Devil's Brigade

This article is about the World War II military unit. For the film of the same name, see The Devil's Brigade (film). For other uses, see Devil's Brigade (disambiguation).

1st Special Service Force
Shoulder patch of the 1st Special Service Force.
Active	1942–1944
Country	Canada/United States
Allegiance	Allied Forces
Branch	Army
Type	Commando
Role	Special operations
Size	1,800
Garrison/HQ	Fort William Henry Harrison
Nickname	The Devil's Brigade, The Black Devils
Equipment	See: 'Unique weapons'
Engagements	See: 'Combat service'
Disbanded	5 December 1944

The Devil's Brigade (also called The Black Devils and The Black Devils' Brigade and Freddie's Freighters,^[1] officially the 1st Special Service Force), was a joint World War II American-Canadian commando unit organized in 1942 and trained at Fort William Henry Harrison near Helena, Montana in the United States. The brigade fought in the Aleutian Islands, Italy, and southern France before being disbanded in December 1944. The modern American and Canadian special operations forces trace their heritage to this unit.

Background

Scientist Geoffrey Pyke, of the British Combined Operations Command, envisioned the creation of a small, élite military force capable of fighting behind enemy lines in winter conditions. This would have been a commando unit that could be landed, by sea or air, into occupied Norway, Romania, and the Italian Alps on sabotage missions against hydroelectric plants and oil fields. In Norway, the chief industrial threat was the creation, at Rjukan, of the heavy water used in the German atomic weapon research. Furthermore, attacks on Norwegian power stations, which supplied the country with 49% of its power, might drive out the Axis powers in the country and give the Allies a direct link to Russia.^[2] In Romania, there were the strategically important Ploesti oil fields that met one quarter of the Germans' consumption, and Italian hydroelectric plants powered most of south German industry. Pyke requested that a tracked vehicle be developed especially for the unit, capable of carrying men and their equipment at high speed across snow-covered terrain.^[3]

In March 1942 Pyke proposed an idea, which he had named Project Plough, to Lord Louis Mountbatten, Chief of Combined Operations Headquarters (COHQ) that Allied commandoes be parachuted into the Norwegian mountains to establish a base on the Jostedalsbreen, a large glacier plateau, for guerrilla actions against the German army of occupation. These troops would be equipped with Pyke's proposed snow vehicle. Pyke persuaded Mountbatten that such a force would be invulnerable in its glacier strongholds and would tie down large numbers of German troops trying to dislodge it.^[4]

However, given the demands upon both Combined Operations and British industry, it was decided to offer it instead to the United States at the Chequers Conference of March 1942. General George Marshall, Chief of Staff of the United States Army, accepted the suggestion for Project Plough. In April 1942, since no suitable vehicle existed, the U.S. government asked automobile manufacturers to look into such a design. Studebaker subsequently created the T-15 cargo carrier, which later became the M29 Weasel.^[3]

In May 1942, the concept papers for Plough were scrutinized by Lt. Colonel Robert T. Frederick, a young officer in the Operations Division of the U.S. General Staff. Frederick predicted Plough would be a military fiasco on the following grounds. Firstly, he argued that Plough endeavored to achieve unrealistic objectives with the amount of troops that the plan called for. Similarly, he argued that the small, elite division would be outnumbered and overtaken in any defensive attempts to hold an area once it was captured.^[5] Furthermore, Frederick concluded that there was no concrete way to evacuate the troops after a mission. Finally, the plan had called for troops to be dropped by airplane to their targets, which Frederick said was impossible at the moment, as there were no planes to fly the men into Norway. Ultimately, he concluded that a small squad of elite men would not do enough damage to justify the risk of putting them into battle^[6] and instead proposed a series of strategic bombings to achieve the plan's objectives.^[7]

Plough went ahead as proposed. General Marshall and General Eisenhower had already agreed to the operation with the British High Command and were unwilling to compromise a chance to open an American front in Europe. It was believed that Plough offered the possibility of defeating the Germans, and the Americans wanted allied efforts to shift to the Pacific Theater. The sooner the Germans were defeated, it was argued, the sooner this would become a reality.^[8]

The first officer picked to lead the unit, Lt. Col. H.R. Johnson, was kicked off of the project for not getting along with Pyke and arguing with Mountbatten and Eisenhower about the feasibility of the plan.^[9] His replacement was suggested by Mountbatten and assigned by Eisenhower: Lt. Col. Frederick himself was given the task of creating a fighting unit for Project Plough and was promoted to colonel to command it, and by July 1942 had eased Pyke out of the picture.

