2006 FIFA World Cup controversies

The 2006 FIFA World Cup generated various controversies, including onfield disputes, critiques of official decisions, and team salary issues. Most centered around specific refereeing decisions, which led many of the world's media to claim that the referees were spoiling the World Cup. Numerous World Cup records were also set by controversial calls, including Graham Poll's three-card error and Valentin Ivanov's record number of cards in a single match.

FIFA's "Fair Play" agreement also came under intense scrutiny during the tournament, particularly during the second-round match between Portugal and Netherlands.

Refereeing

Errors

Three yellow cards issued (Croatia vs. Australia, group stage)

The deciding game for the Group F runners-up place, Croatia vs. Australia saw English referee Graham Poll mistakenly issue three yellow cards to Croatian Josip Šimunić before sending him off. Šimunić was shown a yellow card by Poll in the 61st minute for a foul on Australian Harry Kewell.^[1] In the 90th minute, Poll held up a yellow card in front of Šimunić for a foul, but did not follow it with a red card, as is required upon a second yellow card.^[2] In the 93rd minute, after Poll had blown the final whistle, Šimunić approached Poll angrily and gave him a push. Poll thus issued Šimunić with a 3rd yellow card and also showed him the red card.^[3]

Questions were raised as to why Poll's assistants Phil Sharp and Glenn Turner, and fourth official Kevin Stott, had also failed to realise the error. Poll later denied any blame should be placed upon the other officials saying, "I was the referee, it was my error and the buck stops with me".^[4] Poll reported that the officials had felt "disbelief" upon hearing of the error in the dressing room after the game. He and the other officials consequently reviewed the DVD of the game, and Poll realised that his "dream was over".^[4]

Football Federation Australia chief executive John O'Neill later said that "Australia could have had grounds for a very strong appeal should Croatia have won the match".^[5] Poll also explained the reason for his mistake by saying that "he incorrectly noted down the name of the Australia number three Craig Moore when booking Šimunić for the second time and failed to realise his error" (Šimunić is Australian-born, hence speaks English with an Australian accent, probably causing the mistake).^[6]

FIFA Referees Committee President Angel Maria Villar Llona defended Poll but had to concede that an error had occurred. In a statement he remarked, "Thursday evening's 2-2 draw between Croatia and Australia in Stuttgart saw referee Graham Poll make an error".^[6] As a result of his error, Poll and his assistants did not progress to the second stage of the tournament. Despite encouragement from FIFA president Sepp Blatter, and chief executives of the Football Association and Premier League, Poll has retired from refereeing international tournaments. Poll explained his decision to retire was a result of the "pain and agony" and "sleepless nights" that resulted from his mistake and the fear of it happening again.^[4]

Disputed decisions

Argentina vs. Côte d'Ivoire (Group stage)

Argentina was awarded a corner kick when one goal ahead in their game against the Ivory Coast. The kick, taken by Juan Román Riquelme, found Argentine defender, Roberto Ayala, who headed it towards goal. It was diverted by goalkeeper Jean-Jacques Tizié's hands and bounced off the right goalpost before moving at least partially into the goal. Tizié fumbled the ball before returning it back into play, sparking protests from the Argentine players to Belgian referee Frank De Bleeckere.^[7]

De Bleeckere looked to his assistant for help in the decision, but no confirmation could be made. TV replays reached no verdict either as to whether it was a goal.^[8] Ayala was furious at referee Bleeckere for failing to award the goal and Argentine striker, Hernán Crespo later said, "It would have been a lot easier if that had counted."^[9]

Australia vs. Japan (Group stage)

In the first round game of Australia versus Japan, Egyptian referee Essam Abd El Fatah awarded a 26th minute goal by Shunsuke Nakamura to the Japanese despite a protest from Australian goalkeeper Mark Schwarzer.^[10] Schwarzer appeared to have been impeded upon by Japanese forward Atsushi Yanagisawa as he had come forward to punch the ball clear.^[11] Japanese striker Naohiro Takahara then collided with Schwarzer, leaving him unable to prevent the ball rolling into the goal.^[12]

