and Serbian Orthodox Churches, 29.36% of Montenegro's Eastern Orthodox Christians have since opted for the Montenegrin Orthodox Church, while 70.64% opted or stayed with the Serbian Orthodox Church.^[1]

Montenegrin autocephaly

Montenegrin church was both before and after 1766 outside the canon and the actual organizational structure and scope and Serbian Pećke and Constantinople Patriarchy.

MOC considers itself to be the sole legitimate representative of Orthodox Christianity in Montenegro. MOC also lays claim to all Orthodox Christian property in Montenegro that is in possession of the Serbian Orthodox Church (SOC). From time to time, MOC's members and supporters have attempted to claim some of these structures (mostly in the Cetinje municipal area).

Montenegrin Orthodox Church was founded in Cetinje on October 31, 1993, by Antonije Abramović and Liberal Alliance of Montenegro (LSCG), a political party that existed at the time.^{[citation needed]} At the time, Montenegro was part of the federal state with Serbia called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which was formed a year earlier following a 1992 referendum. LSCG, a party with a separatist agenda that had independent Montenegro as its aim, essentially used MOC in their overall political fight for Montenegrin sovereignty. Since none of this was supported at the time by the Montenegrin ruling regime embodied in Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPS), which during that period maintained close ties to Milošević's regime in Serbia, initial MOC's activities were very sporadic. For about 4 years it functioned without any official record of its existence.

By 1997, the DPS regime in Montenegro led by Milo Đukanović began to distance itself from Milošević and Serbia, and MOC was registered in the Montenegrin police as a civic group. (Therefore appeared the name "NGO MPC" for NGO Montenegrin Police Church). By this time, LSCG had mostly distanced itself from MOC completely. On January 17, 2001, MOC was officially registered as a non-governmental organization at the local department of the Montenegrin Ministry of the Interior.

^[2]

In the absence of any other relevant and more current piece of legislation, this registration was done by calling on the Law on the Legal Position of Religious Communities from 1977 when Montenegro was a socialist republic within SFR Yugoslavia.

In 2007, MOC attempted to expand its activities beyond the borders of Montenegro. Serbia originally refused to allow MOC to be registered as an organization,^{[citation needed]} as all official Orthodox Churches have also refused to recognize the MOC. However, on appeal, the Serbian Supreme Court ruled this position unconstitutional, overturning the refusal and paving the way for a potential permission to register.^[3]

Leader

MOC is led by the Archbishop of Cetinje and Montenegro Metropolitan Mihailo. At a General Montenegrin People's Assembly formed by the MOC in Cetinje on January 6, 1997, he was chosen by traditional public acclamation the Head of the Montenegrin Orthodox Church. In the Church of St. Paraskeva in Sofia, on March 15, 1998, he was ordained as bishop by Bulgarian Alternative Synod's head Patriarch Pimen and seven Metropolitans and Episcops of his synod. He was enthroned to Metropolitan of Montenegrin Orthodox Church in Cetinje on October 31, 1998, in the presence of several hundred believers and supporters of Montenegrin Orthodox Church.

Metropolitan Mihailo had worked as a professor for the Serbian Orthodox Church and then as a priest of the Greek Orthodox Church in Italy, where he uncanonically created a Serbian Orthodox Municipality out of the Greek Church, leading after a number of scandals, including adultery and accusations of embezzlement, to his permanent suspension from the Church in 1995. After becoming Metropolitan of the MOC in 1997, he was fully excommunicated by the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Services

The Montenegrin Orthodox Church currently holds its regular services in several Chapels in the area of Montenegro's royal capital, Cetinje, as well as in its newly-built Temple in Kotor. Open-air services are held across Montenegro for Christmas and Easter.^[4] The MOC officially opened a new shrine in the old town of Kotor in 2006, following the referendum on independence. Services are also held in the Australian state of New South Wales as well as in the Argentine province of Chaco, which is the base of Archimandrit Gorazd Glomazic and the Montenegrin Church of Saint Nikola in the colony of Machagay.