Colonel Frederick enjoyed a very high priority in obtaining equipment and training areas. Originally, due to its winter warfare mission, it had been intended that the unit should be equally made up of American, Canadian, and Norwegian troops. However, a lack of suitable Norwegians saw this changed to half American and half Canadian.^[10]

In July 1942, the Canadian Minister of National Defence, James Ralston, approved the assignment of 697 officers and enlisted men for the project under the initial disguise that they were forming the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion (1CPB). Shortly after, due to the decision to raise a parachute school in Canada under the 1CPB designation, the Canadian volunteers served under the unofficial designation of 2nd Canadian Parachute Battalion. This was in name only; the 2CPB did not legally exist. (The Canadians would not be legally made into a unit of the Canadian Army until April–May 1943 under the official designation, 1st Canadian Special Service Battalion.) They would be paid by the Canadian government but be supplied with uniforms, equipment, food, shelter and travel expenses by the U.S., but nevertheless remained subject to their own army's code of discipline. It was agreed that a Canadian would serve as second in command of the Force and that half of the officers and one third of the enlisted men would be Canadian. However, after Lieutenant Colonel McQueen (the Canadian serving as second in command) broke his leg during parachute training, the highest ranking Canadian in the Force was Lieutenant Colonel Don Williamson who commanded the 2nd Regiment.^[11] The U.S. volunteers for the force consisted initially of officers from Fort Belvoir and Benning. Letters of recruitment were posted to all army units in the Southwest and on the Pacific coast. The letters called for single men, aged 21-35 with three or more years of grammar school. Occupations preferred: Rangers, lumberjacks, northwoodsmen, hunters, prospectors, explorers and game wardens. Inspection teams also scoured the western camps for ideal candidates. Those chosen, owing to the secrecy of the mission, were often told that they had been selected to undergo training for a parachute unit. Indeed the unit was so secretive, that many soldiers did not know where they were when they arrived in Helena for training, as the windows of the trains carrying the troops were painted black.^[12]

The combat force was to be made up of three regiments. Each regiment was led by a colonel and thirty-two officers and boasted a force of 385 men. The regiments were divided into two battalions with three companies in each battalion and three platoons in each company. The platoon was then broken up into two sections.^[13]

Frederick was greatly admired by the soldiers in the First Special Service Force for his willingness to fight alongside the men in battle. On the beachhead in Anzio, for example, a nighttime Force patrol walked into a German minefield and was pinned down by machine gun fire. General Frederick ran into battle and assisted the litter bearers in clearing the wounded Force members. ^[14]

Training and equipment

Since the unit needed to be trained quickly, the soldiers began parachuting within 48 hours of their arrival in Helena. The camp had no training towers and preliminary flights were not carried out so, for many, this was their first experience at jumping. This training was completed before any other because it was believed that if all the soldiers earned their jumping badges simultaneously a sense of camaraderie would develop within the camp.

The men were on a strict and physically demanding three phase training schedule: 1) From August to October: parachuting, weapons and demolitions usage, small unit tactics and physical training. 2) From October to November: unit tactics and problem solving. 3) From November to July: skiing, rock climbing, adaptation to cold climates and operation of the M29 Weasel.

The weekly training schedule comprised reveille at 04:30 from Monday to Saturday followed by breakfast at 06:30. The obstacle course was run by 08:00 four times a week followed by the day's training, which differed depending on the month. Soldiers were expected to march double time between training exercises in order to adhere to the strict schedule. Training lectures were given by veterans of overseas wars in the evenings from Monday to Friday. Soldiers were given Saturday evenings and Sundays off. Most of the men went into Helena to relax on their days off.