Schwarzer told reporters later that El Fatah had apologised to him for his mistake and had told Australian captain Mark Viduka that he was grateful "that God was on his side because the result went [Australia's] way in the end."^[13] Viduka told reporters "it was obvious that he made a mistake but everybody makes a mistake."^[13] Abdul-Fatah denied issuing an apology however, and said that "FIFA’s refereeing committee... agreed unanimously that Japan’s goal against Australia was correct," and would have awarded a penalty against Australia had the ball not gone in, as Takahara was pushed by Craig Moore into Schwarzer.^[14]

Australian coach Guus Hiddink chose to "slightly, but not totally, apologise" for an incident off-field where he pushed an official off-balance in a scramble to see the television replay of the foul. Hiddink said he believed it was an obvious foul, but also that Schwarzer "can defend himself even more" against such incidents.^[12]

FIFA communications director Markus Siegler told the press later that a penalty should have been awarded to Japan for a foul on Japanese midfielder Yūichi Komano by Tim Cahill. Siegler said "it was a clear mistake of the referee."^{[citation needed]} Had a yellow card been shown to Cahill, who scored the deciding goal for Australia minutes later, he would have been sent off, with the score at 1-1.^[15] The Japanese coach Zico expressed frustration at FIFA's comments, saying that El Fatah had apologised for the mistake to the Australians but had not apologised for the error which FIFA admitted to.^[16] Japan Football Association filed an official complaint against the Egyptian referee, who was sent home along with English referee Graham Poll.^[17]

France vs. Korea Republic (Group stage)

In the 31st minute of the game between France and Korea Republic, the French midfielder Patrick Vieira had a header at goal which appeared to be saved by Korean goalkeeper Lee Woon-Jae from behind the goal line. Mexican referee Benito Archundia and his linesmen did not believe the ball had passed the line, and no goal was awarded.^[18] The game resulted in a last minute 1-1 draw, shocking the French. French coach Raymond Domenech believed that France "scored a second time, but the referee did not recognize that."^[19] Television replays showed that the goal should have been awarded.^[20] French player Thierry Henry claimed the team was "really upset" when they saw the ball had passed the goal-line as "if he (the referee) had given us the valid goal, that would not have offered the Koreans the opportunity to come back into the match."^[21] However, it should also be noted that the corner kick leading to the header should have been a goal kick, as the ball had gone out of bounds off a French player.^{[citation needed]}

The controversy revived questions over the possibility of goal-line technology use at the World Cup. A FIFA spokesperson, Markus Siegler, ruled out the short term likelihood saying that "its introduction depends on a system being developed that is 100 percent reliable".^[22] French goalkeeper Fabien Barthez voiced opposition to video replays during a game as "it's a shame to stop the play."^[23] Barthez said that he'd like to see more referees with "one in each half, and one behind each goal."^[23]

Togo vs. Switzerland (Group stage)

Near the end of the first half, Paraguayan referee Carlos Amarilla assumed that Togo's Emmanuel Adebayor had taken a dive in the penalty area, whereas most replays implied his heels had been clipped by Patrick Muller. The website Sport Network discusses the incident as follows: "Referee Carlos Amarilla caused controversy in the thirty-fifth minute when he somehow failed to gave a penalty after Adebayor was hacked down by Patrick Muller. The Arsenal man had cut inside and seemed ready to unleash a shot at the Swiss goal, until Muller's trailing leg took Adebayor down."^[24]

Korea Republic vs. Switzerland (Group stage)

Referee Horacio Elizondo allowed Alexander Frei's 77th-minute second goal for the Swiss even though one of the Assistant referees had flagged for offside.

Elizondo waved for play to continue after a cross from Xavier Margairaz ball was deflected into Frei's path by a Korean defender and, although the lineman flagged for offside, the Argentine official over-ruled the decision and allowed the Swiss goal to stand. The Korean players and head coach, Dick Advocaat protested, but referee Elizondo ignored their protest, and gave a yellow card to Korean player Choi Jin-cheul.

