Papilio memnon

Great Mormon
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Papilionidae
Genus:	Papilio
Species:	P. memnon
Binomial name
Papilio memnon Linnaeus, 1758
Subspecies
P. m. memnon P. m. agenor Linnaeus, 1768 P. m. anceus Cramer, [1779] P. m. thunbergi Siebold, 1824 P. m. lowii Druce, 1873 P. m. oceani Doherty, 1891 P. m. merapu Doherty, 1891 P. m. pryeri Rothschild, 1895 P. m. clathratus Rothschild P. m. subclathratus Fruhstorfer P. m. coeruleus van Eecke P. m. perlucidus Fruhstorfer P. m. heronus Fruhstorfer, 1902 P. m. tanahsahi Eliot, 1982
Synonyms
Princeps memnon

The Great Mormon (Papilio memnon) is a large butterfly that belongs to the swallowtail family and is found in southern Asia. It is widely distributed and has thirteen subspecies. The female is polymorphic and with mimetic forms.

Range

North-eastern India (including Sikkim, Assam and Nagaland), Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan(?), Myanmar, Nicobar Islands, Andaman Islands (stragglers only), western, southern and eastern China (including Hainan), Taiwan and southern Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Kampuchea, Malaysia, and Indonesia (Sumatra, Mentawai Islands, Nias, Batu, Simeulue, Bangka, Java, Kalimantan, and the Lesser Sunda Islands).

Status

Common and not threatened. The cultivation of Citrus plants all over Southern Asia has ensured this.

Description & polymorphy

The butterfly is large with 120 to 150 mm span. It has four male and many female forms, the females being highly polymorphic and many of them being mimics of unpalatable butterflies. This species has been studied extensively for understanding the genetic basis for polymorphy and Batesian mimicry. As many as twenty-six female forms are reported.^[1][2][3]

Typical form agenor

Great Mormon, female

P. m. agenor, male

• Male. Tailless, above deep blue to black. It may or may not have red streak on the forewing at the base of the cell.
• Female. Tailless. Upperside forewing ground colour sepia, streaked with greyish white. The basal third part of the cell is red and is touched outwardly with white. Upper hindwing is blue-black. It has 5 to 7 yellow or white discal patches.

Female form butlerianus

• Tailless. Resembles the typical male. Both Wings are dark sepia. The forewing has a white area on the inner margin. The hindwing is scaled with blue.

Female form alcanor

• Tailed. The sides of the abdomen are yellow.
• Upperside forewing greyish brown with veins and streaks between them black. The cell is red at the base. There is a velvety black patch at the bases of veins 1 and 2 of the upperside forewing.
• Upperside hindwing is black with part of the cell white. There are white streaks around it. The tornus is red with a large black spot. There is a row of red terminal spots between the vein.

Male & female form polymnestoroides

• Tailless.
• Male. Upperside hindwing and forewing have short blue discal stripes.
• Female. The upperside forewing is sepia with pale grey streaks amongst the veins. The base of the cell is red. The upperside hindwing is velvety brown with a blue discal area and has black spots, as in the case of the Blue Mormon (P. polymnestor), which it mimics.

Habitat

Flies up to 2,100 m (6,900 ft) in the Himalayas, but is most common at low elevations.

Behaviour

Underside

This butterfly is found in forest clearings. It is very common and is also seen amongst human habitation. It is fond of visiting flowers of Poinsettia, Jasminum, Lantana, Canna, and Salvia. It usually flies 2 to 4 metres above the ground. The butterfly is known to mud-puddle. The males are much commoner than females. The female forms butlerianus and alcanor are especially uncommon.

Life cycle

The larva resembles that of the Common Mormon, being green with whitish markings. It is heavily parasitised.

Foodplants

• Citrus spp.
• Fortunella spp.
• Paramignya scandens

References

1. ^ C. A. Clarke, P. M. Sheppard & I. W. B. Thornton (1968). "The genetics of the mimetic butterfly Papilio memnon L.". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 254 (791): 37–89. Bibcode 1968RSPTB.254...37C. doi:10.1098/rstb.1968.0013. JSTOR 2416804. 
2. ^ C. A. Clarke & P. M. Sheppard (1971). "Further studies on the genetics of the mimetic butterfly Papilio memnon L.". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 263 (847): 35–70. Bibcode 1971RSPTB.263...35C. doi:10.1098/rstb.1971.0109. JSTOR 2417186. 
3. ^ C. A. Clarke & P. M. Sheppard (1973). "The genetics of four new forms of the mimetic butterfly Papilio memnon L.". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 184 (1074): 1–14. Bibcode 1973RSPSB.184....1C. doi:10.1098/rspb.1973.0027. JSTOR 76137. 

• Collins, N. M. & Morris, M. G. (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. IUCN. ISBN 2-88032-603-6
• Evans, W. H. (1932) The Identification of Indian Butterflies. (2nd ed), Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India
• Haribal, Meena (1994) Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History.
• Wynter-Blyth, M. A. (1957) Butterflies of the Indian Region, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.

See also

• List of butterflies of India (Papilionidae)

External links

• Media related to Papilio memnon at Wikimedia Commons
• Data related to Papilio (Menelaides) memnon at Wikispecies