Marches were done on a 60-mile (97 km) course, the record for which was held by Colonel Marshall's First Regiment, who completed it in twenty hours. The Force trained with enemy weapons, taking them apart, reassembling and shooting them until they were as proficient with them as with their own.^[15]

The hand-to-hand combat instructor was Dermot (Pat) O'Neill, an ex-Shanghai International Police Officer, who was an expert at unarmed combat. O'Neill, who was well-versed in several forms of martial arts, taught the men to attack the eyes, throat, groin and knees. He also taught knife fighting tactics and showed the men how to quick-draw their pistols. The men attacked one another with unsheathed bayonets as part of the training exercises and injuries were common.^[16]

Ski training, taught by Norwegian instructors, began in December. The men received lectures and demonstrations on skiing techniques and most had mastered the basics in two weeks. At this point the men were made to ski cross-country in formation from dawn until dusk with all of their equipment until they were up to Norwegian army standards.^[17]

As a light infantry unit destined for alpine or winter combat it was issued various items of non-standard clothing, equipment and rations, including skis, parkas, haversacks and the Mountain ration. From the outset, the 1st Special Service Force was armed with a variety of non-standard or limited-issue weapons, such as the M1941 Johnson machine gun.^[18] The Johnson light machine gun in particular helped greatly increase the firepower of the unit and was highly regarded by those who used it in combat. Frederick's staff even considered arming the men with blow darts but it was decided against on the grounds that it may have been considered a war crime.^[19] Frederick himself participated in the design of a fighting knife made exclusively for the Force called the V-42 combat knife, a derivative of the Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife.

Name, insignia and uniforms

While carrying out beachhead operations at Anzio, a member of the Force uncovered the journal of a German lieutenant from the Herman Goering Division. The journal contained the following entry: "The Black Devils are all around us every time we come into the line. We never hear them come." Henceforth, the Force was known as the Black Devils. General Frederick had cards printed up with the unit's insignia on them and the words "DAS DICKE ENDE KOMMT NOCH!" or "The worst is yet to come" printed in red ink down the right side^[20] which the Force would leave on the bodies of dead Germans as a form of psychological warfare.^[21] This was so effective that Sergeant Victor Kaisner reported hearing a German soldier whisper "Schwartzer Teufel" ("Black Devil") as the German's throat was being sliced on the beachhead.^[22] It is notable, however, that recent historiography surrounding the unit debates about whether or not Frederick and his general staff made up the nickname in order to instill fear within the enemy.^[23]

Before officially choosing the First Special Service Force as their name, the unit was unofficially known as the Braves. Their spearhead shoulder insignia was chosen with this name in mind.^[24] The formation patch was a red spearhead with the words USA written horizontally and CANADA written vertically. The branch of service insignia was the crossed arrows formerly worn by the U.S. Army Indian Scouts. The unit wore red, white, and blue piping on their garrison cap and on the breast an oval (or trimming) behind their Parachutist Wings. Members of the unit also wore a red, white, and blue fourragère, lanyard, or shoulder cord made out of parachute shroud lines.

American members of the Force arrived for training in Helena in standard Army attire: green twill coveralls, some wearing khaki pants and fatigue hats. Others were dressed in trousers and green uniform jackets and wore green caps. Ultimately, however, the American uniforms did not differ widely from one another. The Canadian troops, however, arrived in all different manners of uniform: some wore kilts, others plaid trousers and others Bermuda shorts. Headgear differed just as widely, depending on where the soldier was from - wedge caps for some, black berets for troops taken from armored regiments and large khaki berets for troops from Scottish regiments. Eventually, it was decided that the uniforms would come from an American supplier and OD trousers and blouses were issued. The only thing that differentiated an American Force member from a Canadian one was the disc worn by the soldier (Americans wore American discs and Canadians wore Canadian discs). Forcemen also wore a red, white and blue Aiguillette. For mountain warfare, the men were given baggy ski pants, parkas and a helmet. Standard boots were originally the same as those issued to parachuting regiments, but these were substituted for infantry combat boots in Italy.^[25]

Colonel Frederick worried from the outset that the soldiers from both countries would have trouble forming a cohesive unit. On a base level, the techniques and commands used by either army were confusing to the other. Commands for marching, for example, had to be homogenized in order for the unit to operate in the field effectively. In order to satisfy the men from both countries, compromises were made. Canadian bagpipers were put into American unit marching bands to play reveille every morning. The marching styles and commands of the American and Canadian armies were mixed and uniforms were made identical.^[26] In the end, Frederick's fears were unfounded as the men bonded through training and dedication to the Force.^[27]