  §

^[5]

Part of a series on
Eastern Christianity
Eastern Christianity portal
History
Orthodox Church History Byzantine Empire Ecumenical council Christianization of Bulgaria Christianization of Kievan Rus' East-West Schism Specific regions: Asian Christianity Coptic Egypt · Ukraine
Traditions
Orthodox Church Others: Oriental Orthodoxy Ethiopian Tewahedo Church Coptic Church Church of the East Eastern Catholic Churches Syriac Christianity
Liturgy and worship
Sign of the cross Divine Liturgy Iconography Asceticism Omophorion
Theology
Hesychasm · Icon Apophaticism Filioque clause Miaphysitism Monophysitism Diophysitism Nestorianism Theosis · Theoria Phronema · Philokalia Praxis · Theotokos Hypostasis · Ousia Essence vs. Energies Metousiosis
v · d · e

Support

The Church has support from a number of likewise non-canon, unrecognized Eastern Orthodox Churches: the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kievan Patriarchate^{[verification needed]}, the Bulgarian Alternative Orthodox Church (founded by patriarch Pimen), and its Italian-based branch, the Orthodox Church in Italy.^[6]

The MOC also has support of the pro-Ustasha Croatian Orthodox Community NGO,^[7] which aims at creating an autocephalous Croatian Orthodox Church for the Republic of Croatia, or rather reviving the one from the Axis Independent State of Croatia, an act which the MOC came up to as the first supporter. The MOC had original support of the unrecognized Macedonian Orthodox Church, which was latter withdrawn as the Macedonian Church entered negotiations for restoration into communion. It also had support of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia during its uncanonical period, which was lost some time before it finished the successful negotiations for restoration into communion by 2007.

In all official Orthodox theological circles (such as the Russian Orthodox Church or the Ecumenical Patriarchate), MOC is seen as a schismatic group and a political fabrication, similar to the churches that supported it.

MOC also has support from abroad, and it has managed to build several shrines in North America, South America, Australia, Western Europe all home to important Montenegrin émigré communities, most of whom also support the Montenegrin Orthodox Church. Eleven ex-Yugoslav émigrés from the US and Canada have together donated US$670 and Can$270 for the Montenegrin Orthodox Church.^[8]

MOC supporters present an excerpt from the 1911 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica as one of the proofs of legitimacy:

"The Montenegrin Church is an autocephalous branch of the Eastern Orthodox communion. In 1894 it formally vindicated its independence against the claims of the Russian synod".^[9]

The remainder of the article refers to Montenegro as a Serb nation-state, which contradicts with the Church's basic beliefs of a distinct Montenegrin nation. The Catalogue of Tzarigrad Patriarchy (April 1855),^[10] Athens Sintagma, letter of Tzarigrad Patriarch Grigorius to St. Petar I Petrovic Njegos (dated 29 January 1798),^[11] and against the claims of other documents, see here^[12] and here^[13] (a list of historical documents; external links are in Serbian) are interpreted by the MOC that the Church of Montenegro was independent and autocephalous until Yugoslav regent Alexander I of Yugoslavia abolished it and incorporated, by the decree of 17 (30) June 1920, with Serb-Orthodox churches into a Serbian Orthodox Church,^[14][15] an act which received subsequently canonical recognition from the Ecumenical Patriarchate. However, although initially voicing his opposition, the dethroned King Nicholas I Petrovic-Njegos, in late 1920, recognized the unification of the Serbian Orthodox Church for the "benefit" of "all the Serbian people".

