Nihon-shiki romanization

Nihon-shiki or Nippon-shiki Rōmaji (Japanese: 日本式ローマ字, "Japan-style"; romanized as Nihon-siki or Nippon-siki in Nippon-shiki itself) is a romanization system for transliterating the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet. In discussion about romaji, it is abbreviated as Nihon-shiki or Nippon-shiki. Among the major romanization systems for Japanese, Nippon-shiki is the most regular, and has a one-to-one relation to the kana writing systems. In practice, Nippon-shiki has been largely supplanted by Hepburn romanization.

It was invented by physicist Aikitsu Tanakadate (田中館 愛橘 Tanakadate Aikitsu) in 1885, and postdates the Hepburn system of romanization. Tanakadate's intention was to completely replace the traditional kanji and kana system of writing Japanese with a romanized system, which he felt would make it easier for Japanese people to compete with Western countries. Since the system was intended for Japanese people to use to write their own language, it is much more regular than Hepburn romanization, and, unlike Hepburn's system, it makes no effort to make itself easier to pronounce for English speakers.

Nippon-shiki was followed by Kunrei-shiki. Kunrei is otherwise nearly identical, but it merges the syllable pairs di/zi ぢ/じ, du/zu づ/ず, dya/zya ぢゃ/じゃ, dyu/zyu ぢゅ/じゅ, dyo/zyo ぢょ/じょ, wi/i ゐ/い, we/e ゑ/え, kwa/ka くゎ/か, gwa/ga ぐゎ/が, whose pronunciations in modern standard Japanese have become identical. For example, the word かなづかい, rendered kanadukai in Nippon-shiki, is pronounced as kanazukai in modern Japanese and romanized as such in Kunrei.

Nippon-shiki is considered the most regular of the romanization systems for the Japanese language, because it maintains a strict "one kana, two letters" form. Because it has unique forms corresponding to each of the respective pairs of kana homophones listed above, it is the only formal system of romanization that allows lossless ("round trip") mapping; see the hiragana article for more details.

Nippon-shiki has been established by the International Organization for Standardization in the ISO 3602 strict form. The JSL system, which is intended for use instructing foreign students of Japanese, is also based on Nippon-shiki.

Nipponsiki—ISO 3602 Strict

gojūon					yōon
あ/ア a	い/イ i	う/ウ u	え/エ e	お/オ o	(ya)	(yu)	(yo)
か/カ ka	き/キ ki	く/ク ku	け/ケ ke	こ/コ ko	きゃ/キャ kya	きゅ/キュ kyu	きょ/キョ kyo
さ/サ sa	し/シ si	す/ス su	せ/セ se	そ/ソ so	しゃ/シャ sya	しゅ/シュ syu	しょ/ショ syo
た/タ ta	ち/チ ti	つ/ツ tu	て/テ te	と/ト to	ちゃ/チャ tya	ちゅ/チュ tyu	ちょ/チョ tyo
な/ナ na	に/ニ ni	ぬ/ヌ nu	ね/ネ ne	の/ノ no	にゃ/ニャ nya	にゅ/ニュ nyu	にょ/ニョ nyo
は/ハ ha	ひ/ヒ hi	ふ/フ hu	へ/ヘ he	ほ/ホ ho	ひゃ/ヒャ hya	ひゅ/ヒュ hyu	ひょ/ヒョ hyo
ま/マ ma	み/ミ mi	む/ム mu	め/メ me	も/モ mo	みゃ/ミャ mya	みゅ/ミュ myu	みょ/ミョ myo
や/ヤ ya		ゆ/ユ yu		よ/ヨ yo
ら/ラ ra	り/リ ri	る/ル ru	れ/レ re	ろ/ロ ro	りゃ/リャ rya	りゅ/リュ ryu	りょ/リョ ryo
わ/ワ wa	ゐ/ヰ wi		ゑ/ヱ we	を/ヲ wo
				ん/ン n-n'
voiced sounds (dakuten)
が/ガ ga	ぎ/ギ gi	ぐ/グ gu	げ/ゲ ge	ご/ゴ go	ぎゃ/ギャ gya	ぎゅ/ギュ gyu	ぎょ/ギョ gyo
ざ/ザ za	じ/ジ zi	ず/ズ zu	ぜ/ゼ ze	ぞ/ゾ zo	じゃ/ジャ zya	じゅ/ジュ zyu	じょ/ジョ zyo
だ/ダ da	ぢ/ヂ di	づ/ヅ du	で/デ de	ど/ド do	ぢゃ/ヂャ dya	ぢゅ/ヂュ dyu	ぢょ/ヂョ dyo
ば/バ ba	び/ビ bi	ぶ/ブ bu	べ/ベ be	ぼ/ボ bo	びゃ/ビャ bya	びゅ/ビュ byu	びょ/ビョ byo
ぱ/パ pa	ぴ/ピ pi	ぷ/プ pu	ぺ/ペ pe	ぽ/ポ po	ぴゃ/ピャ pya	ぴゅ/ピュ pyu	ぴょ/ピョ pyo
くゎ/クヮ kwa
ぐゎ/グヮ gwa

Note:

• Letters in red are obsolete in modern Japanese.
• When he へ is used as a particle it is written he not e (Kunrei-shiki/Hepburn).
• When ha は is used as a particle it is written ha not wa.
• When wo を is used as a particle it is written wo not o.
• Long vowels are indicated by a circumflex, for example long o is written ô, unlike Hepburn, which uses a macron.
• Syllabic n ん is written as n before consonants but as n' before vowels and y.
• Geminate consonants are marked by doubling the consonant following the sokuon, っ, without exception.

See also

• List of ISO romanizations

References

• Nihongo Daihakubutsukan (日本語大博物館), author: Kida, Jun'ichirō (紀田順一郎 Kida Jun'ichirō), publisher: Just System (ジャストシステム, Jasuto Shisutemu) ISBN 4-88309-046-9 (in Japanese), chapter 6.