Pontine Marshes

The Pontine Marshes ("Agro Pontino" in Italian) is a former marsh area in the Lazio Region of Central Italy, southeast of Rome, that today forms a low tract of land, the "Agro Pontino", varying in breadth between the Volscian Mountains and the sea from 10 to 16 miles, and extending northwest to southeast from Velletri to Terracina by the Tyrrhenian Sea, from which they are separated by sand dunes. The area amounts to approximately 775 km². The Via Appia, an ancient Roman road, crosses the former marshes. Sparsely inhabited throughout much of their history, the Pontine Marshes were the subject of extensive land reclamation work under Mussolini's fascist regime in the 1930s.

History

Roman times

In ancient days this low tract was fertile and well-cultivated, and contained several prosperous cities— Suessa Pometia, Ulubrae, perhaps the modern Cisterna, and others. [Livy delivers the names of thirty-three cities with the rich capital named Suessa Pometia.] Pliny reports that the Volsci created a blossoming landscape there around 500 BCE. In 367 BCE, the Romans successfully defeated the Volsci, but they lost the fruitful area in the following centuries. Because of the large need for wood for shipbuilding, as well as for kilns and the Roman water-heating systems, the trees on the mountain slopes were systematically cut down, with resultant erosion, a classic example of deforestation in Antiquity.

The three rivers Sisto, Uffente and Amazone changed their beds continuously, and each storm surge from the sea accumulated water, so that at times the rivers flowed backwards into the interior. In the south the country was below sea level by up to 40cm. The tropical "Anopheles" mosquito, carrier of malaria, transferred its blood parasite to the local mosquito species "Anopheles messeae"; the marshland and the district far beyond became deadly by the end of the Republican period.

Attempts to drain the marshes were made by Appius Claudius Caecus in 312 BCE, when he constructed the Via Appia through them (the road having previously followed a devious course at the foot of the Volscian mountains); further attempts at draining the marshes were made at various times during the Roman period. All plans assumed that the water from the deepest part of the moorland had to be collected, in order to let it flow off to sea. Since no sufficient pumping capacities were available at that time, the plans proved technologically impossible. A canal ran through the Pontine Marshes parallel to the road, and for some reason that is not altogether clear, it was used in preference to the road during the Augustan period. The Roman Emperor Trajan in the early second century and the Ostrogoth Theodoric in the sixth attempted drainage projects to render the land workable, but failed. Trajan repaired the Via Appia, and Theodoric did the same some four hundred years later, but by the Middle Ages it had fallen into disrepair.

Renaissance

Popes Boniface VIII, Martin V, Sixtus V, and Pius VI all attempted to solve the problem, the last-named reconstructing the road. The difficulty arose from the lack of declivity in the soil: some parts that are no less than 6 km from the coast are barely above sea level, though they are separated from the sea by a series of sand-hill former dunes, now covered with forest, which rise at some points over 100 feet above sea level. Springs also rise in the district, and the problem is further complicated by the flood-water and sediment brought down by the mountain torrents, which soon choke the dredged channels.

In 1561 Pope Pius IV employed the services of the mathematician Rafael Bombelli, who had gained a reputation as a hydraulic engineer in reclaiming marshland in the Val di Chiana in the Tuscan Apennines, but the project also came to naught. The ambitious Sixtus V too made unsuccessful attempts at reclamation of the area, and died of malaria after a visit to the Pontine Marshes.

Eighteenth century

On February 17, 1787, Goethe visited the region with his painter-friend Tischbein. He reports in his book, "The Italian Journey", that they "have never seen so bad an appearance as this in Rome". Goethe became interested in the dewatering attempts, after observing that it is "a large and extensive task". He probably used this image in this scene in his "Faust II", Act V: "A marsh extends along the mountain-chain, That poisons what so far I’ve been achieving; Were I that noisome pool to drain, 'Twould be the highest, last achieving. Thus space to many millions I will give. Where, though not safe, yet free and active they may live."

Nineteenth century

Near the end of the 19th century, a Prussian officer, Major Fedor Maria von Donat (1847–1919) had an idea; he would build a channel that followed the base of the mountains, cutting through a sand dune at Terracina. This would collect the water flowing from the mountain before it reached the lowest levels where it stagnated. The water collected in the canal system would then be pumped into the Mediterranean. The electricity needed to power the canal system would be collected through dams in the mountains with hydroelectric power plants. The German patent office patented the project under the number 17,120. He expected to dry out the marshes within a five-year time span.

