- Darod
-
Main article: Somali clan
Darod
دارودRegions with significant populations 
Somalia
Ethiopia
Yemen
KenyaLanguages Religion Related ethnic groups The Darod (Somali: Daarood, Arabic: دارود) is a Somali clan. The father of this clan is named Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti, but is more commonly known as Darod. In the Somali language, the word Daarood means "an enclosed compound," a conflation of the two words daar (compound) and ood (place enclosed by wall, trees, woods, fence, etc.).
The Darod population in Somalia lives principally in the north, with a presence in Kismayo in addition to the southwestern Gedo region. Outside of Somalia proper, there are various Darod sub-clans in the Ogaden and the North Eastern Province (currently administered by Ethiopia and Kenya, respectively), as well as Yemen. Several sources, including the Canadian Report of the Somalia Commission of Inquiry, indicate that the Darod is the largest Somali clan.[1][2] However, other sources such as the CIA and Human Rights Watch indicate that the Hawiye is the largest Somali clan.[3][4]
Contents
History
Main article: Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-JabartiAccording to early Islamic books and Somali tradition, Muhammad ibn Aqil's descendant Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti (Darod), a son of the Sufi Sheikh Isma'il al-Jabarti of the Qadiriyyah order, fled his homeland in the Arabian Peninsula after an argument with his uncle.[5][6] During the 10th or 11th century CE,[7] Abdirahman is believed to have then settled in northern Somalia just across the Red Sea and married the daughter of the Dir chief, which is said to have given rise to the Darod clan family.[5]
According to the British anthropologist and Somali Studies veteran I.M. Lewis, while the traditions of descent from noble Arab families related to the Prophet are most probably expressions of the importance of Islam in Somali society,[8] "there is a strong historically valid component in these legends which, in the case of the Darod, is confirmed in the current practice of a Dir representative officiating at the ceremony of installation of the chief of the Darod family."[9]
Sheikh Harti's tomb in Qa’ableh.
A similar clan mythology exists for the Isaaq, whom are said to have descended from one Sheikh Ishaq ibn Ahmad al-'Alawi, another Banu Hashim who came to Somalia around the same time.[5][7] As with Sheikh Isaaq, there are also numerous existing hagiologies in Arabic which describe Sheikh Darod's travels, works and overall life in northern Somalia, as well as his movements in Arabia before his arrival.[10] Besides historical sources such as Al-Masudi's Aqeeliyoon,[6] a modern manaaqib (a collection of glorious deeds) printed in Cairo in 1945 by Sheikh Ahmad bin Hussen bin Mahammad titled Manaaqib as-Sheikh Ismaa'iil bin Ibraahiim al-Jabarti also discusses Sheikh Darod and his proposed father Isma'il al-Jabarti, the latter of whom is reportedly buried in Bab Siham in the Zabid District of western Yemen.[11]
Sheikh Darod's own tomb is in Haylaan, situated in the Hadaaftimo Mountains in northern Somalia, and is the scene of frequent pilgrimages.[9] Sheikh Isaaq is buried nearby in Maydh,[12] as is Sheikh Harti, a descendant of Sheikh Darod and the progenitor of the Harti Darod sub-clan, whose tomb lies in the ancient town of Qa’ableh.
Sheikh Darod's mawlid (birthday) is also celebrated every Friday with a public reading of his manaaqib.[11]
The Darod were supporters of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi during his 16th century conquest of Ethiopia, especially the Geri, Marehan, Yabarre, Harti and Bartire sub-clans, who fought at Shimbra Kure, among other battles.[13]
Nobility
The Darod clan has produced numerous noble Somali men and women over the centuries, including many Sultans. Traditionally, the Darod population was mostly concentrated in the northern and northeastern cities on the Gulf of Aden and upper Indian Ocean coast in the Horn of Africa. Darod noble men ruled these settlement pockets until the European colonial powers changed the political dynamics of Somalia during the late 19th century. Before many Darods began pushing southward in the mid-1850s, the Warsangali Sultanate governed the interior regions of Sanaag and Sool, while the Majeerteen Sultanate and Sultanate of Hobyo held steadfast in solidly established posts from Bosaso to Hobyo.
In addition to their traditional strongholds in northern Somalia, Marehan, Ogaden, and Harti Darod members settled further down south and southwest in the Gedo region (a region which was part of Upper Jubba as well as the entire length of the Jubaland region, composed of Gedo, Middle Jubba and Lower Jubba).
