Zucchini

This article is about the fruit. For the 1982 children's novel, see Zucchini (novel).

Zucchini / Courgette
Zucchini fruit and spent flower on plant
Details
Species	Cucurbita pepo
Origin	Italy, 19th century (?)

The zucchini (or courgette) is a summer squash which often grows to nearly a meter in length, but which is usually harvested at half that size or less. It is a hybrid of the cucumber. Along with certain other squashes, it belongs to the species Cucurbita pepo. Zucchini can be dark or light green. A related hybrid, the golden zucchini is a deep yellow or orange color.^[1]

In a culinary context, the zucchini is treated as a vegetable, which means it is usually cooked and presented as a savory dish or accompaniment. Botanically, however, the zucchini is an immature fruit, being the swollen ovary of the zucchini flower.

Name

In North America and Australia the plant is commonly called a zucchini ( /zʊˈkiːni/; plural: zucchini or zucchinis; from Italian: zucchina [d͡zuˈkːiːna], plural: zucchine). This derives from the prevalent name in Italy, zucchina. The name courgette is a French loan word and is commonly used in Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand and South Africa. In South Africa the fruit is typically harvested as a baby vegetable, approximately finger size, and referred to as baby marrows^[2][3].

Flower

Flower of Zucchini

New Zucchini fruit

The female flower is a golden blossom on the end of each emergent zucchini. The male flower grows directly on the stem of the zucchini plant in the leaf axils (where leaf petiole meets stem), on a long stalk, and is slightly smaller than the female. Both flowers are edible, and are often used to dress a meal or to garnish the cooked fruit.

Firm and fresh blossoms that are only slightly open are cooked to be eaten, with pistils removed from female flowers, and stamens removed from male flowers. The stem on the flowers can be retained as a way of giving the cook something to hold onto during cooking, rather than injuring the delicate petals, or they can be removed prior to cooking, or prior to serving. There are a variety of recipes in which the flowers may be deep fried as fritters or tempura (after dipping in a light tempura batter), stuffed, sautéed, baked, or used in soups.

In Mexico, the flower is often used as an ingredient for soup, sopa de flor de calabaza, and it is quite popular in a variation of the traditional quesadillas, becoming quesadillas de flor de calabaza. Zucchini is also used in a variety of other dishes (rajas), and as a side dish.

History and etymology

Zucchini, like all squash, has its ancestry in the Americas. However, the varieties of squash typically called "zucchini" were developed in Italy, many generations after their introduction from the "New World".

In all probability, this occurred in the very late 19th century, probably near Milan; early varieties usually included the names of nearby cities in their names. The alternative name courgette is from the French word for the vegetable, with the same spelling, and is commonly used in France, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. It is a diminutive of courge, French for squash. "Zucca" is the Italian word for squash and "zucchina" is its diminutive, becoming "zucchine" in the plural. However, "zucchino", the masculine form, becoming "zucchini" in the plural, is commonly used in the dialect of Tuscany as the name of the fruit and sometimes is improperly used in Italian as the name of the plant. An Italian dictionary called "lo Zingarelli 1995, Zanichelli editor", gives both forms, but some others, like "Devoto-Oli, Le Monnier editor" and "Treccani, Treccani editor" give just Zucchina as the correct Italian word. "Zucchini" is used in Tuscany, and in Australia, Canada and the United States. 'Zucchini', the plural in the dialect of Tuscany, is one of the plural forms in English (along with 'zucchinis') as well as the singular form.^[4] The first records of zucchini in the United States date to the early 1920s. It was almost certainly brought over by Italian immigrants and probably was first cultivated in the United States in California. In South Africa, they are called baby marrow.^[5][6]

Culinary uses

Two typical Zucchini

When used for food, zucchini are usually picked when under 20 cm (8 in.) in length, when the seeds are still soft and immature. Mature zucchini can be as much as three feet long, but the larger ones are often fibrous and with the flowers attached are a sign of a truly fresh and immature fruit, and are especially sought by many people.^{[citation needed]}

Unlike cucumber, zucchini is usually served cooked. It can be prepared using a variety of cooking techniques, including steamed, boiled, grilled, stuffed and baked, barbecued, fried, or incorporated in other recipes such as soufflés. It also can be baked into a bread similar to banana bread or incorporated into a cake mix. Its flowers can be eaten stuffed and are a delicacy when deep fried, as tempura.

Grilled zucchini

The zucchini has a delicate flavor and requires little more than quick cooking with butter or olive oil, with or without fresh herbs.^[7] The skin is left in place. Quick cooking of barely wet zucchini in oil or butter allows the fruit to partially boil and steam, with the juices concentrated in the final moments of frying when the water has gone, prior to serving. Zucchini can also be eaten raw, sliced or shredded in a cold salad, as well as lightly cooked in hot salads, as in Thai or Vietnamese recipes. Mature (larger sized) zucchini, while not often eaten by themselves, are well suited for cooking in breads.

Zucchini should be stored not longer than three days.^{[citation needed]} They are prone to chilling damage which shows as sunken pits in the surface of the fruit, especially when brought up to room temperature after cool storage.

In 2005, a poll of 2,000 people revealed the courgette to be Britain's 10th favorite culinary vegetable.^[8]

In Mexico, the flower (known as flor de calabaza) is preferred over the fruit^{[citation needed]} and is often cooked in soups or used as a filling for quesadillas.