MOC followers also present foreign early-20th-century travelogues as supposed proofs of the church's legitimacy. In that vein they claim that in pre-Yugoslavia times, the independence of the Montenegrin Orthodox Church has been confirmed as late as 1905, by one of the best-known and well-traveled Balkan experts from the early 20th century, Mary Edith Durham. In her book The Burden of the Balkans, published in London in 1905, Durham explained: "Montenegro alone kept a free and independent Slav Church, which survives to this day"^[16]

Political parties in Montenegro that so far officially stated support of the MOC are: the Liberal Alliance of Montenegro and minor Roman Catholic Croatian Civic Initiative, officially proposing it to be mentioned in Montenegro's new Constitution, which eventually did not mention it with its adoption in late 2007. The Initiative invited representatives of both the Montenegrin and Serbian churches to a special municipal meeting in Tivat, sparking a boycott among local Serbian politicians.^[17]

In Serbia, the church has the support of the Roman Catholic Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians which believes it should be a recognized religion in the country.^[18]

Relations to the Croatian Orthodox Church

One of the prominent members of the Montenegrin Orthodox Church was Jelisej Lalatović, a former Serb monk from Nikšić, defrocked for stealing of church property and falsification of church seals. In early 2010 he joined with the Croatian Orthodox Union for the formation of the Croatian Orthodox Church and became its chief in Zadar. Lalatovic was immediately expelled from the MOC on the grounds of spreading unrest and immorality in the church, the MOC officially dismissing its connections with the formation of the COC.

Status

Opponents accuse it of being a group without theological purpose, and of having only political goals. Metropolitan Antonije Abramović (initially vehemently supported by the biggest pro-independence party in Montenegro at the time - Liberal Alliance of Montenegro (LSCG)^[19]) was the first leader of the church in 1993. After his dead he was replaced by Metropolitan Dedeić. Most liberals did not approve of this change, and their support for the church soon started to fade. After 1997 the Government of the Republic of Montenegro started supporting and financing the Church, receiving support from both the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro and the Social Democratic Party of Montenegro; however, after 2001 this support waned and completely vanished.

Opposition of Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral

The Montenegrin Orthodox Church maintains that Serbian Orthodox Church usurped its churches and other property in Montenegro in the early 20th century, following the annexion of Montenegro by Serbia.

According to the MOC, the Metropolia of Montenegro and the Littoral of the Serbian Orthodox Church (SOC), headed by Metropolitan Amfilohije Radović, has existed for only around eight decades, "or to be more precise, it has been there since 1920 when it was established as a structural and integral part of the Serbian Patriarchy in doctrinal, legal and organizational sense". The MOC maintains claims that the SOC Metropotanate was installed in Montenegro only after the autocephalous Montenegrin Orthodox Church was dissolved in 1920 against the constitution and canon law.

In September 2008, Serbian Orthodox locals attempted to launch a blockade in the Nikšić area to prevent the MOC from building a church there.^[20] Sixty five people were arrested for violating public order.^[20]

Holy Synod

On January 11, 2007, MOC restored its own Holy Synod and proclaimed its first decree in which it confirms its autocephalous status. The Holy Synod is constituted by archpriests of MOC, led by Metropolitan Mihailo. The Holy Synod divided Montenegro in five eparchies - Cetinjska, Dukljanska, Primorska, Ostroška and Beranska.

Construction of First Shrine Abroad

Construction of the first MOC shrine abroad, the Holy Church of Righteous Ivan Crnojević, is planned to take place in Lovćenac, Vojvodina, Serbia, with the help of the Association of Ethnic Montenegrins in Serbia Krstaš.^[21] A contract for the land on which the new MOC shrine will be built was signed on 5 August 2005.^[22] A list with the names of several dozen donations—from Montenegro, USA, Slovenia, Australia and Switzerland—for the construction of a MOC shrine in Serbia has also been published.^[23]

Claim to Serbian Orthodox Churches

The Montenegrin Orthodox Church, which was restored in 1993, lays a claim to all Orthodox churches, monasteries and chapels in Montenegro built before 1918, and all Serbian Orthodox churches built after that date with financial assistance from the state. However, the Church of Montenegro was not included into the SOC before 1920. They base their claims on their belief that they are the rightful successors of the autocephalous Montenegrin Metropolitanate, which participated in the formation of a imposed Serbian Orthodox Church in 1920. In April 2007 the "President of the Council for the promotion" of the MOC, Stevo Vučinić, was quoted as saying the "we [the MOC] will retake of all the churches and chapels in the towns, and of course the village churches, and the monasteries...we expect resistance, but in no case will we give up".^[24] This decision was mass-approved by the Montenegrin public^{[citation needed]}. President of the Republic of Montenegro Filip Vujanović said that he will protect the property of the Serbian Orthodox Church, along with other administrative officials, saying that the MOC should not give up and that they should go to legal suits on specific cases. Despite this, the MOC has claimed that it does not care about anyone's opinion outside its Council calling it irrelevant and is determined to forcibly reclaim their property in Montenegro, currently occupied by SOC.