Lineage
Darod is the son of the famous Sufi Sheikh, Ismail bin Ibrahim Al-Jabarti, who is believed to have been born in Arabia. Tradition holds that he is descended from the Banu Hashim.[5]
According to the book Aqeeliyoon, his lineage is: Abdirahmaan Bin Ismaa'iil Bin Ibraahim Bin Abdirahmaan Bin Muhammed Bin Abdi Samad Bin Hanbal Bin Mahdi Bin Ahmed Bin Abdallah Bin Muhammed Bin Aqil Bin Abu-Talib Bin Abdul-Mutalib Bin Hashim.[7]
Sons of Darod Ismail
Darod had five sons:
- Ahmed bin Abdirahman: Axmed-Sade Darod
- Muhammad bin Abdirahman: Maxamed-Kablalax Darod
- Hussien bin Abdirahman: Xuseen-Tanade Darod
- Yousuf bin Abdirahman: Yusuuf-Awrtable Darod
- Eissa bin Abdirahman: Cisse-Isse Darod
Clan tree
There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is based upon the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.[14][15]
- Darod (Daarood)
- Geri Kombe[16][17][18][19]
- Marehan
- Red Dini
- Rer Hassan
- Eli Dheere
- Kabalah
- Absame
- Ogaden
- Makabul
- Mohamed Zubeir
- Aulihan
- Jidwaq
- Ogaden
- Harti
- Dhulbahante (Dolbahante)
- Warsangali (Warsengeli)
- Majeerteen (Mijerteen)
- Omar Mahmud
- Issa Mahmud
- Osman Mahmoud (Osman Mahmud)
- Absame
David D. Laitin and Said S. Samatar offer a slightly different table:[20]
- Darod (Daarood)
In the south central part of Somalia the World Bank shows the following clan tree:[21]
In Puntland the World Bank shows the following:[22]
One tradition maintains that Darod had one daughter .[23]
Darod's tomb
Darod is buried in an old town called Haylaan near Badhan in the north-eastern Sanaag region of Somalia. His wife Dobira is buried just outside of the town.
-
Darod's tomb
-
Darod's tomb
-
Dobira's tomb
-
Dobira's tomb
-
Haylaan, former home of Darod and his resting place
-
Haylaan
-
Haylaan
-
Haylaan
Notable Darod people
- Abdulqawi Yusuf, Majeerteen, international lawyer; judge at the International Court of Justice
- Asli Hassan Abade, Ogaden, first Somali female pilot and prominent member of the Somali Air Force
- Zakariye Haji Abdi, Leelkase, former Somali Minister for Post and Telecommunication and leader of the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia
- Mohammed Sheikh Adden, Marehan, Somali intellectual, former head of Somali Technological Development, Minister of Information, Minister of Education, Marehan, Head of the Ideology Bureau SRRC
- Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, Majeerteen, former President of Somalia, President of Puntland and leader in the Somali Salvation Democratic Front, and one of the founders of the Puntland State of Somalia and the Somali Salvation Democratic Front.
- Abdulrahman Jama Barre, Marehan, Somali Foreign Minister and close relative of Siad Barre
- Siad Barre, Marehan, third President of Somalia, 1969–1991
- Muhammad Abdi Yusuf, Awrtable, former TNG Prime Minister of Somalia
- Haji Dirie Hirsi, Awrtable, businessman and leader in the struggle for independence.
- Fatimo Isaak Bihi, Marehan, first Somali female ambassador, Ambassador to Geneva, Director of the African Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Abdi Bile, Dhulbahante, winner of the 1,500 metres at the "1987 World Championships in Athletics"
- Faarax Maxamed Jaamac Cawl, Warsangeli, writer
- Hassan Abshir Farah, Majeerteen, former Mogadishu mayor, Somali ambassador to Japan and later to Germany, interior minister of Puntland, prime minister of Transitional Federal Government from Arta, and current TFG minister of fishing and marine resource
- Nuruddin Farah, Ogaden, prominent writer and winner of the 1998 Neustadt International Prize for Literature
- Abdirahman Mohamud Farole, Majeerteen, President of Puntland
- Ali Khalif Galaydh, Dhulbahante, former TNG Prime Minister of Somalia
- Mohamed Yussuf Haji, Ogaden, Defense Minister of Kenya
- Ali Matan Hashi, Marehan, first Somali pilot, commander of Somali Airforce 1959-1978, Minister of Justice, Minister of Health, Somali Nationalist.
- Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, Ogaden, the Sayyid; religious and nationalist leader of the Dervish State; called the Mad Mullah by the British
- Mohammed Haji-Ali Shirwa Warsangeli,Former Colonel in Somali Army and Historian
- Mohamud Muse Hersi, Majeerteen, former President of Puntland
- Mohamed Abdi Hashi, Dulbahante, former President of Puntland, Former Vice-president of Puntland, Former Chairman of USP (United Somali Party) Pan-Somali party. Known for his surpassing integrity, nationalism and fairness.
- Aden Ibrahim Aw Hirsi, Marehan, Author, Islamic Jurisprudence/Political Science scholar, governor of Gedo region 2006 - 2008.
- Mohamud Hashi Abdi Hoosh, Marehan, Jubba Regional Army Command 1980-1991
- Abdirizak Haji Hussein, Majeerteen, Prime Minister of Somalia.