History

The First Special Service Force was activated on 9 July 1942 as a joint Canadian-U.S. force of three small regiments and a service battalion. Fort William Henry Harrison in Helena, Montana was chosen as the primary training location, due to its flat terrain for airborne training and its close proximity to mountains for ski and winter training.^[3] Following its initial training period in Montana, the FSSF relocated to Camp Bradford, Virginia, on 15 April 1943, and to Fort Ethan Allen, Vermont, on 23 May 1943. On 4 July 1943, it arrived at the San Francisco Port of Embarkation.^[28]

Aleutian Islands, 1943

On 10 July the Devil's Brigade sailed for the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. On 15 August 1943, 1st SSF was part of the invasion force of the island of Kiska, but after discovering the island was recently evacuated by Japanese forces, it re-embarked and left ship at Camp Stoneman, California, and returned to Fort Ethan Allen, arriving 9 September 1943.^[29]

Italy, 1943

The original operation codenamed "Project Plough," a mission to parachute into German-held Norway to knock out strategic targets such as hydroelectric power plants, was abandoned,^[30][31] but in October 1943, the commander of the Fifth United States Army, Lt. Gen. Mark W. Clark, brought the 1st Special Service Force to Italy where its members demonstrated the value of their unique skills and training. The Devil's Brigade arrived in Casablanca in French Morocco in November 1943 and quickly moved to the Italian front arriving at Naples on 19 November 1943 and immediately going into the line with the U.S. 36th Infantry Division.

The Force was tasked with taking two heavily fortified German positions in the Italian mountains; one at Monte La Difensa and the other at Monte La Rometonea. These positions were controlled by the 104th Panzer Grenadier Division with the Herman Goering Paratroop Division in reserve (both of which were armored divisions).^[32] The importance of these mountains lay in their position relative to Hitler's Gustov Line. That is, the German Winter line positioned on La Difensa and Rometonea were the last entrenched line before the Gustov^[33] and an allied push through the mountains would enable them to advance closer to Rome.^[34] Strategically, the mountains provided a commanding view of the countryside and highway, giving German artillery on the mountain control of the surrounding area. The German artillery atop La Defensa were also using a new weapon - the Nebelwerfer.^[35] The paths leading up La Difensa were heavily scouted by the Force prior to their attack and it was reported to Lt. Col. T.C. MacWilliam (who would lead the 2nd regiment in their assault) that the best way to approach the entrenched enemy was up an almost vertical escarpment over the right of the hill mass.^[36] In doing this, the Force hoped to catch the Germans off guard, as previous allied attacks on the mountain had met the enemy head on. The assault was planned for December 2, meanwhile the men were trained in mountain climbing and fighting tactics at their temporary barracks at Santa Maria. The plan was as follows (all regiments were in the 1st Company): At 16:30 hours on December 1, 2nd Regiment would be trucked to within 6 miles (9.7 km) of the base of the mountain and march the rest of the way to La Difensa (6 hour march). 1st Regiment, coupled with 36th Infantry Division would be the reserve units for the 2nd Regiment. 3rd Regiment would be split in two, half to supply the 2nd Regiment following the initial assault and the other half to be reserves with the 1st Regiment and 36th Infantry Division. All identification on Force soldiers was to be removed except their dog tags. After reaching the base of the mountain and having had a single night's rest, 2nd Regiment (600 men total) began their ascent of La Difensa on December 2 at dusk under cover of a heavy artillery barrage. One soldier recalls the severity of the shelling: "It looked as if we were marching into Hell. The whole Goddamned mountain was being shelled and the whole mountain seemed to be on fire".^[37] The soldiers of the 2nd Regiment came within range of the German positions at midnight and began to climb the final cliff, which jutted upwards at an angle of 65 degrees for 1,000 feet (300 m).^[38] The men climbed with ropes tied to one another in the freezing rain. Upon reaching the top, MacWilliam signaled his men to move forward into a depression in front of the German entrenchment. Initially, the soldiers were given the order to hold their fire until 6am, but the Germans were made aware of the allied positions after members of the Force tripped over loose gravel while moving along the mountaintop. German flares shot into the air and the battle began. Through gun and mortar fire, the men of the 2nd Regiment managed to set up machine guns and return fire, surprising and overwhelming the Germans. The 5th Army Staff had guessed that the battle would last between 4-5 days, but within two hours, the Germans on La Difensa had retreated to La Remetanea.^[39] Previously, American and British forces had suffered many casualties in futile attempts to take the important Camino Ridge. The 1st SSF was successful in taking their initial objective of La Defensa but were delayed in obtaining their actual objective of Monte La Remetanea (Hill 907). The attack on 907 was halted after the death of the 1st Battalion CO Lt. Col. T.C. MacWilliam. While he desired that the Force momentum continue, Frederick ordered a halt in the advance on 907 in order to wait for reinforcements and supplies. The Force dug in at Defensa, anticipating a German counter attack. However, massive allied artillery barrages and the flooding of both the Rapido and Garigliane rivers prevented the Germans from reforming. While waiting for the orders to attack Remetanea, the 2nd Regiment were resupplied by the 1st and 3rd Regiments, who brought them Whiskey and Condoms (to keep the barrels of their guns dry in the rain). Once the British forces broke through the German lines at Monte Camino, the Force was ordered to attack their primary objective (Hill 907).^[40] The successful assault on Defensa was the basis for the 1968 motion picture titled The Devil's Brigade.

