A. Philip Randolph

A. Philip Randolph
A. Philip Randolph in 1963
Born	April 15, 1889(1889-04-15) Crescent City, Florida
Died	May 16, 1979(1979-05-16) (aged 90) New York City
Influenced	Martin Luther King, Jr., Bayard Rustin, Tom Kahn, Rachelle Horowitz, Norman Hill, Michael Harrington

Asa Philip Randolph (April 15, 1889 – May 16, 1979) was a leader in the U.S.'s Negro civil-rights movement and the American labor movement. He organized and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first predominantly Negro labor union. In the early civil-rights movement, Randolph led the March on Washington Movement, which convinced Franklin D. Roosevelt to desegregate production-plants for military supplies during World War II. In 1963, Randolph was the head of the March on Washington, which was organized by Bayard Rustin, at which Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his I Have A Dream speech. Randolph inspired the Freedom budget, sometimes called the "Randolph Freedom budget", which aimed to deal with the economic problems facing the Negro community, particularly workers and unemployed Negroes.

Early life and education

Randolph was born April 15, 1889, in Crescent City, Florida,^[1] the second son of the Rev. James William Randolph, a tailor and minister^[1] in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, and Elizabeth Robinson Randolph, a skilled seamstress. In 1891 the family moved to Jacksonville, Florida, which had a thriving, well-established African-American community.^[2]

From his father, Randolph learned that color was less important than a person's character and conduct. From his mother, he learned the importance of education and of defending oneself physically against those who would seek to hurt one or one's family, if necessary. Randolph remembered vividly the night his mother sat in the front room of their house with a loaded shotgun across her lap, while his father tucked a pistol under his coat and went off to prevent a mob from lynching a man at the local county jail.

Asa and his brother, James, were superior students. They attended the Cookman Institute in East Jacksonville, for years the only academic high school in Florida for African Americans. Public education was segregated. Asa excelled in literature, drama and public speaking; he also starred on the school's baseball team, sang solos with its choir and was valedictorian of the 1907 graduating class.

After graduation, Randolph worked odd jobs and devoted his time to singing, acting and reading. Reading W. E. B. Du Bois' The Souls of Black Folk convinced him that the fight for social equality was most important. He moved to New York City in 1911 to become an actor but gave up after failing to win his parents' approval. Columbia University student Chandler Owen shared Randolph's intellectual interests; he became an economist and close collaborator.

Marriage and family

In 1913 Randolph courted and married Mrs. Lucille Campbell Green, a widow, Howard University graduate and entrepreneur who shared his socialist politics. She earned enough money to support them both. The couple had no children.^[2]

Career

Shortly after Randolph's marriage, he helped organize the Shakespearean Society in Harlem. With them he played the roles of Hamlet, Othello, and Romeo, among others.

At the age of 21 in 1910, Randolph joined the Socialist Party of America. In response to increasing segregation and discrimination against blacks, Randolph shunned moderate reform and racial integration, as advocated by W.E.B. Du Bois. Instead, he emphasized socialism and craft unionism.

In 1917 Randolph and Chandler Owen founded the Messenger^[3] with the help of the Socialist Party Of America. It was a radical monthly magazine, which campaigned against lynching, opposed U.S. participation in World War I, urged African Americans to resist being drafted, to fight for a integrated society, and recommended they join radical unions.

Randolph ran on the Socialist ticket for New York State Comptroller in 1920, and for Secretary of State of New York in 1922, unsuccessfully.^[3]

Union organizer

Painting by Betsy Graves Reyneau

Randolph had some experience in labor organization, having organized a union of elevator operators in New York City in 1917.^[3] In 1919 he became president of the National Brotherhood of Workers of America,^[4] a union which organised amongst African-American shipyard and dock workers in the Tidewater region of Virginia.^[5] The union dissolved in 1921, under pressure from the American Federation of Labor. In 1925 Randolph organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) and was elected president.^[3] This was the first serious effort to form a labor institution for employees of the Pullman Company, which was a major employer of African Americans. The railroads had expanded dramatically in the early 20th century, and the jobs offered relatively good employment at a time of widespread racial discrimination. In these early years, however, the company took advantage of the employees. The union helped support The Messenger until 1928, when it needed to use funds for other purposes.