- Ahmed Farah Ali 'Idaja', Marehan, one of the first Somali language writers and 'father' of the Somali written folklore
- Hirsi Magan Isse, Majeerteen, scholar and one of the leaders of the Somalian revolution
- Fatima Jibrell, Warsangeli, award-winning environmentalist
- Osman Yuusuf Keenadiid, Majeerteen, inventor of the Osmanya writing script
- Yaasiin Cismaan Keenadiid, Majeerteen, author of the Somali Dictionary and founding member of the Somali Youth League
- Mohammed Awale Liban, Majeerteen, designed the flag of Somalia[24]
- Farah Maalim, Ogaden, Deputy Speaker in the Parliament of Kenya
- Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, Marehan, incumbent Prime Minister of Somalia
- Mire Hagi Farah Mohamed, Majeerteen, Somali Finance Minister 2004-2006, and former Mayor Of Kismayo port City
- Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan, Majeerteen, defence minister beginning of 1990s
- Mohammed Jibril Musse, Majeerteen, former Chief of Somali National Secret Service, General and later on Police chief of state of Puntland[25]
- Said Sheikh Samatar, Leelkase, professor at Rutgers University
- Prof Mohammed Ahmed Hussain (Dhoobaalle), Awrtable, Founder and Director, Simad University
- Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, Majeerteen, second President of Somalia, 1967–1969
- Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, Majeerteen, former Prime Minister of Somalia, and son of Abdirashid Ali Shermarke
- Yasin Haji Osman Sharmarke, one of the founders of the Somali Youth League and its first leader.
- Mohamoud Ali Shire, Warsangeli, Sultan of former "British Somaliland" (1897–1960)
- Ahmed Warsame, Marehan, Head of the Somali Military
- Xasan Xayle, Warsangeli, Somali poet from Las Khorey
Notes
- ^ "The Situation in Somalia". Report of the Somali Commission of Inquiry, Vol. 1. http://www.dnd.ca/somalia/vol1/v1c11e.htm. Retrieved November 21, 2005.
- ^ Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure, Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Retrieved 2020-06-20
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2002). "Ethnic Groups". Somalia Summary Map. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg. Retrieved February 15, 2006.
- ^ Human Rights Watch (1990). "Somalia: Human Rights Developments". Human Rights Watch World Report 1990. http://www.hrw.org/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm. Retrieved November 21, 2005.
- ^ a b c d Rima Berns McGown, Muslims in the diaspora, (University of Toronto Press: 1999), pp.27-28
- ^ a b Islam in Somali History Fact and Fiction revisited , the Arab Factor
- ^ a b c I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 22
- ^ I.M. Lewis, A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), pp.128-129
- ^ a b Lewis, Peoples of the Horn of Africa, p.18-19
- ^ Roland Anthony Oliver, J. D. Fage, Journal of African history, Volume 3, (Cambridge University Press.: 1962), p.45
- ^ a b Lewis, A pastoral democracy, p.131.
- ^ I.M. Lewis, "The Somali Conquest of the Horn of Africa", Journal of African History, 1 (1960), p. 219
- ^ Sihab ad-Din Ahmad bin'Abd al-Qader, Futuh al-Habasa: The conquest of Ethiopia, translated by Paul Lester Stenhouse with annotations by Richard Pankhurst (Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003), pp. 50, 76
- ^ Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.55
- ^ Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure, p. 43
- ^ Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and monthly record ..., Volume 6 page 260-261. By Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain)
- ^ African tribal Names
- ^ Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas ... By Philipp Paulitschke
- ^ Genealogical Table of Somali Clans
- ^ Laitin and Samatar, Somalia: Nation in Search of a State (Boulder: Westview, 1987), p. 32
- ^ Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.56 Figure A-2
- ^ Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.57 Figure A-3
- ^ Laurence, Margaret (1970). A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose. Hamilton: McMaster University. p. 145. ISBN 1550221779. "Then Magado, the wife of Ishaak, bore him twin sons, and their names were Ahmed, nick-named Arap, and Ismail, nick-named Gerhajis."
- ^ History of the flag
- ^ Somalia Online
References
- Hunt, John A. (1951). "Chapter IX: Tribes and Their Stock". A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944–1950. London: Crown Agent for the Colonies. Accessed on October 7, 2005 (from Civic Webs Virtual Library archive).
- Lewis, I.M. (1955). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho, Part 1, London: International African Institute.
- Lewis, I. M. (1961). A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, reed. Münster: LIT Verlag, 1999.
- "The Somali Ethnic Group and Clan System". Civic Webs Virtual Library, from: Reunification of the Somali People by Jack L. Davies, Band 160 IEE Working Papers, Institute of Development Research and Development, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany 1996, ISBN 3-927276-46-4, ISSN 0934-6058. http://www.civicwebs.com/cwvlib/africa/somalia/1995/reunification/appendix_4.htm. Retrieved January 22, 2006.
External links
Categories:- Somali clans
- Somali clans in Ethiopia
- Muslim communities
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