Earlier in the game the Koreans thought they had won a penalty early in the second half when the ball bounced up off the pitch hitting the hand of Patrick Müller, but the incident was seen by the referee as accidental.^[25]

Ghana vs. United States (Group stage)

In the last moments of the first half, German referee Markus Merk awarded a penalty kick to Ghana, which led to Ghana's winning goal and qualification to the Second round, and to the elimination of the United States from the tournament. The British newspaper Financial Times described the incident as follows: "The match turned on the worst of refereeing decisions. Germany’s Markus Merk was standing in a perfect position when USA defender Oguchi Onyewu won a header against the fabulously monikered Razak Pimpong. But inexplicably Merk blew for a penalty because of a non-existent push."^[26] The BBC agreed with this view in its match report: "Merk added one more twist to the first half, with a controversial penalty award. He penalised Onyewu, who appeared to win a clean header as Pimpong collapsed dramatically".^[27]

Croatia vs. Australia (Group stage)

The game between Australia and Croatia to decide the Group F qualifiers saw a number of controversial decisions made by English referee, Graham Poll. It was during this game that Poll made his 3-yellow card blunder (see above). In the 7th minute, as Australian captain Mark Viduka approached the goals, attempting to score, Croatian Josip Šimunić wrestled him away from the ball.^[28] The Australians appealed for a penalty, however Poll ruled that there was no foul.^[29] In the 75th minute Croatian defender, Stjepan Tomas made a handball which mirrored his penalised 38th minute error, however it was not sighted by the referee and a corner rather than a penalty was awarded.^[30][31] To add to the game's controversy, the 79th minute goal by Australian striker Harry Kewell appeared to have been scored while Kewell was in an offside position.^[32] Also an apparent goal to Australia in the last second of the match was not allowed as the referee accidentally delayed blowing full-time fumbling for his whistle, while play continued.

Ukraine vs. Tunisia (Group stage)

Tunisia players and supporters claim that the Paraguayan referee Carlos Amarilla failed to award Tunisia a penalty kick in the second half and then mistakenly awarded one to Ukraine, which when converted by Andriy Shevchenko resulted in the 1-0 win and qualification by Ukraine to the second round. At the time Tunisia was playing with 10 men since Ziad Jaziri was sent off for his second yellow card in the last minute of the first half. The German magazine Spiegel Online described the turn of events this way: "Tunisia went close on 65 minutes after Namouchi was hacked down on the edge of the box. Ayari's left footed free kick deflected off Voronin in the Ukrainian wall and crept just over the bar. Replays suggested the ball hit Voronin's elbow and Tunisia could feel aggrieved not to have been awarded a penalty. Then almost immediately the action switched to the other end when Shevchenko stumbled into the penalty area only to be brought down by Haggui. This time replays suggested Shevchenko fell over his own feet but Amarilla pointed to the spot and Shevchenko made no mistake with the penalty kick. It was tough luck for the Tunisians with two dodgy decisions costing the team badly and with only ten men left on the field the game looked beyond them."^[33]

Portugal vs. Netherlands (Second round)

Main article: Battle of Nuremberg

Referee Valentin Ivanov set a new record for the number of red cards issued in a World Cup match with four, and tied the record for yellow cards with 16.^[34] FIFA president Sepp Blatter said of Ivanov, "I consider that today the referee was not at the same level as the participants, the players. There could have been a yellow card for the referee," although he later recanted, saying, "I regret what I said about his actions in the match between Portugal and the Netherlands."^[35] The managers also blamed each other for not playing fairly; Portugal's Luiz Felipe Scolari said, "FIFA talks about fair play. There was no fair play,"^{[citation needed]} while the Netherlands' Marco van Basten responded, "If you talk about fair play, you should watch yourself first... [Portugal was] a bit more experienced with all these tricks and all this time wasting."^[34]

Ivanov criticized both teams, reportedly saying, "They are known for time wasting and hitting from behind. I was unpleasantly surprised by seeing such things from the Dutch. More so, they were the instigators."^[36]

In the 7th minute, Portugal's Cristiano Ronaldo left the match with an injury after being tackled in the thigh by Khalid Boulahrouz. International Herald Tribune writer Rob Hughes wrote that he had not seen "a more cynical and brutal attempt to kick a player out of a match than what [Boulahrouz] did to [Ronaldo]," and that he should have been red carded on two occasions, but only received a yellow card.^[36] Boulahrouz was sent off in the 63rd minute after receiving his second yellow card for an elbow to Luís Figo's face.

In the 60th minute, Figo received a yellow card despite head-butting Dutchman Mark van Bommel, usually a red card offence, as stated by Law 12 of "The Laws of Football" - A player shall be sent off if he/she is guilty of violent conduct. Figo did not receive further sanctions and was cleared to play in the subsequent quarter-final match against England as he had been shown the yellow card during the match. Van Bommel said of the decision, "Figo head butted me and that is not a yellow card. I blame the referee, it was a clear red card."^[37]

Italy vs. Australia (Second round)

The referee awarded a penalty kick for Italy in the final seconds of injury time, after Australian Lucas Neill's missed tackle was ruled obstruction in the penalty area against Fabio Grosso. With the score 0-0 and Italy playing with ten men, the penalty resulted in a win by Italy when converted by Francesco Totti, advancing Italy to the quarter-finals.

