- Topic outline of biology
Biology is the study ofliving organisms . It is concerned with thecharacteristic s, classification, andbehavior s oforganism s, howspecies come intoexistence , and the interactions they have with each other and with the environment. Biology encompasses a broad spectrum of academic fields that are often viewed as independent disciplines. However, together they address phenomena related to living organisms (biological phenomena) over a wide range of scales, frombiophysics toecology . All concepts in biology are subject to the same laws that other branches of science obey, such as the laws ofthermodynamics andconservation of energy .The following outline is provided as an overview of and introduction to biology:
Essence of biology
: "Main article:
Biology "*
Anatomy
*
*Biologist
*Human anatomy
*Life
*Organism Subdisciplines of biology
:
Acarology --Anatomy --Arachnology --Biochemistry --Bioinformatics --Biomechanics --Bionomics --Biophysics --Biotechnology --Botany --Cell biology --Ecology --Entomology --Evolution --Genetics --Gerontology --Herpetology --Histology --Ichnology --Ichthyology --Immunology --Limnology --Marine biology --Microbiology --Molecular biology --Mycology --Myrmecology --Neurobiology --Ornithology --Paleontology --Palynology --Parasitology --Photobiology --Phycology --Physiology --Plant physiology --Biological psychology --Radiobiology --Sociobiology --Structural biology --Taxonomy --Virology --Zoology History of biology
: "Main article:
History of biology "*
Ancient Greek medicine
*Islamic medicine
*Byzantine medicine
*Medieval medicine
*History of anatomy
*History of plant systematics
*History of evolutionary thought
* History of natural history
*History of genetics
*History of model organisms
*Modern evolutionary synthesis
*History of biochemistry
*History of molecular biology
*History of biotechnology
*History of molecular evolution Basic biology concepts
Ecology & evolution
*
Life :origin of life --Miller-Urey experiment
*Ecology :
**Autecology :autotroph --heterotroph --acclimatization --endotherm --ectotherm --hibernation --homeostasis --behavior --circadian rhythm
**Population ecology :population --competition --mating --biological dispersal -- endemism -- niche --growth curve --carrying capacity
**Community ecology :community --keystone species --mimicry --symbiosis --pollination --mutualism --commensalism --parasitism --predation --invasive species --environmental heterogeneity --edge effect
**Ecosystems :biodiversity --biome -- habitat --plankton --thermocline --carbon cycle --water cycle --nitrogen cycle --food web --trophic level --saprobe --decomposition
*Evolutionary biology (evolution )
**Microevolution :species --speciation --adaptation --selection --natural selection --directional selection --sexual selection --genetic drift --sexual reproduction --asexual reproduction --colony --allele frequency --neutral theory of molecular evolution --population genetics --Hardy-Weinberg principle
**Macroevolution :adaptive radiation --convergent evolution --extinction --mass extinction --fossil --taphonomy --geologic time --plate tectonics --continental drift --vicariance --Gondwana --Pangaea --endosymbiosis
**Systematics :taxon -- taxonomy --scientific classification --phylogeny --evolutionary tree --cladistics --synapomorphy -- homology --molecular clock Organismal biology
*Groups of living
organism s
**virus es :DNA virus es --RNA virus es --retrovirus es
**Single-cell organisms:
***prokaryote s :microbe -- bacteria --archaea
***eukaryote s:fungi --algae --protozoa --protista
**Multicellular organisms:
***plantae --plant s --bryophyte s --pteridophyte s --seed plant s
***animal ia --animal s --metazoa --insect s --mollusc s --vertebrate s
***fungi --lichen --mycorrhizae
*Developmental biology :gamete --spermatid --ovum --zygote --embryo --cellular differentiation --morphogenesis --homeobox
**Animal development:stem cell --blastula --gastrula --egg (biology) --fetus --placenta
**Plant development:seed --cotyledon --meristem --apical meristem --vascular cambium --cork cambium
*Morphology,Anatomy , &Physiology :
**Techniques:electrophysiology --electron microscopy
**tissues -- organ --senescence
**Plant systems:root --shoot -- stem --leaf --flower
***vascular tissue --Casparian strip --turgor pressure --xylem --phloem --transpiration --wood
***alternation of generations --gametophyte --antheridium --archegonium --sporophyte --spore --sporangium
***tropism --taxis
**Animal systems:skin cell
***skeleton --bone --cartilage --joint --muscle --tendon --actin --myosin --reflex
***circulatory system -- respiration --lung --heart --artery --vein --capillary --blood --blood cell
***digestive system --stomach --intestine --liver --nutrition --primary nutritional groups metabolism --kidney --excretion
***nervous system :limbic system --vestibular system --neuron --axon --dendrite --brain --eye -- vision --audition --proprioception --olfaction --memory
***nerve signaling:action potential --signal transduction --synapse -- receptor
***endocrine system --hormone
***reproductive system --testes --ovary --pregnancy
*Medicine:
**Disease s:cancer --diabetes --obesity --hereditary disease --communicable disease
**immune system :antibody -- host --vaccine --immune cell --AIDS --T-cell --leucocyte
**Drugs:antibiotic --barbiturate --SSRI
**Techniques:MRI --Computed axial tomography --blood count Cell & molecular biology
*
