Offshoring Research Network

Offshoring Research Network
Launch year:	2004
Founder:	Prof. Arie Y. Lewin (Duke University, USA)
Managed by:	Duke CIBER Fuqua School of Business
Partner universities:	From Western Europe and Australia
Website:	https://offshoring.fuqua.duke.edu/
Features
No. of participants:	More than 3,000
Origin of participants:	Service providers globally Clients mainly from US and Western Europe
Research scope:	Across industries and business functions

The Offshoring Research Network is an international network of researchers and practitioners studying organizations in their transition to globalizing their business functions, processes and administrative services. The ORN conducts annual surveys tracking global sourcing strategies, drivers, concrete implementations and plans across all business functions and processes.^[1]

The ORN is managed by Duke University, The Fuqua School of Business, Center for International Business Education and Research (CIBER). It involves partner universities in Europe, Asia and Australia.^[2] The ORN has over 3,000 corporate participants across all industries from all over the world. Based on annual surveys, the ORN research team maintains a comprehensive database of firms and governmental organizations and their implemented and planned offshore sourcing projects over time. In addition, the ORN research team collects data on service providers offering offshore services.^[3]

Offshoring, according to the ORN, refers to the process of sourcing business functions or processes supporting home-based or global operations from a foreign country, either through wholly owned organizational units (captive offshoring/shared services) or external service providers (offshore outsourcing).^[4] The ORN project captures a wide range of business functions and processes, such as information technology (IT), finance & accounting, contact centers, human resources, legal services (LPO), analytical and knowledge services (KPO), software development, procurement, marketing and sales, engineering and new product development. The ORN studies do not cover offshoring of manufacturing activities, nor do they capture outsourcing or shared services activities onshore/domestically.^[1]

Based on their research, ORN partners have published a number of academic and practitioner-oriented articles.^[5] In addition, the ORN has completed various research projects as well as case studies; organized academic and practitioner-oriented workshops and webcasts; delivered executive education programs and completed commissioned studies for corporate members of the ORN.

History and current objectives

The ORN project was launched in 2004 by the Center for International Business Education and Research (CIBER) at Duke University, The Fuqua School of Business.^[1] Dr. Arie Y. Lewin, Professor of Strategy and International Business and Director of Duke CIBER, was the initiator and has been the Lead Principal Investigator of the ORN project.^[6] The initial idea behind the project was to study the advancing trend of offshoring white-collar work, including administrative and technical tasks, as opposed to blue-collar work, which is mainly associated with manufacturing and which has been practiced for many years. In 2004, the CIBER research team launched the first annual on-line survey of U.S. companies engaged in or considering offshoring administrative and technical tasks.^[7] The survey was sponsored by Archstone Consulting. It was conceptualized as an annual survey to track offshoring drivers, risks and concrete implementations over time.

After the second annual survey in 2005, Duke CIBER launched collaborations with European research partners to expand the research initiative into a research network and to facilitate the recruiting of companies for the survey.^[1] The third survey in 2006 was sponsored by Booz Allen Hamilton and involved data collection from U.S. as well as European firms and public agencies, from Germany, the Netherlands, the UK, and Spain. Since then, the project has been further extended and now includes research partners and organizations from Scandinavia, Belgium, Australia and Italy. In 2007, the Conference Board became a lead supporter of the ORN project, and the ORN team launched for the first time a complementary survey of service providers, mainly based in India, China and the United States.^[8] In 2009, the ORN survey is being converted to a web-based application with a new benchmarking feature adding value to participating organizations.^[1] The findings from the annual research surveys have shifted the focus of ORN research over time. After its initial orientation to offshoring white-collar work, the ORN project has put more emphasis on the global search for talent and offshoring of higher-skilled tasks, in particular product development. Most recently, the ORN project has positioned itself as a research project focusing on studying companies in their transition to globalizing their business functions, processes and administrative services. Offshoring is understood as an intermediary step towards evolving new global organizational capabilities rather than an end in itself.^[9]

Network partners and sponsors

The ORN currently involves nine research partner universities and more than 3,000 corporate participants from all over the world. Until 2008, the ORN project was partly funded by a federal grant through Duke CIBER, and partly by private organizations. Since 2008, the ORN project has been mainly funded by private companies and business associations. Currently, ORN has two main sponsoring organizations: The Conference Board and PricewaterhouseCoopers. In addition, ORN has been supported by 14 private organizations and 10 affiliated CIBERs and universities. The partners and sponsors of ORN are listed in the table below:^[10]