Donat published his idea in Rome and Berlin, and succeeded in gaining the attention of Emil Rathenau, the general manager of AEG in Berlin. Rathenau saw market potential for electric investments, so he and some industrialists in Berlin as well as private financiers created the "Pontine Syndicate Ltd." in 1900. Seventy million gold marks were set aside for the project. One of the conditions was that the Italians would have to match the funds on the project.In 1898, Fedor von Donat resigned from his position as battalion commander and moved to Rome with his family. There he lobbied the government for his project, as well as four large landowners, connections in financial circles and the Vatican. He leased 240 acres of marsh near Terracina and established a model farm, "Tenuta Ponte Maggiore". With the help of waterwheels of ancient Egyptian type, revolved by three oxen, he was able to prove that the moorland had a high percentage of organics in its soil, of over 70 points; this proved that three harvests per year were possible. He protected his eighty workers from malaria with a daily dose of quinine. He invited Roman journalists to a press conference on his property. In 1902, large German newspapers, as well as foreign papers, carried long articles about the project. They often carried a sense of national pride about the development project. [Otto Julius Bierbaum, "Eine empfindsame Reise mit dem Automobil", Berlin 1903:194] Donat argued above all for the extermination of malaria in the countryside surrounding the capital. Malaria prevented the expansion of Rome to the south, the settling of which could provide a new province for Italy without a colonial war. The urbanization of the marshes could prevent 200,000 Italians from emigration. Around the year 1900, one could count fewer than 1000 inhabitants for a coastal region larger than 700km². By a law passed in 1899, the proprietors were bound to arrange for the safe outlet of the water from the mountains, keep the existing canals open, and reclaim the district exposed to inundation, for a period of twenty-four years. The sum of 280,000 was granted towards the expense by the government.

Donat’s plan failed. This time it was not the technical inadequacy as with the predecessors, but political deliberations that stood in the way of the project. The liberal government hesitated and gave the North preference, where in the valley of the Po large marshes also needed to be reclaimed. A violent resistance of the four large property owners in the Pontine Marshes was the reaction to the necessary expropriation and leasing to the German syndicate of a large part of their marsh country. The co-financer, the Banca Commerciale in Milan, delayed starting the task. Donat, whose lobbying had operated on his own funds, exhausted his wife’s fortune of 75,000 gold marks by 1903. Unsuccessful, he returned to Germany. The Pontine Syndicate was dissolved on September 4, 1914. With it, a premature but bold attempt at a transnational investment to gain more land ended.

Twentieth century

The Pontine Marshes were finally drained and reclaimed in works begun in 1926 under the responsibility of the Opera Nazionale Combattenti, [ [http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Combattenti Opera Nazionale Combattenti, founded 1917, reformulated in 1923 and 1926] .] a governmental institution reformulated under the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini that supported both rural development and war veterans. The government drained the marshes via three canals that intercepted runoff from the hills and pumped out low-lying regions, cleared the scrub forest, [Mainly oaks, "Quercus suber and Q. robur", and shrubby Olea european, Erica arborea, and "Myrtus", according to Russell 1939:274.] and placed about 2000 families (most from northern Italy and of unimpeachable Fascist background) in standardised but carefully varied two-storey country-houses of blue stucco with tiled roofs. Each settler family was assigned a farmhouse, an oven, a plough and other agricultural tools, a stable, some cows and several hectares of land, depending on local soil fertility and the size of the family. The project, constantly referred to in terms of a battle, ["The region figures in the 'battle for wheat', the purpose of which is to enable Italy to produce all the wheat she requires so as to be independent of foreign supplies" (Russell 1939:276). ] was a huge public relations boost for Mussolini, fulfilling his long-term belief in the “rural vocation of the Italian people” and their triumph over nature, an epitome of the Fascist conception of progress. Mussolini used the ten-year operation for propaganda purposes. Mussolini was often photographed between workers, shirtless with a shovel in his hand, or threshing wheat at harvest time.

The New Towns of Littoria (1932, now Latina), Sabaudia (1934) and Pontinia (1935), Aprilia (1937) and Pomezia (1939) were founded, side by side with several other small "borghi" (rural villages). The carefully differentiated architecture and urban planning aspects of these towns is striking even today. [An accessible and positive description, even as World War II was beginning, is E. J. Russell, "Agricultural Colonization in the Pontine Marshes and Libya", "The Geographical Journal," 94.4 (October 1939:273-289).]

At the northernmost end of the marshes, the beachhead at Anzio (ancient Antium) was the site chosen for the famous World War II amphibious landing of January 22, 1944. The treeless irrigated fields of the Pontine Marshes, interlaced with an intricate network of drainage ditches, offered scant cover for troops, and during the rainy season the fields were impassable to most heavy equipment. German sabotage of the pumping stations of the drainage system during World War II demonstrated how swiftly the area would become waterlogged without constant supervision. The last of the malaria was conquered in the 1950s, with the aid of DDT.

Today a duct system runs through the dried-out area. Wheat, fruit and wine are cultivated in the Pontine region. The "Agro Pontino" is a flowering landscape with modern cities with both pre-war and post-war architecture. By the year 2000, about 520,000 inhabitants lived in this formerly deserted region.

Notes

References

*1911
*T. Berti, "Paludi pontine" (Rome, 1884)
*R. de Ia Blanchre, "Un Chapitre d'hisioire pontine" (Paris, 1889). (T. As.)
*Donat, Fedor, "Le Paludi Pontine", Roma 1886"Die Pontinische Suempfe", Berlin 1892 and Cassel 1898
*Der Grosse Brockhaus, Leipzig 1908, Bd.13, page 270
*Graf Hutten Hutten-Czapski, Bogdan, "60 Jahre Politik und Gesellschaft", Berlin 1936