Grahame L. Jones of the Los Angeles Times wrote that this "blatantly incorrect penalty kick awarded by Spanish referee Luis Medina Cantalejo in the final seconds was sown in South Korea four years ago. Monday's devastating blow to the Socceroos was a wakeup call", referring to the Italy vs. South Korea in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, when South Korea defeated Italy in a knock-out round match with controversial decisions.^[38] However, Grosso maintained he was fouled, saying, "I tried to avoid contact, I got past one defender but then my leg got stuck in between the other defender's legs and I had no option but to go down. My aim was to go all the way."^[39] The subsequent penalty remains controversial to this day. FIFA President Joseph Blatter seemed to disparage the referee's decision at Australian FA meeting, but later clarified his remarks in a way that didn't challenge Cantelejo's on the field ruling.^[40]

Another controversy arose because the referee showed Italy's Marco Materazzi a straight red card for a challenge on Australia's Marco Bresciano in the 50th minute, which may have merited only a yellow card. The Singapore paper, Today, wrote that the referee "judged that Bresciano was denied a goal-scoring opportunity,"^[41] while other commentators thought the red card excessive.^[42][43]

Brazil vs. Ghana (Second round)

Brazil striker Adriano put the ball in the net in the 46th minute, but was in an offside position. However, the referee's assistant kept his flag down, and Slovak referee Ľuboš Micheľ, awarded the goal. The CBC described it like so: "Brazil... scored the next goal, albeit with a fair bit of controversy. Adriano scored on a breakaway in first-half injury time, using his left thigh to knock in a pass from the right wing from captain Cafu. However, replays showed Adriano was in an offside position when he touched the ball into the net."^[44][45]

Spain vs. France (Second round)

At the 83rd minute, with the score at 1-1, referee Roberto Rosetti called a foul against Spain's Carles Puyol. France's Thierry Henry went down holding his face, although Puyol appeared to hit him in the chest. Patrick Vieira scored from the resulting free kick and France won the match 3-1. "For me it wasn't a foul, if anything it was a foul by (Henry) because he came from behind and collided with me," Puyol said, "but referees can get things wrong."^[46] Spain coach Luis Aragonés also called the foul "non-existent". But Henry said, "Puyol came up to me afterwards and apologised so how is that cheating?" He also told reporters, "Look at the replay, their left-back was going to take the ball and Puyol came across me and blocked me. If that's basketball that's a good block, but we're not playing basketball. In my head I'm not a guy who does go down or cheats."^[47] Television announcer and former Netherlands international Ruud Gullit said of the play, "I am a little bit disappointed. It shows that cheating works."^[48]

Italy vs. France (Final)

Zinedine Zidane opened the scoring in the 7th minute by converting a controversial penalty spot kick, which glanced off the underside of the crossbar and into the goal. The penalty was awarded after Florent Malouda went down inside the Italian penalty area under a challenge from Italian defender Marco Materazzi. The call was somewhat controversial as replays showed Materazzi barely made contact with the Frenchman.[2] As it was put by an Associated Press report posted in the ESPN website "Malouda stumbled -- many might say dived -- in the penalty area and Elizondo immediately signaled a penalty kick." [3] Italy then equalized at the 19th minute with a header by Materazzi himself and went on to win the title on penalty shoot out. The controversy surrounding the penalty was however overshadowed by the discussion surrounding Zinedine Zidane's sending off in extra-time for headbutting an Italian player in the chest. Zidane was sent off after the restart of the match, contrary to FIFA Laws of the Game, Law 5: The referee may only change a decision on realising that it is incorrect or, at his discretion, on the advice of an assistant referee or the fourth official, provided that he has not restarted play or terminated the match'.'