The 1st SSF immediately continued its attack, assaulting Monte La Remetanea from 6 December to 9 December. It captured Hill 720, starting from Monte Sammucro on 25 December, and after difficulties assaulted Monte Majo and Monte Vischiataro almost simultaneously on 8 January 1944. During the mountain campaign the 1st SSF suffered 77% casualties: 511 total, 91 dead, 9 missing, 313 wounded with 116 exhaustion cases. They were relieved by the 142nd Infantry.^[41]

Anzio, 1944

Personnel being briefed before setting out on a patrol at the Anzio beachhead

Following the Ottawa Conference, General Eisenhower was moved to London to plan the D-Day Invasion. Command of the European Theater was given to British General Henry Maitland Wilson. General Harold Alexander, leader of the 15th Group, had formulated the plan to land allied troops at Anzio in order to outflank German positions in the area. German Field Marshal Albert Kesselring commanded the four German divisions at Anzio, which included the Herman Goering Division, the Reichsfuhrer (SS) Division and the 35th Panzer Grenadier (SS) Regiment. Combined German and Italian strength at Anzio was an estimated 70 000 men.^[42]

The Special Force brigade was withdrawn from the mountains in January and on 1 February was landed at the beachhead created by Operation Shingle at Anzio, south of Rome, replacing the 1st and 3rd Ranger Battalions, which had suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Cisterna. Their task was to hold and raid from the right-hand flank of the beachhead marked by the Mussolini Canal/Pontine Marshes. 1st Regiment was positioned on the Force's right front, which comprised one-third of the entire line, while the 3rd Division guarded the remaining two-thirds of the line. 2nd Regiment, which had been reduced to three companies following the attacks on La Difensa, Sammucio and Majo, were tasked with running night patrols into Axis territory. ^[43] Shortly after the SSF took over the Mussolini Canal sector, German units pulled back up to 0.5 miles (0.80 km) to avoid their aggressive patrols. The Force's constant night raids forced Kesselring to fortify the German positions in their area with more men then he had originally planned. Reconnaissance missions performed by the Devil's often went as deep as 1,500 feet (460 m) behind enemy lines.^[44]

German prisoners were often surprised at how few men the Force actually contained. A captured German Lieutenant admitted to being under the assumption that the Force was a division. Indeed, General Frederick ordered several trucks to move around the forces area in order to give the enemy the impression that the Force comprised more men than it actually did. An order was found on another prisoner that stated that the Germans in Anzio would be "fighting an elite Canadian-American Force. They are treacherous, unmerciful and clever. You cannot afford to relax. The first soldier or group of soldiers capturing one of these men will be given a 10 day furlough."^[45] .