With amendments to the Railway Labor Act in 1934, porters were granted rights under federal law. Membership in the Brotherhood jumped to more than 7,000. After years of bitter struggle, the Pullman Company finally began to negotiate with the Brotherhood in 1935, and agreed to a contract with them in 1937. This gained employees $2,000,000 in pay increases , a shorter workweek, and overtime pay.^[6] Randolph maintained the Brotherhood's affiliation with the American Federation of Labor through the 1955 AFL-CIO merger.^[7]

Civil rights leader

Randolph in 1942.

Randolph emerged as one of the most visible spokesmen for African-American civil rights.  In 1941, he, Bayard Rustin, and A. J. Muste proposed a march on Washington^[3] to protest racial discrimination in war industries and to propose the desegregation of the American Armed forces.  The march was cancelled after President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, or the Fair Employment Act.^[3]  Some militants felt betrayed because Roosevelt's order applied only to banning discrimination within war industries and not the armed forces.

But, the Fair Employment Act is generally perceived as a success for African-American labor rights.  In 1942, an estimated 18,000 blacks gathered at Madison Square Garden to hear Randolph kick off a campaign against discrimination in the military, in war industries, in government agencies, and in labor unions.  Following the act, during the Philadelphia Transit Strike of 1944, the government backed African-American workers' striking to gain positions formerly limited to white employees.

In 1947, Randolph, along with colleague Grant Reynolds, renewed efforts to end discrimination in the armed services, forming the Committee Against Jim Crow in Military Service, later renamed the League for Non-Violent Civil Disobedience.  On July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman abolished racial segregation in the armed forces through Executive Order 9981.^[8]

Randolph was notable for supporting restrictions on immigration.  He opposed African Americans' having to compete with more people willing to work for low wages.^[9] In 1950, along with Roy Wilkins, Executive Secretary of the NAACP, and, Arnold Aronson,^[10] a leader of the National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council, Randolph founded the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (LCCR).  LCCR has been a major civil rights coalition.  It coordinated a national legislative campaign on behalf of every major civil rights law since 1957.

Randolph finally saw a March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom with the help of Bayard Rustin and Martin Luther King, Jr.  The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is often attributed in part to the success of the March on Washington, where Black and White Americans stood united and witnessed King's "I Have a Dream" speech.

As the U.S. civil rights movement gained momentum in the early 1960s and came to the forefront of the nation's consciousness, Randolph was often heard on television news programs addressing the nation on behalf of African Americans engaged in the struggle for voting rights and an end to discrimination in public accommodations.

Randolph was a member of the Phi Beta Sigma fraternity.

His religious views varied over his lifetime,^[11] though he is usually identified as an atheist.^[12] In 1973, he signed the Humanist Manifesto II.^[13]

Awards and accolades

Randolph Receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964 from President Lyndon Johnson.

• On September 14, 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson presented Randolph with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
• Named Humanist of the Year in 1970 by the American Humanist Association.
• Famous Quotes- “A community is democratic only when the humblest and weakest person can enjoy the highest civil, economic, and social rights that the biggest and most powerful possess.”
• “Salvation for a race, nation or class must come from within. Freedom is never granted; it is won. Justice is never given; it is exacted.”

Legacy

• Edward Waters College in Jacksonville, Florida currently houses a permanent exhibit on the life and accomplishments of A. Philip Randolph.

• A. Philip Randolph Academies of Technology, located in Jacksonville, FL is named in his honor.

• New York City High School 540 (A. Philip Randolph Campus High School), located on the City College of New York campus, is named in honor of Randolph. The school serves students predominantly from Harlem and surrounding neighborhoods.

• The A. Philip Randolph Institute is named in his honor.

• In Jacksonville, Florida the street formerly named Florida Avenue, was renamed in A. Phillip Randolph's honor. It is now named "A. Phillip Randolph, Blvd." It is located on Jacksonville's east side, near EverBank Field.

• In Crescent City, Florida a street was dedicated to him named Randolph Street.

• The A. Philip Randolph Career Academy in Philadelphia, Pa was named in his honor.

• The A.Philip Randolph Career and Technician Center in Detroit, MI is named in his honor.

• James L. Farmer, Jr., co-founder of the Congress of Racial Equality or CORE, cited Randolph as one of his primary influences as a Civil Rights leader.

