- Dunhuang
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Dunhuang — County-level city — Dunhuang market
Dunhuang City (pink) in Jiuquan City (yellow), Gansu province, and the PRC
Coordinates: 40°09′N 94°40′E / 40.15°N 94.667°ECoordinates: 40°09′N 94°40′E / 40.15°N 94.667°E Country People's Republic of China Province Gansu Prefecture-level city Jiuquan Elevation 1,142 m (3,747 ft) Population (2000) – Total 187,578 Time zone CST (UTC+8) Dunhuang (Chinese: 敦煌; pinyin: Dūnhuáng, also as simplified Chinese: 炖煌; traditional Chinese: 燉煌; pinyin: Dūnhuáng in ancient times meaning 'Blazing Beacon') is a city (pop. 187,578 (2000)) in northwestern Gansu province, Western China. It was a major stop on the ancient Silk Road. It was also known at times as Shāzhōu (沙州), or 'City of Sands', a name still used today.[1] It is best known for the nearby Dunhuang Caves.
It is situated in a rich oasis containing Crescent Lake (月牙泉) and Mingsha Shan (鸣沙山, literally "Echoing-Sand Mountain"). Mingsha Shan is so named for the sound of the wind whipping off the dunes, the singing sand phenomenon.
It commands a very strategic position at the crossroads of the ancient Southern Silk Route and the main road leading from India via Lhasa to Mongolia and Southern Siberia,[1] as well as controlling the entrance to the narrow Gansu Corridor which led straight to the heart of the north Chinese plains and the ancient capitals of Chang'an (today known as Xi'an) and Luoyang.[2]
Contents
History
The ruins of a Han Dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth at Dunhuang, Gansu province, the eastern edge of the Silk Road
Dunhuang was one the frontier garrison towns established by Emperor Wu during the Han Dynasty. Following the Chinese victory over the Xiongnu in 121 BCE, the Chinese built fortifications at Dunhuang and sent settlers there. The name Dunhuang, or Blazing Beacon, refers to the beacons lit to warn of attacks by marauding nomadic tribes. Dunhuang Commandery was probably established in 104 BCE, or shortly thereafter.[3]
"The Great Wall was extended to Dunhuang, and a line of fortified beacon towers stretched westwards into the desert. By the second century AD Dunhuang had a population of more than 76,000 and was a key supply base for caravans that passed through the city: those setting out for the arduous trek across the desert loaded up with water and food supplies, and others arriving from the west gratefully looked upon the mirage-like sight of Dunhuang's walls, which signified safety and comfort. Dunhuang prospered on the heavy flow of traffic. The first Buddhist caves in the Dunhuang area were hewn in 353."[4]
In later centuries, during the Han and Tang dynasties, it was a major point of communication between ancient China and Central Asia. Located in the western end of the Hexi Corridor near the historic junction of the Northern and Southern Silk Roads, it was a town of military importance. Although its name is mentioned as part of the homeland of the Yuezhi or "Rouzhi" (月氏) in the Shiji (史記), this mention has also been identified with an unrelated toponym, Dunhong. As a frontier town, it was fought over and occupied at various times by non-Han Chinese nationalities such as the Tibetans and the Tanguts.
Tang Period (618-907) Buddhist sutra fragment from DunhuangEarly Buddhist monks arrived at Dunhuang via the ancient Northern Silk Road, the northernmost route of about 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) in length, which connected the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an westward over the Wushao Ling Pass to Wuwei and on to Kashgar.[5] For centuries, Buddhist monks at Dunhuang collected scriptures from the West, and many pilgrims passed through the area, painting murals inside the Mogao Caves or "Caves of a Thousand Buddhas."[6] A small number of Christian artifacts have also been found in the caves (see Jesus Sutras), testimony to the wide variety of people who made their way along the Silk Road.
Today, the site is an important tourist attraction and the subject of an ongoing archaeological project. A large number of manuscripts and artifacts retrieved at Dunhuang have been digitized and made publicly available via the International Dunhuang Project.[7] The expansion of the Kumtag Desert, which is resulting from long-standing overgrazing of surrounding lands, has reached the edges of the city.[8] The city is also the namesake of prominent Chinese e-commerce site DHgate.com (simplified Chinese: 敦煌网; pinyin: Dūnhuángwǎng).
In 2011, satellite images showing huge structures in the desert near Dunhuang surfaced online and caused a brief media stir[9].
