Milwaukee Road class EP-2

MILW EP-2
Milwaukee Road class EP-2 'Bipolar'
Power type	Electric
Builder	General Electric
Serial number	6978–6982
Build date	1919, rebuilt 1953
Total produced	5
AAR wheel arr.	1B+D+D+B1
Gauge	4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
Length	76 ft 0 in (23.16 m) between coupler pulling faces
Axle load	38,500 lb (17.5 t)
Weight on drivers	457,000 lb (207 t)
Locomotive weight	530,000 lb (240 t)
Electric system	3,000 V DC
Current collection method	Dual pantograph
Transmission	Twelve 370 hp (276 kW) gearless traction motors mounted directly on the axles
Top speed	70 mph (113 km/h)
Power output	4,440 hp (3,311 kW)
Tractive effort	116,000 lbf (516 kN)
Train heating	Steam generator
Career	Milwaukee Road
Class	EP-2
Number	10250–10254; renumbered E1–E5 in March 1939
Locale	Northwest United States
Retired	1961
Scrapped	1962
Disposition	E2 is preserved on static display in St. Louis, Missouri, the rest of the class were scrapped

The Milwaukee Road's class EP-2 comprised five electric locomotives built by General Electric in 1919. They were often known as Bipolars, which referred to the bipolar electric motors they used. Among the most distinctive and powerful electric locomotives of their time, they epitomized the modernization of the Milwaukee Road. They came to symbolize the railroad during their nearly 40 years of use, and remain an enduring image of mainline electrification.

Design

In 1917, following the tremendous success of the 1915 electrification of the Mountain Division, the Milwaukee Road decided to proceed with electrifying the Coast Division. As part of this project it ordered five new electric locomotives from General Electric for $200,000 apiece. Their design was radically different from the boxcab locomotives previously provided by GE for the initial electrification of the Mountain Division two years earlier. The Milwaukee Road was the only railroad to order this design of locomotive from GE.

The most remarkable mechanical improvement was arguably the traction motors used on the new locomotives. They were known as bipolar motors because each of the locomotive's 12 motors had only two field poles, mounted directly to the locomotive frame beside the axle. The motor armature was mounted directly on the axle providing an entirely gearless design. This design was almost entirely noiseless as it eliminated not only gear tooth growl but also the whine of higher-RPM electric motors typically used in standard nose-mounted applications. The EP-2s were not the first electric locomotives to use bipolar motors, which had first been designed by Asa F. Batchelder for the New York Central S-motors over a decade earlier, but at the time they were the largest.

The layout of the bipolars was unusual as well. The locomotive carbody consisted of three sections. A small center section contained a boiler for heating passenger cars, while the larger end sections contained the locomotive's electrical equipment and operator cabs in distinctive round-topped hoods. The locomotive's frame was split into four sections, hinged at the joints, with the two middle sections attached to the end sections of the locomotive body. There were twelve sets of driving wheels, plus a single idler axle at each end, for a 1B+D+D+B1 wheel arrangement. All buffering forces were transmitted through the locomotive frame.

The bipolars were designed to be able to pull any Milwaukee Road passenger train singly, and were originally delivered without multiple unit controls. GE claimed a top speed of 90 mph (145 km/h) for the locomotives but the Milwaukee Road rated them at 70 mph (115 km/h). They were rated at 3,180 continuous horsepower (2.37 MW) with a continuous tractive effort of 42,000 lbf (190 kN) and a starting tractive effort of 116,000 lbf (520 kN).

Service history

Milwaukee Road EP-2 "Bipolar" leaving Seattle, 1925.

When the bipolars were introduced, their modernity and distinctive design made them the most famous of the Milwaukee Road's electric locomotives. They came to symbolize the Olympian, the railroad's premier train from Chicago to Seattle. Their unique appearance and power made them ideal for publicity purposes, and there was a series of demonstrations in which a bipolar was able to out-pull contemporary steam locomotives. During a short period of testing on the Mountain Division, the EP-2s were shown to be less expensive to operate than the GE and Westinghouse electric locomotives then in use.

The five EP-2s, numbered 10250-10254, were placed into regular service in 1919 on the Coast Division. The Milwaukee Road saw immediate cost savings over the steam locomotives previously in use, as the bipolars could run from Tacoma to Othello without stopping for servicing and could haul trains up grades that had required double-heading steam engines.

E-2 on display in 2008

The bipolars operated on the Coast Division from 1919 to 1957, for most of that period without any serious rebuilding. In 1939 they were renumbered E1-E5. In 1953 all five of the EP-2s, which were 35 years old and worn out from heavy wartime service, were heavily rebuilt by the Milwaukee Road at a cost of about $40,000 per locomotive. The rebuild included additional traction motor shunts for increased speed, roller bearings, multiple unit capability, flash boilers, and streamlining. Unfortunately the Milwaukee Shop forces, unaccustomed to working on electric locomotives, did a "poor job" in the opinion of Electrification Department Head Laurence Wylie. Afterwards the bipolars were prone to electrical fires and failures.

Between 1954 and 1957 the bipolars saw decreased use, and in mid-1957 were transferred off the Coast Division to the Mountain Division. Their problems persisted, and between 1958 and 1960 all five were gradually retired. In 1962 all except for E2 were towed to Seattle and scrapped. Locomotive E2 was donated to the Museum of Transportation in St. Louis, Missouri in 1962 and moved there that year. It has remained on static display ever since, and has been fully restored to its appearance immediately after its 1953 rebuilding.

Side-view drawing with dimensions.

References

• Goldfeder, Ron; Willis Goldschmidt and Richard Owings (1997). The Museum of Transportation: Highlights of the Collection. St. Louis, Missouri: Transport Museum Association. 
• Hicks, Frank (May 14, 2006). "Preserved North American Electric Railway Cars". http://www.bera.org/pnaerc.html. Retrieved August 7, 2006. 
• Holley, Noel T. (1999). The Milwaukee Electrics. Edmonds, Washington: Hundman Publishing Company. 
• Middleton, William D. (1974). When the Steam Railroads Electrified. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing Company. 
• Warner, Paul T. (June 1958). "Locomotives of the Milwaukee Road". Pacific Railway Journal (Southern California Chapter, Railway and Locomotive Historical Society) 2 (6): 3–55.