It was at Anzio that the Germans dubbed the 1st Special Service Force the "Devil's Brigade." They were referred to as "black" devils because the brigade's members smeared their faces with black boot polish for their covert operations in the dark of the night. During Anzio, the 1st SSF fought for 99 days without relief. It was also at Anzio that the 1st SSF used their trademark stickers; during night patrols soldiers would carry stickers depicting the unit patch and a slogan written in German: "Das dicke Ende kommt noch," said to translate to "The Worst is yet to Come", placing these stickers on German corpses and fortifications. Canadian and American members of the Special Force who lost their lives are buried near the beach in the Commonwealth Anzio War Cemetery and the American Cemetery in Nettuno, just east of Anzio.

When the 5th Army breakout offensive began on 25 May 1944, the 1st SSF was sent against Monte Arrestino, and attacked Rocca Massima on 27 May. The 1st SSF was given the assignment of capturing seven bridges in the city to prevent their demolition by the withdrawing Wehrmacht. During the night of 4 June, members of the 1st SSF entered Rome. They are among the Allied units to be the first to enter Rome. After they secured the bridges, they quickly moved north in pursuit of the retreating Germans.

France, 1944

On 14 August 1944, the 1st SSF landed on the islands of Port Cros and Îles d'Hyères during Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France. They fought the small Battle of Port Cros in which they captured the five forts on the islands from the German Army. Nine men were killed in action or died of wounds received in combat. On 22 August it was attached to the 1st Airborne Task Force, a provisional Seventh Army airborne division, and later made part of the Task Force. On 7 September it moved with the 1st Airborne Task Force to defensive positions on the Franco-Italian border. During the war the 1,800-man unit accounted for some 12,000 German casualties, captured some 7,000 prisoners, and sustained an attrition rate of over 600%.

Disbandment, 1944

The 1st SSF was disbanded 5 December 1944 in a field near Villeneuve-Loubet. Villeneuve-Loubet holds a special place in the history of the Force, not only because the unit was broken up there, but also because it is one of the villages that the 1st SSF had the hardest time capturing in southern France, on 26 August 1944. The day the unit was disbanded, the American commander held a parade honouring the unit. To end the ceremony, the Canadian elements were dismissed by being honoured by the American troops with a marchpast, eyes right, officers saluting. After the unit's break up, the Canadians would return to other Canadian units (most of them became replacements for the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion), some American members were sent to the Airborne Divisions as replacements, and others formed the 474th Infantry Regiment, which served with the Third United States Army and performed occupation duty in Norway.

Wartime decorations

A large number of the Devil's Brigade members were honored for their acts of valour, including Tommy Prince, Canada's most decorated aboriginal soldier of World War II. Also, U.S. member Wendell C. Johnson (Fifth Company, Third Regiment, serial # 37 168 437), risking his life to save a fellow Black Devil, walked into a minefield and brought his brigade comrade to safety. When they tried to give him a medal for his act of heroism Wendell declined with the words, "Give it to the man who lost his leg".

Post World War II special forces legacy

In 1952 Colonel Aaron Bank created another elite unit using the training, the strategies, and the lessons learned from the Devil's Brigade's missions. This force evolved into the Army Special Forces (Green Berets). In Canada, MI&LO (Military Intelligence and Logistical Operations) 1952 – 1988; today's Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR) like the Green Berets trace their roots to the FSSF. Just like World War II, Canada's elite JTF2 and the United States' elite SFOD-D operators were united once again into a special assignment force for the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan. The 1st Special Forces Group traces its origins to the Devil's Brigade.

Plaque located on Interstate 15 between Helena and Great Falls.

In 2006 the Canadian members of the 1st Special Service Forces (F.S.S.F) received the Combat Infantryman Badge for bravery under fire in combat.

First Special Force Memorial Highway and other commemorations

In September 1999, Alberta Highway 4 and Interstate 15 in Montana, being the main highway between the cities of Lethbridge, Alberta Canada and Helena, Montana in the United States, was renamed the "First Special Service Force Memorial Highway". This highway was chosen because it was the route taken in 1942 by the Canadian volunteers to join their American counterparts for training at Fort Harrison.

The force is also memorialized in a commemorative plaque outside the Protestant Cemetery, Rome, next to the Pyramid of Cestius and another on the Embassy of the United States in Rome, facing Via Vittorio Veneto.

