Salvia

Taxobox
name = "Salvia"

---

image_width = 240px
image_caption = Meadow sage "Salvia pratensis"
regnum = Plantae
divisio = Magnoliophyta
classis = Magnoliopsida
ordo = Lamiales
familia = Lamiaceae
genus = "Salvia"
genus_authority = L.
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = see List of Salvia species

"Salvia" is a genus of plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It is one of three genera commonly referred to as sage. When used without modifiers, sage generally refers to common sage ("Salvia officinalis"); however, it can be used with modifiers to refer to any member of the genus. This genus includes approximately 700 to 900 species of shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annuals with almost world-wide distribution. The center of diversity and origin appears to be Central and South Western Asia. [Kintzios, Spiridon E. 2000. "Sage: the genus Salvia. Medicinal and aromatic plants--industrial profiles, v. 14". Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers. Page 27. ISBN 9058230058] Different species of sage are grown as herbs and as ornamental plants. [Clebsch, Betsy, and Betsy Clebsch. 2003. "The new book of salvias: sages for every garden". Portland, OR: Timber Press. ISBN 0881925608 ] The ornamental species are commonly referred to by their scientific name "Salvia".

The closely related genera "Perovskia" and "Phlomis" are also known as sage. Some species of the unrelated genus "Artemisia" are also referred to as sages, a shortened version of "sagebrush". Smudge bundles are made with various grey-leaved species of "Artemisia" and are misrepresented as "whitesage" smudges. The true whitesage is "Salvia apiana".

Description

Salvia species include annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, and a few woody based sub-shrubs. The stems are typically angled like other members in Lamiaceae.The flowers are produced in spikes, racemes, or panicles, and generally produce a showy display with flower colors ranging from blue to red with white and yellow less common. The calyx is normally tubular or bell shaped, with out bearded throats, and divided into 2 parts or lips, the upper lip entire or 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. The corollas are often claw shaped and are 2-lipped with the upper lip entire or notched and the lower spreading. The lower lip typically has 3 lobes with the middle lobe longest. The stamens are reduced to two short structures with anthers 2-celled, the upper cell fertile, and the lower imperfect. The flower styles are 2-cleft. The fruits are smooth nutlets and many species have a mucilaginous coating.

"Salvia" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including (but not limited to) the bucculatricid leaf-miner "Bucculatrix taeniola" which feeds exclusively on the genus and the "Coleophora" case-bearers "C. aegyptiacae", "C. salviella" (both feed exclusively on "S. aegyptiaca"), "C. ornatipennella" and "C. virgatella" (both recorded on "S. pratensis").

Classification

They key trait which has defined the genus "Salvia" is the unusual pollination mechanism which consists of only two stamens (instead of four as in other plants in the tribe Mentheae), where the two stamens are connected in such as way as to form a lever. When a pollinator gets nectar from the flower, the lever causes pollen to be deposited on the pollinator. However, it now appears that somewhat different versions of this lever mechanism have evolved several times in the tribe Mentheae, and that "Salvia" is not monophyletic. [cite journal | title = Salvia (Lamiaceae) is not monophyletic: implications for the systematics, radiation, and ecological specializations of Salvia and tribe Mentheae | author = Jay B. Walker, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Jens Treutlein and Michael Wink | year = 2004 | volume = 91 | pages = 1115–1125 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/7/1115 | journal = American Journal of Botany | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.7.1115 ] [cite journal | title = Staminal Evolution in the Genus Salvia (Lamiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Evidence for Multiple Origins of the Staminal Lever | journal = Annals of Botany | volume = 100 | issue = 2 | pages = 375–391 | date = August 2007 | author = Walker, Jay B., Sytsma, Kenneth J. | doi = 10.1093/aob/mcl176 | pmid = 16926227 ]

elected species

* "Salvia apiana" - White sage, California white sage.
* "Salvia argentea" - Silver clary, Silver sage.
* "Salvia arizonica" - Arizona sage, Desert indigo sage, a purple-flowering annual.
* "Salvia austriaca" - Austrian sage.
* "Salvia azurea" - Blue sage, Azure blue sage; very big bright blue flowers.
* "Salvia candelabrum" - a blue-flowering scented sage.
* "Salvia clevelandii" - Blue sage, Cleveland sage, Fragrant sage.
* "Salvia coccinea" - Blood sage, a scarlet-flowered tender perennial
* "Salvia columbariae" - Chia, Chia sage, California chia.
* "Salvia discolor"
* "Salvia divinorum" - Diviner's sage.
* "Salvia dorrii" - Ute Tobacco Sage (mild hallucinogen when smoked)
* "Salvia elegans"
* "Salvia farinacea" - Mealycup sage, annual in temperate climates will survive mild winters
* "Salvia fulgens" - Cardinal sage, Mexican red sage, a red-flowering perennial
* "Salvia funerea" – Death Valley sage
* "Salvia glutinosa"
* "Salvia greggii" - Autumn sage, a red-flowered sage with a very strong scent
* "Salvia guaranitica" - Anise sage or hummingbird sage.
* "Salvia hispanica" - the Chia of commerce.
* "Salvia leucantha" - Mexican bush sage, velvety spikes of violet-purple and white, 3' tall.
* "Salvia leucophylla" - Purple sage.
* "Salvia libanotica" - Mediterranean or middle eastern sage
* "Salvia longistyla" - Mexican sage.
* "Salvia lyrata" - Lyre-leaved sage, Lyreleaf sage.
* "Salvia mexicana" - Mexican sage, medium blue to violet and lavender, 8' to 10' tall.
* "Salvia mohavensis" - Mojave sage
* "Salvia microphylla"
* "Salvia miltiorrhiza" - Chinese sage
* "Salvia nemorosa" - Meadow sage
* "Salvia officinalis" - Common sage.
* "Salvia patens" - a blue-flowering sage.
* "Salvia polystachya" - Chia sage, Chia seed.
* "Salvia potus" - Chia.
* "Salvia pratensis" - Meadow clary or Meadow sage.
* "Salvia roemeriana" - Cedar Sage; this species prefers shady moist areas
* "Salvia sclarea" - Clary or Clary sage.
* "Salvia spathacea" - Pitcher sage or Hummingbird sage.
* "Salvia splendens" - Scarlet sage.
* "Salvia superba"
* "Salvia transylvanica"
* "Salvia uliginosa"
* "Salvia verbenaca" - Wild clary, Wild sage.
* "Salvia verticillata" - Whorled clary, Lilac sage, a white- or blue-flowering perennial with the scent of Clary.
* "Salvia viridis" (syn.: "S. horminum") - Annual clary..