Climate
Dunhuang, being surrounded by high mountains, has an arid, continental climate. The annual average temperature is 9.48 °C (49.1 °F), but the monthly daily mean temperature ranges from 24.6 °C (76.3 °F) in July down to −8.3 °C (17.1 °F) in January. The city is extremely hot in summer and cold in winter, and usually has sharp temperature differences between day and night. Precipitation occurs only in trace amounts and quickly evaporates.[10]
Climate data for Dunhuang (1971−2000) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) −0.8
(30.6)4.9
(40.8)12.7
(54.9)21.2
(70.2)27.0
(80.6)30.9
(87.6)32.7
(90.9)31.7
(89.1)26.8
(80.2)18.8
(65.8)8.4
(47.1)0.6
(33.1)17.9 Average low °C (°F) −14.6
(5.7)−10.5
(13.1)−3.2
(26.2)4.1
(39.4)9.6
(49.3)13.9
(57.0)16.4
(61.5)14.6
(58.3)8.5
(47.3)0.6
(33.1)−5.5
(22.1)−12
(10.4)1.8 Precipitation mm (inches) 0.8
(0.031)0.8
(0.031)2.1
(0.083)2.4
(0.094)2.4
(0.094)8.0
(0.315)15.2
(0.598)6.3
(0.248)1.5
(0.059)0.8
(0.031)1.3
(0.051)0.8
(0.031)42.4
(1.669)% humidity 52 40 35 31 33 42 45 45 45 45 51 55 43.3 Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 1.5 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.3 3.7 4.8 2.6 0.9 0.5 1.1 1.3 21.1 Sunshine hours 219.0 218.6 254.9 282.4 320.2 313.6 318.9 316.1 296.1 280.8 230.4 206.8 3,257.8 Source: China Meteorological Administration Footnotes
- ^ a b Cable and French (1943), p. 41.
- ^ Lovell (2006), pp. 74-75.
- ^ Hill (2009), p. 133.
- ^ Bonavia (2004), p. 162.
- ^ "Silk Road, North China, C.M. Hogan, the Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham". http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18006.
- ^ The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia, by Frances Wood
- ^ "The International Dunhuang Project". International Dunhuang Project. http://idp.bl.uk/. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ "Ancient Chinese town on front lines of desertification battle, AFP, Nov 20, 2007". http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gAYNxnFFAPXYSNp-cSSgFpNsVh5A.
- ^ "Odd patterns in Chinese desert? Spy satellite targets., MSNBC". http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45323827/ns/technology_and_science-science/.
- ^ "Dunhuang Climate – Best time to visit". http://www.travelchinaguide.com/climate/dunhuang.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
See also
- Three hares (as a decorative motif)
References
- Baumer, Christoph. 2000. Southern Silk Road: In the Footsteps of Sir Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin. White Orchid Books. Bangkok.
- Beal, Samuel. 1884. Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang. 2 vols. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969.
- Beal, Samuel. 1911. The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang by the Shaman Hwui Li, with an Introduction containing an account of the Works of I-Tsing. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. 1911. Reprint: Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. 1973.
- Bonavia, Judy (2004): The Silk Road From Xi'an to Kashgar. Judy Bonavia – revised by Christoph Baumer. 2004. Odyssey Publications.
- Cable, Mildred and Francesca French (1943): The Gobi Desert. London. Landsborough Publications.
- Hill, John E. 2003. "Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu." 2nd Draft Edition.[1]
- Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation. [2]
- Hill, John E. (2009). Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
- Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N. 1979. China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. E. J. Brill, Leiden.
- Legge, James. Trans. and ed. 1886. A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: being an account by the Chinese monk Fâ-hsien of his travels in India and Ceylon (AD 399-414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline. Reprint: Dover Publications, New York. 1965.
- Lovell, Julia (2006). The Great Wall : China against the World. 1000 BC — AD 2000. Atlantic Books, London. ISBN 978-1-84354-215-5.
- Stein, Aurel M. 1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford. [3]
- Stein, Aurel M. 1921. Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China, 5 vols. London & Oxford. Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980. [4]
- Watson, Burton (1993). Records of the Grand Historian of China. Han Dynasty II. (Revised Edition). New York, Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08167-7
- Watters, Thomas (1904–1905). On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India. London. Royal Asiatic Society. Reprint: 1973.
Gallery
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Sand dunes on the edge of Dunhuang
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Public art in Dunhuang
External links
- Crescent Lake
- Echoing-Sand Mountain
- The International Dunhuang Project - includes tens of thousands of digitised manuscripts and paintings from Dunhuang, along with historical photographs and archival material
- British Museum: A Christian figure, ink and colours on a fragment of silk from Dunhuang
- Dunhuang Collection at the British Museum
- Dunhuang Collection at the National Museum of India
- Images and travelling impressions - in Spanish
Categories:- Central Asian Buddhist sites
- Populated places along the Silk Road
- Cities in Gansu
- Oases of China
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