• Randolph's efforts on behalf of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters were portrayed by Andre Braugher in the Robert Townsend film 10,000 Black Men Named George. The title refers to the demeaning custom of the time when Pullman porters, all of whom were black, were just addressed as "George".
• A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum is in Chicago near the Pullman Historic District.

• Amtrak named one of their best sleeping cars, Superliner II Deluxe Sleeper 32503, the "A. Philip Randolph" in his honor.

• Statues:
  • A statue of A. Philip Randolph was erected in his honor in the concourse of Union Station in Washington, D.C.
  • In 1986 a nine-foot bronze statue of Randolph by Tina Allen^[14] was erected in Boston's Back Bay commuter train station.^[15]

• On February 3, 1989, the United States Postal Service issued a 25 cent postage stamp in his honor.

• In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed A. Philip Randolph on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.^{[16][page needed]}

Bibliography

• Jervis Anderson, A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait (1973; University of California Press, 1986). ISBN 978-0-520-05505-6
• Sarah E. Wright, A. Philip Randolph: Integration in the Workplace (Silver Burdett Press, 1990), ISBN 0-382-09922-2
• Paula Pfeffer, A. Philip Randolph, Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement (1990; Louisiana State University Press, 1996). ISBN 978-0-8071-2075-0
• Andrew E. Kersten, A. Philip Randolph: A Life in the Vanguard (Rowan and Littlefield, 2006). ISBN 978-0-7425-4898-5
• Cynthia Taylor, A. Philip Randolph: The Religious Journey of An African American Labor Leader (NYU Press, 2006). ISBN 978-0-8147-8287-3

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "Spartacus Educational". Spartcus School. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USArandolph.htm. Retrieved 28 Aug 2011. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Pfeffer, Paula F. (2000). "Randolph; Asa Philip". American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-01101.html. Retrieved 2009-11-27. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Asa Philip Randolph". Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia: 280. 2010. http://proxygw.wrlc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=39027633&site=ehost-live. Retrieved 28 Aug 2011. (subscription required)
4. ^ Your History online, accessed 17 August 2010
5. ^ Crisis, November 1951, p626
6. ^ Current Biography, 1940, pp. 671-72
7. ^ Harris, William H. (1982). The Harder We Run: Black Workers since the Civil War. New York. pp. 92. 
8. ^ "Labor Hall of Fame Honoree (1989): A. Philip Randoph". US Department of Labor. http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/laborhall/1989_randolph.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-27. 
9. ^ Scott, Daryl (June 1999). ""Immigrant Indigestion" A. Philip Randolph: Radical and Restrictionist". Center for Immigration Studies. http://www.cis.org/articles/1999/back699.html. Retrieved 2009-11-27. 
10. ^ "About the Leadership Conference". http://www.civilrights.org/about/history.html. Retrieved 2010-10-28. 
11. ^ [|Taylor, Cynthia] (2005). A. Philip Randolph: The Religious Journey of an African American Labor Leader. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-8287-3. http://nyupress.org/books/book-details.aspx?bookId=9709. 
12. ^ http://www.studythepast.com/ww2fortah/aphiliprandolph.htm
13. ^ Humanist Manifesto II, 1973, http://www.americanhumanist.org/Who_We_Are/About_Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_II 
14. ^ Rourke, Mary (2008-09-12). "L.A. sculptor whose subject was African Americans". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2008/sep/12/local/me-allen12. Retrieved 2009-11-27. 
15. ^ "Boston Cultural Sites". SoulOfAmerica. http://www.soulofamerica.com/boston-cultural-sites.phtml. Retrieved 2009-11-27. 
16. ^ Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8. 

External links

• Oral History Interview with A. Philip Randolph, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
• A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum
• A. Philp Randolph Institute The Senior Constituency Group of the
• American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO)
• AFL-CIO Labor History Biography of Randolph
• A. Philip Randolph at the Internet Movie Database

Documentaries

• 10,000 Black Men Named George entry from the Internet Movie Database
• A. Philip Randolph Exhibit at the George Meany Memorial Archives of the National Labor College.
• A. Philip Randolph: For Jobs and Freedom 86 minutes, Producer: WETA-TV. Director: Dante James. Distributor: California Newsreel

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} Persondata Name Randolph, A. Philip Alternative names Short description Date of birth 1889-04-15 Place of birth Crescent City, Florida Date of death 1979-05-16 Place of death New York City