Other issues

Officiating less-prominent teams, general concern

Match referees have faced accusations of bias from the media and team representatives for allegedly favouring larger and better-established teams at the finals, at the expense of less established football nations.^[49] After the Australian team was knocked out of the tournament as a result of a controversial penalty given against defender Lucas Neill in their Second round match against Italy, Australian assistant coach Graham Arnold was quoted as saying, "We are a small footballing nation that gets no favours. All we ask for is a fair go, and I don't think we received it over the four games.".^[38] Likewise, after going down to Brazil in their second round match, Ghana's head coach Ratomir Dujković stated that "the referee might as well have been wearing a yellow shirt under his own".^[50]

One basis for these claims has been the irregular balance of fouls sanctioned by referees between traditional powers and emerging teams. As of June 27, the top eight seeded teams have a combined net surplus of 93 more fouls sustained than committed with an average of 3.1 per match, according to statistics published on FIFA's website.^[51]

On average, as of 27 June, the team with the highest fouls count of the finals have been debutants; Ghana, with a 1.95 ratio between fouls committed and fouls sustained, Tunisia with a ratio of 1.76 fouls committed/sustained, and Australia with a 1.75 ratio.

By contrast, the teams with fewer fouls committed have been traditional powerhouses Italy, Brazil and Spain - with respective averages of 0.66, 0.67 and 0.75 in fouls committed/sustained ratios.

On the other hand the teams that committed the least fouls (less than 50 in three games) were Trinidad and Tobago, Costa Rica, Ivory Coast, South Korea, Paraguay, Poland and Japan (the latter with just 38 fouls). Also, of the 5 teams most judged wrongly offside, four were in "Pot A", which therefore seeds them in the top 8 (Italy, Argentina, France and Brazil) and the other emerging European side Ukraine. Of the teams that were judged to be in an offside position incorrectly on no occasion in the first three games, only one (Mexico) was seeded into "Pot A".^[52]

While these statistics could be used to support claims of bias, they could also indicate that some teams are rougher and that the stronger teams are more disciplined, and their success is due to their not committing excessive fouls. Additionally it should be considered that a team in possession is more likely to sustain a foul than a defending team, and therefore the successful teams are likely to sustain more fouls.

FIFA president Sepp Blatter told before the tournament that referees should protect big star players: "What has been clearly said to referees is ‘please protect the physical integrity of the players’, and that means protecting the big stars"^[53]

Player and referee communication, Australia vs. Brazil (Group stage)

According to Football Federation Australia (FFA) officials, the referee Markus Merk refused to talk to Australian captain Mark Viduka when approached during the game to explain certain refereeing decisions. Although many fans believed this to be irregular, the FIFA Laws of the Game clearly state: "The captain of a team has no special status or privileges under the Laws of the Game but he has a degree of responsibility for the behaviour of his team." - (Additional Instructions for the Referee)

This was part of the evidence used by the FFA to help defend Harry Kewell's after-match argument with Merk, which (pending a FIFA enquiry) threatened his participation in Australia's following match against Croatia. The enquiry later cleared the player of any wrongdoing, due to inconsistent reports between the officials, "despite photographs and television replays showing Kewell striding purposefully towards Merk, mouthing off and pointing his finger at him - the sort of anti-referee histrionics FIFA usually frowns heavily upon."^[54]

Record card tally, Portugal vs. Netherlands (Second round)

This second round game created some controversy due to the record number of bookings given by referee Valentin Ivanov. He gave a total of 16 yellow cards and 4 red cards. On this occasion, FIFA president Sepp Blatter publicly criticised his performance.^[55]

In an interview to Russian press, Ivanov stated that he "had been warned of the Portuguese harsh tactics but was surprised that the Dutch started it". This sentence generated an official protest of the Portuguese federation with FIFA.

Blue background for Argentine shooters, Germany vs. Argentina (Quarter final)

German goalkeeper Jens Lehmann wore a sky blue shirt during the penalty shoot-outs. An advertisement placed directly behind the goal had white characters on sky blue background, and three people standing behind it were also dressed in sky blue and white shirts. Argentine fans claim that this was intentionally made to distract Argentine players at the penalty kicks.^[56]

Defence of referees

On summing up the progress of the tournament at the conclusion of the group stage, Sepp Blatter spoke in defence of FIFA's officiating in the tournament, stating "... referees are only human, and they make mistakes. We have to reduce the number of mistakes, but we're all still searching in vain for perfection."^[57] Despite Blatter's statement, both Ivanov and Poll, referees at the center of the two largest controversies, were not included on the twelve-team list of officials selected by FIFA to referee the final eight matches of the competition.^[58]

Player disputes

Togo

Following months of confusion over who would be managing the African debutants Togo, Otto Pfister was only confirmed in the job the day before their opening match against South Korea. Pfister had previously resigned as coach of the team. The players threatened to boycott the final group match against France due to pay disputes.^[59][60]

Fair-play agreements

FIFA and the world cup organization have every team member and coach sign a "Fair-play agreement".