Unique weapons

• M1941 Johnson machine gun
• V-42 combat knife

Combat service

Aleutians campaign, 1943

• Kiska and Little Kiska – 15 – 19 August 1943
• Segula Island – 17 August 1943

Italian (Naples-Foggia, Anzio, Rome-Arno) campaigns 1943–1944

• Monte la Difensa, Rocca d'Evandro – 3 December – 6 December 1943
• Monte la Remetanea, Rocca d'Evandro – 6 December – 9 December 1943
• Monte Sambúcaro, S.Pietro-S.Vittore – 25 December (Christmas Day), 1943
• Radicosa, S.Vittore – 4 January 1944
• Monte Majo – 6 January 1944
• Monte Vischiataro – 8 January 1944
• Anzio – 2 February – 10 May 1944
• Monte Arrestino – 25 May 1944
• Rocca Massima – 27 May 1944
• Colle Ferro – 2 June 1944
• Rome – 4 June 1944

Southern France, (Alpes-Maritimes) campaign, 1944

• Port Cros – 15 August 1944
• Îles d'Hyères – 15 August – 17 August 1944
• Grasse – 24 August 1944
• Villeneuve-Loubet – 26 August 1944
• Vence – 1 September 1944
• Drap – 3 September 1944
• L'Escarène – 5 September 1944
• La Turbie – 6 September 1944
• Menton – 7 September 1944

Rhineland campaign, 1944

• Franco-Italian border – 7 September – 30 November 1944

Media depictions

The Devil's Brigade is a 1968 film starring William Holden, Cliff Robertson, and Vince Edwards, focusing on the Force's training and deployment to Italy.

Also in 1968, the WW2 film "Anzio" featured Peter Falk as Corporal Jack Rabinoff, who identified himself to co-star Robert Mitchum as a member of the American-Canadian 1st Special Service Force.

Three documentaries have been made about the Force: "Black Devils" in 2000, an episode of History Channel's "Dangerous Missions" series, written produced and directed by Darryl Rehr; Daring to Die: The Story of the Black Devils, written and directed by Greg Hancock and Wayne Abbot,^[46] and Devil's Brigade, a 2006 TV miniseries produced by Frantic Films.^[47]

The comic book character Wolverine was depicted as having been a member of the Devil's Brigade in North Africa^{[citation needed]}.

Quentin Tarantino's 2009 film Inglourious Basterds features a character named Lt. Aldo Raine aka "Aldo the Apache" played by Brad Pitt. Raine appears to be a member of the joint American-Canadian 1st Special Service Force, as he is seen wearing the unit's crossed arrows collar insignia and red arrowhead shoulder patch. The character also mentioned being dropped into Italy (where he apparently learned some Italian), a country where the Devil's Brigade was deployed. The inclusion of this detail is likely a nod to the film depiction of The Devil's Brigade which Tarantino cited as an influence for Inglourious Basterds.^[48]

Re-enactment

The First Special Service Force is represented by at least one military reenactment group. The First Special Service Force Living History Group is made up of men from both Canada and the United States within North America and there are also now groups representing the forcemen in Italy, France and Great Britain. Members of this group in 2006 ventured to Monte La Difensa and placed a memorial plaque dedicated to the men of the force.

See also

• Winter Line
• Operation Shingle / Battle of Anzio
• Operation Dragoon
• Former United States special operations units