Cell biology : the cell: "Main article:List of basic cell biology topics "
** Techniques:cell culture --microscope --SEM --TEM
**cell components:
***organelle s:Golgi apparatus -- nucleus --cytoplasm --vacuole -- vesicle --lysosome --peroxisome --mitochondrion --plastid --chloroplast
***membranes:plasma membrane --endomembrane system --endoplasmic reticulum --mitochondrial membrane --chloroplast membrane
*** Other subcellular features:cell wall --pseudopod --cytoskeleton --mitotic spindle --flagellum --cilium
**cell processes:
***diffusion --osmosis --isotonic --active transport --phagocytosis
***energy pathways: fermentation --glycolysis --cellular respiration --citric acid cycle --photosynthesis --Calvin cycle
***protein biosynthesis --ribosome s
***cellular reproduction:cytokinesis --centromere --meiosis
***nuclear reproduction:mitosis --interphase --prophase --metaphase --anaphase --telophase
***programmed cell death --apoptosis -- cell senescence
*Biochemistry :
**Biomolecule s:
***Small:amino acid s -- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) --fat s --lipid s -- oil --phospholipid --prion --sugar --vitamin s --neurotransmitter --wax
***Medium-sized:
****pigment s:chlorophyll --carotenoid --xanthophyll --melanin
***Biopolymers/macromolecules
****protein s:primary structure --secondary structure --tertiary structure --conformation --native state --protein folding --enzyme -- receptor --transmembrane receptor --ion channel --membrane transporter --collagen --silk
****DNA --RNA
****polysaccharide :cellulose --carbohydrate --chitin --glycogen --starch
**Biochemical mechanisms:proteolysis --cooperativity
**Techniques:electrophoresis --His tag --affinity chromatography --x-ray diffraction --Proteomics --mass spectrometry
*Molecular biology :
**genetic structure:DNA --DNA replication --nucleosome --genetic code --codon --transcription factor -- transcription --translation --RNA --histone --telomere
**gene expression --heterochromatin --promoter -- enhancer --operon
**mutation --point mutation -- crossover --recombination --plasmid --transposon
**molecular genetics :DNA fingerprinting --genetic fingerprint --microsatellite --gene knockout --imprinting --RNA interference
**Genomics :computational biology --bioinformatics
**Molecular Techniques:gel electrophoresis -- transformation --PCR --PCR mutagenesis -- primer --chromosome walking --RFLP --restriction enzyme --sequencing --shotgun sequencing --cloning --culture --DNA microarray
*Genetics (classical genetics ) :
**heredity --Mendelian inheritance --gene -- locus -- trait --allele -- polymorphism --homozygote --heterozygote -- hybrid -- hybridization --dihybrid cross --Punnett square
**genotype-phenotype distinction --genotype --phenotype --dominant gene --recessive gene
**genetic interactions -- Mendel's law of segregation --genetic mosaic --maternal effect --penetrance -- complementation -- suppression --epistasis --genetic linkage
**chromosomal effects:chromosome --haploid --diploid --polyploidy --dosage effect --inbreeding
**Model organism s: "Drosophila" -- "Arabidopsis" -- "Caenorhabditis elegans " --mouse -- "Saccharomyces cerevisiae " -- "Escherichia coli " --Lambda phage -- "Xenopus "
**Techniques:genetic screen -- paternity test --linkage map --genetic map Influential biologists
: "Main articles:
Biologist andList of biologists "Charles Robert Darwin --Alfred Russel Wallace --Jean-Baptiste Lamarck --Sir Charles Lyell --Alfred Wegener --Alexander Fleming --Andrew Huxley --Robert Koch --Ernst Haeckel --Theodor Bilharz --Marcello Malpighi --Antoni van Leeuwenhoek --Konrad Lorenz --Thomas Malthus --Edward Jenner --Carolus Linnaeus --Sewall Wright --Louis Pasteur --Gregor Mendel --Barbara McClintock --James D. Watson --Francis Crick --Kary Mullis --Rosalind Franklin --Steven Jay Gould --Lynn Margulis --Carl Woese --Jane Goodall --E. O. Wilson Biology lists
: "Main article:
List of biology topics "
*List of basic cell biology topics See also
*
Invasion biology terminology External links
* [http://www.dnalc.org/ The Dolan DNA Learning Center: The source for timely information about your life]
* [http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/index.html OSU's Phylocode]
* [http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html "The Tree of Life"] : A multi-authored, distributed Internet project containing information about phylogeny and biodiversity.
* [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Biology/7-012Fall-2004/VideoLectures/ MIT video lecture series on biology]
* [http://www.openwetware.org A wiki site for protocol sharing run from MIT] .
* [http://www.bioeticaunbosque.edu.co/english/ Biology and Bioethics] .
* [http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/ Biology online wiki dictionary] .
* [http://bio-alive.com/ Biology Video Sharing Community] .Journal links
* [http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=index-html&issn=1545-7885 PLos Biology] A peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Public Library of Science
* [http://www.biolsci.org International Journal of Biological Sciences] A biological journal publishes peer-reviewed scientific papers of significance
* [http://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/index.html Perspectives in Biology and Medicine]
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