Portugal v Netherlands (Second round)

Portugal had possession of the ball when the game was interrupted by the referee to assist injured Portuguese defender Ricardo Carvalho. Under fair play conduct, when the game re-started, the Netherlands should have either not disputed the ball release or taken the ball without challenge and returned it to Portugal, however teams are not bound by the "Fair Play Agreement" signed before the tournament and no penalty can arise from such a situation. Instead, Dutch defender Johnny Heitinga kept possession, and was subsequently tackled from behind by Deco, who received a yellow card.^[61] He received a second yellow card in the 78th minute for time wasting and was sent off, earning a ban for the quarter-final match against England.

Portugal coach Luiz Felipe Scolari accused Dutch coach Marco van Basten of encouraging his players to play on, and said, "The Portuguese Football Federation, on the basis of the FIFA Fair Play documents, will put in a request to overturn the card for Deco."^[61][62] However, Portugal did not officially file the appeal, and FIFA spokesman Markus Siegler told the press, "There was a phone call from Portugal and they were clearly told 'forget it'."^[61]

Crime

Hooliganism

While the German Police expressed satisfaction in their ability to contain and deal with hooliganism, speculation was rife that a number of potential flashpoints existed which could cause widespread public disorder. With a number of routes into the country, amongst them the open land borders which are a consequence of the Schengen agreement, apprehension of known troublemakers and organisers of disturbances looked to be a very real problem. However, during the World Cup, Germany suspended its rules granting passport-free travel to EU citizens. As an illustration of this, on 8 June, German police apprehended 9 English hooligans attempting to enter the country via the Czech border. Britain has a particularly stringent policy of restricting foreign travel of known football hooligans during periods where the England team are involved. 3,500 banning orders were served, and by 8 June all but 150 had surrendered their passports. On 9 June Channel 4 News in the UK reported that although there had been no violence, England fans in Frankfurt had been kicking footballs at the windows of the city's 600 year old Römer city hall building, although local police decided not to take action over this minor incident and the staff at the Mayor's office apparently took the attempted vandalism in good humour. On the day of England's first match against Paraguay two England fans were arrested for having swastikas and SS insignia painted on their bodies. The two were flown back to England to appear in court; one was found guilty and banned from attending football matches until 2008, while the other was not banned as the symbol (the double-sig rune of the SS) was painted on his back, and he may not have been able to see it or known what it was. The court heard that the fan found guilty also had a letter J on his arm, believed to be a slight to Jews, but claimed not to know its meaning.^[63] There was also concern over hooligans among the 300,000 Polish fans who travelled to Germany for the tournament.^[64] This supposition was borne out as clashes between rival groups of supporters culminated in the arrest of 429 prior to and in the wake of the game between Germany and Poland in Dortmund.^[65][66] On 14 June, ITV news in the UK reported that up to that date 7 England fans had been arrested, one for a "serious offence".

Racism

It was claimed that "foreign-looking" people should not visit some areas in the former East Germany,^[67] after one newspaper reported that neo-Nazi skinheads were planning violence against foreigners. Germany contains a small but vocal neo-Nazi minority who have engaged in violent attacks against the country's immigrants, as well as foreign visitors, since the fall of the Berlin Wall and subsequent German reunification. According to German police, neo-Nazi hate crime was on the rise and had increased significantly over the preceding few months.^[68][69]

Two human rights organizations, the Africa Council, based in Berlin, and the International League of Human Rights advised black and Asian fans to avoid certain areas of eastern Germany during the World Cup.^[70][71]

The far-right NPD, an organisation which the German government unsuccessfully tried to ban in 2001, had planned to march through Gelsenkirchen on 10 June, a day after Ecuador met Poland in the city's new purpose-built stadium. This march had first been banned by the German police, but later permitted by the Gelsenkirchen Administrative Court. Other far-right marches were planned for Frankfurt and Herne during the competition, although these were subsequently banned.^[72]

FIFA announced that at the World Cup, teams could have points deducted for racist remarks by players and officials. A "Football Against Racism" logo covered each field's center circle until kickoff at all World Cup matches. Prior to every quarter-final match, the captains read a "declaration against racism" over the PA system.