Footnotes

1. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 15. 
2. ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. pp. 28. ISBN 978385661416. 
3. ^ ^{a b c} Werner, Bret; Michael Welply (2006). First Special Service Force 1942–44. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1841769681. 
4. ^ Perutz, Max F. (2002). I Wish I'd Made You Angry Earlier: Essays on Science, Scientists, and Humanity. Oxford University Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 9780198590279. http://books.google.com/?id=GkODMkCWndQC. 
5. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 1. 
6. ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. pp. 31. 
7. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 1. 
8. ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. pp. 31. 
9. ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. pp. 33. 
10. ^ Adelman, Robert H.; George Walton (2004). The Devil's Brigade. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1591140048. 
11. ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. pp. 58. 
12. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 3. 
13. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 2. 
14. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 33. 
15. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 4. 
16. ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. pp. 67. 
17. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 7. 
18. ^ Pikula, Major Sam (1998). The Armalite AR-10. Regnum Fund Press. ISBN 9986494389. 
19. ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. pp. 66. 
20. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 31. 
21. ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. pp. 207. 
22. ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. pp. 203. 
23. ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. pp. 203. 
24. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 2. 
25. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 64. 
26. ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. pp. 73. 
27. ^ Peppard, Herb (1994). The Lighthearted Soldier. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing. pp. 32. 
28. ^ Stanton, Shelby, World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939-1946 (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books, p. 191
29. ^ Stanton, Shelby, World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939-1946 (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books, p. 191
30. ^ "First Special Service Force". US Army JFK Special Warfare Museum. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070807055238/http://www.soc.mil/swcs/museum/fssf.shtml. Retrieved 3 January 2008. 
31. ^ See: Geoffrey Pyke#Military inventions
32. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 16. 
33. ^ McGeer, Eric (2007). The Canadian Battlfields in Italy" Ortona & the Liri Valley. Waterloo: Laurier Centre for Military, Strategic and Disarmament Studies. pp. 63. ISBN 9780978344108. 
34. ^ Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell. Canada: Anchor Canada. pp. 16. 
35. ^ Peppard, Herb (1994). The Lighthearted Soldier. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing. pp. 82-87. 
36. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 17. 
37. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 18. 
38. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 18. 
39. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 19. 
40. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 20-21. 
41. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 21. 
42. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 27. 
43. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 29. 
44. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 29. 
45. ^ Kemp, Ted (1995). A Commemorative History: First Special Service Force. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. pp. 32. 
46. ^ Daring to Die: The Story of the Black Devils. Alliance Atlantis Communications Inc. http://www.telefilm.gc.ca/data/production/prod_3144.asp?lang=en&cat=tv&g=doc&y=2004. 
47. ^ Devil's Brigade (Television miniseries). History Television. 7 November 2006. http://www.history.ca/devilsbrigade/Default.aspx. 
48. ^ "Quentin Tarantino: One Helluva BASTERD". Fangoria. 22 August 2009. http://www.fangoria.com/features/21-fearful-features/3663-quentin-tarantino-one-helluva-basterd.html. Retrieved 30 September 2009. 

Books

• Adleman, Robert H.; Colonel George Walton (1966). The Devil's Brigade. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Chilton Books. ISBN 1591140048. 
• Burhans, Robert D. (1947). The First Special Service Force: A Canadian/American Wartime Alliance: The Devil's Brigade. Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal Press Inc.. 
• Cottingham, Peter Layton Once Upon a Wartime: A Canadian Who Survived the Devil's Brigade (P.L. Cottingham, Manitoba Canada, 1996)
• Hope, Tom, ed. Bonding for Life: The post World War II story of the elite strike brigade, First Special Service Force (First Special Service Force Association, 2007) ISBN 978-0-9797275-0-2
• Joyce, Kenneth H. (2006). Snow Plough and the Jupiter Deception – The Story of the 1st Special Service Force and the 1st Canadian Special Service Battalion – 1942–1945. St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing. ISBN 1551250942. 
• Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell: The true story of the FSSF, Forgotten Commandos of the Second World War. Doubleday Canada. ISBN 0385661401. 
• Hicks, Ann (2006). The Last Fighting General: The Biography of Robert Tryon Frederick. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0764324306. 
• Ross, Robert Todd (2000). The Supercommandos First Special Service Force, 1942-1942, An Illustrated History. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0764311719. 
• Springer, Joseph (2001). The Black Devil Brigade: The True Story of the First Special Service Force. Pacifica Military History. ISBN 0935553509. 
• Stanton, Shelby, World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939-1946 (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books ISBN 0811701573
• Werner, Brett (2006). First Special Service Force 1942 – 44. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1841769681. 
• Wickham, Kenneth. "An Adjutant General Remembers" (Adjutant General's Corps Regimental Association, 1991).
• Wood, James (Autumn 2003). "‘Matters Canadian’ and the Problem with Being Special: Robert T. Frederick on the First Special Service Force". Canadian Military History 12 (4): 17–33. 
• Wood, James A. We Move Only Forward: Canada, the United States, and the First Special Service Force, 1942–1944 (St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing, 2006).

External links

• Authentic FSSF Uniform Article
• FSSF Living Historical Group
• 1SSF page at canadiansoldiers.com
• FSSF page at WWII.ca
• FSSF – Roll of honour, awards and images.
• Memorial Web Site for Major Thomas Coy Gordon.