According to data of Centre of Democracy in Montenegro from February 2007, the Serbian Orthodox Church was the most trusted institution in Montenegro by public opinion (coefficient 3.29), while the Montenegrin Orthodox Church was ranked sixth (coefficient 2.35).^[25]

On Wednesday, April 18, 2007, the representatives of the Montenegrin Orthodox Church - which has announced that it did not wish to cause an "excessive situation", but that it would enter the Serbian Orthodox Cetinje monastery without regard to the reaction of the Serbian Orthodox Church to their caims and requests - attempted to do so. Special police units prevented their forceful entry and that of several hundred supporters of the MOC. There was some pushing and shoving between the police, and the crowd which had intended to force its way into the monastery. Following this, members of the crowd shouted slogans such as "this isn't Serbia", "whose police are you?" and "Risto, Satan" (a reference to Metropolitan Amfilohije of the SOC).^[26]

Churches

• Chapel, Cetinje
• Crkva Svetog Petra Cetinjskog, Kotor
• Crkva Svetog Đorđa, Gavrilovac
• Crkva Svetog Pravednog Ivana Crnojevića, Lovćenac
• Crkva Svetog Nikole, Chaco
• Crkva Svetog Arhanđela, Venado Tuerto
• Crkva Svetog Nikole, Kopito, Njeguši
• Crkva Svetog Đorđa, Erakovići, Njeguši
• Crkva Svete Trojice Raićevići, Njeguši
• Crkva Svetog Save, Erakovići, Njeguši
• Crkva Svete Petke, Vrba, Njeguši

and 10 more churches in Njeguši ^[27][28]

See also

• Croatian Orthodox Church
• Macedonian Orthodox Church
• Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate, which faces a similar kind of non-recognition.
• Orthodox Church in Italy