Cultivation and uses

History

The sage species used as herbs come from the Mediterranean and Asia Minor.

The genus name "Salvia" is derived from the Latin "salvare", meaning “to heal” or “to save”.Citation|last=Marushia|first=Robin|year=2002|date=June 2003|title="Salvia divinorum": The Botany, Ethnobotany, Biochemistry and Future of a Mexican Mint|journal=Ethnobotany|url=http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:2DxTYfAd0UAJ:maya.ucr.edu/pril/ethnobotany/image/Salvia.pdf|accessdate=2007-05-04]

Sages are also used by several Native American cultures.

Medicinal uses

Several types of "Salvia" are used medicinally:
* aromatic varieties (usually strongly scented leaves, also used as herbs)
* non-aromatic varieties (not considered medicinal, but many still have a scent)
* Chia sages
* "S. divinorum" (Diviner's sage) contains a diterpenoid used for spiritual and recreational purposes.
* Research has shown that "Salvia officinalis" improves cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease patients over a period of several months. [cite journal | pmid = 12605619 | year = 2003 | month = Feb | author = Akhondzadeh, S; Noroozian, M; Mohammadi, M; Ohadinia, S; Jamshidi, Ah; Khani, M | title = Salvia officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 53–9 | issn = 0269-4727 | journal = Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics ] [cite journal | pmid = 17173107 | year = 2006 | month = Dec | author = Dos, Santos-Neto, Ll; De, Vilhena, Toledo, Ma; Medeiros-Souza, P; De, Souza, Ga | title = The use of herbal medicine in Alzheimer's disease-a systematic review | volume = 3 | issue = 4 | pages = 441–5 | pmc = 1697739 | doi = 10.1093/ecam/nel071 | journal = Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM | url = http://ecam.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17173107 | format = Free full text ] [cite journal | pmid = 9884179 | year = 1998 | month = Winter | author = Perry, Ek; Pickering, At; Wang, Ww; Houghton, P; Perry, Ns | title = Medicinal plants and Alzheimer's disease: Integrating ethnobotanical and contemporary scientific evidence | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 419–28 | issn = 1075-5535 | journal = Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.) ] [cite journal | pmid = 16495207 | year = 2006 | month = Jun | author = Iuvone, T; De, Filippis, D; Esposito, G; D'Amico, A; Izzo, Aa | title = The spice sage and its active ingredient rosmarinic acid protect PC12 cells from amyloid-beta peptide-induced neurotoxicity | volume = 317 | issue = 3 | pages = 1143–9 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.105.099317 | journal = The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics | url = http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16495207 | format = Free full text]

The aromatic sages strengthen the lungs and can be used in teas or tinctures to prevent coughs. Less aromatic species of "Salvia" are run-of-the-mill mint-family anti-inflammatories, which means that they can be used for pretty much any infection or inflammation, and will give at least some relief.

Common sage ("Salvia officinalis") drunk as a cold tea will stop sweating, while the same tea drunk hot will produce sweating. Cold and hot teas will also either stop or enhance milk production. The essential oil is used in aromatherapy and medicine.

White sage ("Salvia apiana") is a very strong general anti-inflammatory, used as tea or tincture. The tincture has a very nice scent and can be used as a perfume. This species is the famous whitesage of smudge sticks.

Pineapple sage ("Salvia elegans", old: "S. rutilans") is a tender perennial with pineapple-scented leaves. Medicinally, this is perhaps closest to the scented geraniums, a sweet-smelling "Pelargonium" species.

Red sage ("Salvia miltiorrhiza") is used medicinally in Traditional Chinese medicine.

Chia sages. The seeds of these species are used as bulk laxatives, much like the seeds of Psyllium ("Plantago" spp.) or linseed. Chia has been important in the diet of desert Indians. It is still used for its mucilaginous qualities by Mexican natives.

Diviner's sage ("Salvia divinorum") also called Yerba de la Pastora or sometimes just "Salvia", is a plant that differs from all the other sages. It is a Mexican visionary herb and there is some evidence it is a true cultivar. It is known to have strong psychoactive (specifically psychedelic) properties.

References and external links

* "A Book of Salvias: Sages for Every Garden" by Betsy Clebsch, Timber Press, 1997, ISBN 0-88192-369-9. An excellent reference on salvias. Also, an updated (2004 edition) is available.
* [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=32680] ITIS 32680 2002-09-06
* Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M. R. 2003, Salvia Officinalis extract in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: A double blind and placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 140, p22P-22P, 1/2p

References