In Italy, zucchini are served in a variety of ways, especially breaded and pan-fried. Some restaurants in Rome specialize in deep-frying the flowers, known as fiori di zucca.

In France zucchini is a key ingredient in ratatouille, a stew of summer fruits and vegetables prepared in olive oil and cooked for an extended time over low heat. The dish, originating near present-day Nice, is served as a side dish or on its own at lunch with bread. Zucchini are stuffed with meat with other fruits like tomatoes or bell peppers in a dish named courgette farcie (stuffed zucchini).

In Turkish cuisine, zucchini is the main ingredient in the popular dish mücver , or "zucchini pancakes", made from shredded zucchini, flour and eggs, lightly fried in olive oil and eaten with yogurt.

In the Levant, zucchini is stuffed with minced meat and rice plus herbs and spices and steamed. It is also used in various kinds of stew. Stews that have low salinity are favorable in such cooking.

In Greece, zucchini is usually fried or boiled with other fruits (often green chili peppers and eggplants). It is served as an hors d'œuvre or as a main dish, especially during fasting seasons. Zucchini is also often stuffed with minced meat, rice and herbs and served with avgolemono sauce. In several parts of Greece, the flowers of the plant are stuffed with white cheese, usually feta or mizithra cheese, or with a mixture of rice, herbs and occasionally minced meat. Then they are deep-fried or baked with tomato sauce in the oven.

In Bulgaria, zucchini are fried and then served with a dip, made from yoghurt, garlic and dill. Another popular dish is oven-baked zucchini—sliced or grated—covered with a mixture of eggs, yoghurt, flour and dill.

In Egypt, zucchini are cooked with tomato sauce, garlic and onions.

In Spain, zucchini (calabacín in Spanish) is a core ingredient of pisto. Zucchini are also fried with egg and onions in olive oil to make a "Spanish" tortilla called "tortilla de calabacín".

Nutrition

The zucchini fruit is low in calories (approximately 15 food calories per 100 g fresh zucchini) and contains useful amounts of folate (24 mcg/100 g), potassium (280 mg/100 g) and vitamin A (384 IU [115 mcg]/100 g. 1/2 cup of zucchini also contains 19% of the recommended amount of manganese.^{[citation needed]}

Cultivation

Golden zucchini harvested in summer

Zucchini is one of the easiest fruits to cultivate in temperate climates. As such, it has a reputation among home gardeners for overwhelming production. One good way to control over-abundance is to harvest the flowers, which are an expensive delicacy in markets because of the difficulty in storing and transporting them. The male flower is borne on the end of a stalk and is longer lived.

While easy to grow, zucchini, like all squash, requires plentiful bees for pollination. In areas of pollinator decline or high pesticide use, such as mosquito-spray districts, gardeners often experience fruit abortion, where the fruit begins to grow, then dries or rots. This is due to an insufficient number of pollen grains delivered to the female flower. It can be corrected by hand pollination or by increasing the bee population.

Closely related to zucchini are Lebanese summer squash or kusa, but they often are lighter green or even white. Some seed catalogs do not distinguish them. Various varieties of round zucchinis are grown in different countries under different names, such as "Tondo di Piacenza" in Italy and "Ronde de Nice" in France.^[9] In the late 1990s American producers in California cultivated and began marketing round yellow and green zucchini known as "8-ball" squash (the yellow ones are sometimes known as "1-ball" or "gold ball").^[10][11][12] White zucchini (summer squash) is sometimes seen as a mutation and can appear on the same plant as its green counterpart.

References

1. ^ http://urbanext.illinois.edu/veggies/ssquash.cfm
2. ^ [1]
3. ^ "Panfried chicken with baby marrow and porcini". Woolworths Taste magazine. http://www.tastemag.co.za/Recipe-234/Panfried-chicken-with-baby-marrow-and-porcini.aspx. Retrieved 25 June 2011. 
4. ^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/zucchini
5. ^ [2]
6. ^ "Panfried chicken with baby marrow and porcini". Woolworths Taste magazine. http://www.tastemag.co.za/Recipe-234/Panfried-chicken-with-baby-marrow-and-porcini.aspx. Retrieved 25 June 2011. 
7. ^ Kathy Brown (2003). Edible Flowers. Anness Publishing Ltd. 
8. ^ "Onions come top for British palates". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/may/23/britishidentity.foodanddrink. Retrieved 7 July 2011. 
9. ^ "Round Summer Squash". Long Island Seed Project. 2007-08-02. http://www.liseed.org/roundzucchini.html. 
10. ^ Kim Pierce (2008-06-03). "Eight-ball squash and more foods in season now". Dallas News. http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/fea/lifetravel/stories/DN-nf_inseason_0604liv.ART.State.Edition1.1931088.html. 
11. ^ Corinne Cook (2000-07-06). "New varieties of squash perfect for stuffing". Baton Rouge Advocate. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/theadvocate/access/56152243.html?dids=56152243:56152243&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+06%2C+2000&author=CORINNE+COOK&pub=Advocate&desc=New+varieties+of+squash+perfect+for+stuffing&pqatl=google. 
12. ^ "8 Ball Squash". Melissa's. http://www.melissas.com/Products/Products/8-Ball-Squash.aspx. 

External links

• ITIS 22365, The Integrated Taxonomic Information System, 6 November 2002. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
• Method for hand pollinating zucchini, Green Change. Retrieved 19 July 2010.