References

1. ^ "Politicko Javno Mnjenje Crne Gore" (in Montenegrin). CEDEM. October 2009. http://www.cedem.me/fajlovi/editor_fajlovi/istrazivanja/CEDEM_oktobar09.pdf. Retrieved 7 July 2010. 
2. ^ MOC Official Website "O registraciji crnogorske pravoslavne crkve [Montenegrin Orthodox Church Registration]" (in Montenegrin). MOC. 22 March 2001. http://www.moc-cpc.org/saopstenja/registracija_l.htm MOC Official Website. Retrieved 7 July 2010. 
3. ^ "Serbia Lifts Ban on Montenegro Church". BalkanInsight. 12 June 2008. http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/10958/. Retrieved 7 July 2010. ^{[dead link]}
4. ^ "Hramovi u kojima Mitropolit sluzi [Parishes which serve the metropolitan area]" (in Montenegrin). Montenegrin Orthodox Church. 2001(?). http://www.moc-cpc.org/saopstenja/s000804_l.htm. Retrieved 7 July 2010. 
5. ^ "Price o crnogorskim iseljenicima u Argentini [Price [Sic] of Montenegrin immigrants in Argentina]" (in Montenegrin). montenegro-canada. 27 May 2005. http://www.montenegro-canada.com/articles/article/2016132/26467.htm. Retrieved 7 July 2010. 
6. ^ "Chiesa Ortodossa in Italia [Orthodox Church in Italy]" (in Italian). Orthodox Church of Italy. http://www.chiesaortodossa.it/. Retrieved 7 July 2010. 
7. ^ "Alo | Vesti | Ustaša osniva „pravoslavnu crkvu“". Alo.rs. http://www.alo.rs/vesti/22668/Ustasa_osniva_pravoslavnu_crkvu. Retrieved 2010-06-08. 
8. ^ "News". Montenet.org. http://www.montenet.org/mnews/fadil.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-17. 
9. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica 1911—Montenegro^{[dead link]}
10. ^ The Catalogue of Tzarigrad Patriarchy (April 1855)
11. ^ Letter of Tzarigrad Patriarch Grigorius to St. Petar I Petrovic Njegos, dated 29 January 1798
12. ^ Brief History of Montenegrin Orhodox Church - written by MOC itself
13. ^ "Montenegrin Association of Australia - NEKOLIKO SVJEDOČANSTAVA O AUTOKEFALNOSTI - Several Proofs of Autocephalousy". Montenegro.org.au. http://www.montenegro.org.au/cpcnovak.html. Retrieved 2011-09-17. 
14. ^ "Novak Adžić: Crnogorska pravoslavna crkva u doba dinastije Petrović-Njegoš (1667-1921)". Tvorac-grada.com. http://www.tvorac-grada.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=489. Retrieved 2011-09-17. 
15. ^ "RELIGIJA NA BALKANU - Religion at the Balcans". Aimpress.ch. 2001-12-06. http://www.aimpress.ch/dyn/dos/archive/data/2001/11206-doss-01-08.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-17. 
16. ^ "The Burden of the Balkans (London, 1905)". Peacelink.nu. http://www.peacelink.nu/Boker/Durham/Durham.html. Retrieved 2011-09-17. 
17. ^ M.Djuricic. "Boycott by opposition because of CPC". Tivatonline.com. http://www.tivatonline.com/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=13&cntnt01origid=15&cntnt01returnid=15. Retrieved 2011-09-17. 
18. ^ "Vojvodina's Montenegrins back Hungarian candidate". B92.net. http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2008&mm=01&dd=12&nav_id=46869. Retrieved 2011-09-17. 
19. ^ "Liberal Alliance of Montenegro official site". Lscg.org. http://www.lscg.org/content/istorijat_1995.html. Retrieved 2011-09-17. 
20. ^ ^{a b} "Montenegro: Police arrest 65 in church dispute". International Herald Tribune. 2009-03-29. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/09/21/europe/EU-Montenegro-Church.php. Retrieved 2011-09-17. 
21. ^ "Krstaš, Association of Montenegrins in Serbia". Krstas.rs. http://www.krstas.rs/. Retrieved 2011-09-17. 
22. ^ "Krstaš website". Krstas.rs. http://www.krstas.rs/cpc_lovcenac.html. Retrieved 2011-09-17. 
23. ^ "Krstaš website". Krstas.rs. http://www.krstas.rs/donacija.html. Retrieved 2011-09-17. 
24. ^ "unknown title". Vijesti. http://www.vijesti.cg.yu/naslovna.php?akcija=vijest&id=232898. ^{[dead link]}
25. ^ "CEDEM - Političko javno mnjenje Gore Gore - Povjerenje u institucije - Februar 2007" (PDF). http://www.cedem.me/fajlovi/editor_fajlovi/istrazivanja/CEDEM_februar07.pdf. Retrieved 2011-09-17. 
26. ^ "Vesti - Policija zaustavila vernike CPC - Internet, Radio i TV stanica; najnovije vesti iz Srbije". B92. http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2007&mm=04&dd=18&nav_category=167&nav_id=242392. Retrieved 2010-06-08. 
27. ^ http://www.montenet.org/religion/njegusi.jpg
28. ^ Milan Nikolic. "Predsjedniku Republike Crne Gore - gospodonu Milu Djukanovicu". Montenet.org. http://www.montenet.org/religion/njegusi2.html. Retrieved 2011-09-17. 

External links

• Montenegrin Orthodox church - official site, in Montenegrin
• One faith, two churches: CNN.com article
• MOC version of its history, in Montenegrin
• About MOC in English
• Historical documents on religion in Montenegro, in Montenegrin
• The Legal Foundations of the Montenegrin Orthodox Church (MOC)