The European Union launched a campaign against racism before the World Cup. Friso Roscam Abbing, spokesman for the EU Justice and Home Affairs Commissioner indicated that the campaign also targeted prostitution rings and human trafficking.

Trafficking of women

See also: Prostitution in Germany

Some international human rights groups (like the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), the Nordic Council and Amnesty International) expressed concern that there would be an increase in the trafficking of women up to and during the World Cup. PACE and Amnesty claimed that 30,000 women and girls might become the subject of slavery for the purposes of forced prostitution during the World Cup. They called upon the German authorities to monitor sex venues during the World Cup and provide support for the victims of trafficking.^{[73][74][75][76]}

According to German police, there was no noticeable increase in forced prostitution during the World Cup. While there was a significant influx of (legal and illegal) prostitutes to Germany before the World Cup, most of those were reported to have left within the first two weeks. Police officials from several cities quoted prostitutes saying that business actually decreased.^[77]

Computer cracking

FIFA's IT provider Avaya indicated that it expected, and was prepared for, the denial-of-service attacks which were unsuccessfully launched at the IT network for the 2002 World Cup. No successful attacks were launched on the German World Cup system.

Notes and references

1. ^ Davies, Christopher (2006-06-24). "Red card for Poll after clanger". London: Telegraph.co.uk. http://wc2006.telegraph.co.uk/Document.aspx?id=8C8E2B20-81D5-4697-805E-B934B40A6F4D. Retrieved 2006-07-03. 
2. ^ "Soccer Notes: Ref gives 3 yellows". Toronto: TheStar.com. 2006-06-23. http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1151013012313&call_pageid=1044529386722&col=1044529386490. Retrieved 2006-07-03. 
3. ^ "Third time not the charm". MiamiHerald.com. 2006-06-23. http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/sports/soccer/14882044.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-03. 
4. ^ ^{a b c} Davies, Christopher (2006-06-30). "Emotional Poll bows out". London: Telegraph.co.uk. http://wc2006.telegraph.co.uk/Document.aspx?id=05242562-5F1B-4C0A-944A-D253E5EDAB10. Retrieved 2006-07-03. 
5. ^ Hand, Gus (2006-06-24). "Aussies would have protested loss". The Daily Telegraph. http://dailytelegraph.news.com.au/story/0,20281,19572813-5001028,00.html. Retrieved 2006-07-04. ^{[dead link]}
6. ^ ^{a b} "Ref Poll sent home from World Cup". BBC Sport. 2006-06-28. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/5108722.stm. Retrieved 2006-07-03. 
7. ^ "The first step: Argentina holds off Ivory Coast 2-1 in opener". Sports Illustrated. 2006-06-10. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/soccer/specials/world_cup/2006/06/10/argentina.ivory.coast.ap/. Retrieved 2006-07-04. ^{[dead link]}
8. ^ "Blatter pays tribute to World Cup refereeing so far". The Jamaican Observer. 2006-06-12. Archived from the original on June 29, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060629230824/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sports/html/20060611T220000-0500_106766_OBS_BLATTER_PAYS_TRIBUTE_TO_WORLD_CUP_REFEREEING_SO_FAR_.asp. Retrieved 2006-07-04. 
9. ^ "Argentina strikes first in toughest group". MSNBC.com. 2006-06-15. http://msnbc.msn.com/id/13247652/. Retrieved 2006-07-04. 
10. ^ Lynch, Michael (2006-06-13). "Unbelievable win for Socceroos". Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/news/aussie-update/disputed-goal-rocks-socceroos/2006/06/12/1149964471236.html. Retrieved 2006-07-04. 
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40. ^ Blatter apologises to Australia over World Cup exit - Yahoo! Sport UK
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63. ^ This is Lancashire - Supporters arrested in Germany face court
64. ^ About 300,000 Poles may go to finals, says minister, Reuters, 6 June 2006
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66. ^ Aktuelle Nachrichten - Inland Ausland Wirtschaft Kultur Sport - ARD Tagesschau
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77. ^ [1] German language article "Flaute in den Bordellen" (lull in the brothels) from German weekly Der Spiegel