Research partners

University/School	Country	Year Joined	Researchers
Duke University, The Fuqua School of Business, Center for International Business Education and Research (CIBER)	United States	2004 (Initiating School)	Prof. Arie Y. Lewin, Dr. Carine Peeters (2004–2006), Dr. Stephan Manning (2006–2009), Dr. Nidthida Perm-Ajchariyawong (Since 2008)
University of Manchester, Manchester Business School	United Kingdom	2005	Prof. Silvia Massini
Copenhagen Business School, Center for Strategic Management and Globalization	Denmark	2006	Prof. Torben Pedersen, Prof. Bent Petersen
Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University	Netherlands	2006	Prof. Henk Volberda
Solvay Brussels School (ULB)	Belgium	2006	Prof. Carine Peeters
University of Navarra, IESE Business School	Spain	2006	Prof. Joan E. Ricart
WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management	Germany	2006	Prof. Thomas Hutzschenreuter
Macquarie University, Department of Business; University of Western Sydney, Centre for Industry and Innovation Studies	Australia	2008	Prof. Stephen Chen; Prof. Oscar Hauptman
EMLYON Business School	France	2010	Prof. Christiane Prange
Kyung Hee University	South Korea	2010	Prof. Geon-Cheol Shin
University of Tokyo	Japan	2010	Prof. Takahiro Fujimoto, Prof. Youngwon Park

Sponsoring partners

Organization	Sponsored Activities	Years
Archstone Consulting LLP	Corporate Client Survey	2004-5
Booz Allen Hamilton/Booz & Co.	Corporate Client Survey (2006), Service Provider Survey (2007)	2006-7
The Conference Board	U.S. Corporate Client Survey	Since 2007
PricewaterhouseCoopers	Founding Member of the ORN Best Practices Institute and European Corporate Client Survey	Since 2007
International Association of Outsourcing Professionals (IAOP)	Service Provider Survey, Academic Conference	Since 2007
Enterprise Software Roundtable	Service Provider Survey	2007
Software Information and Industry Association	Service Provider Survey	2007
NASSCOM, 6th Sense, Genpact, ITAA, Quickstart Global, Sonnenschein Nath & Rosenthal	Service Provider Survey	2007
University CIBERs 1	Academic conferences and associated activities	Since 2007
Great Idea	Service Provider Survey	2008
Wipro	3rd Annual International Research Conference on Offshoring	2009

¹ Florida International University, Indiana University, Michigan State University, Temple University, University of Connecticut, University of Hawaii at Manoa, University of Kansas, University of Maryland, College Park, University of Memphis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Surveys, case studies, and services

Primary activities of the ORN include the annual Corporate Client Survey and the annual Service Provider Survey. In addition, the ORN conducts flash surveys on current or emerging topics, case studies and custom research. Based on their research, ORN members publish papers in both academic and practitioner-oriented journals. In addition, ORN partners, in particular the Duke University team, provide a range of services: education programs, workshops, webcasts and advisory services.^[11]

At the core of ORN is the annual Corporate Client Survey. It tracks strategic drivers and risks of offshoring, location choices, delivery models, performance outcomes and future plans of U.S.-based, European and other companies.^[12] Particular features are:

• • Respondents include companies that currently engage in offshoring, that are considering offshoring and that have not yet considered offshoring
  • Data is collected at multiple levels: firm level (firm demographics, offshoring strategies and outcomes, business functions offshored, future plans); business process level (drivers and risks), implementation level (launch year and location choice of concrete offshore projects, task information, service delivery model, savings achieved)
  • Offshoring drivers and projects are captured across business processes, including IT, Software Development, Finance & Accounting, Call Centers, Human Resources, Legal Services, Procurement, Marketing & Sales, Engineering, Product Design, Research & Development and Knowledge & Analytical Services (KPO)
  • The survey captures previous offshoring projects (with emphasis post-1990s), current implementations and future plans
  • Participating firms are from various industries, ranging from Financial services, Manufacturing, Software companies to Technical and Professional Services
  • Participating firms include large (from the Forbes 2000), mid-size and small companies (<500 employees)
  • The survey is translated into the native business language of different participating countries
  • A new web-based survey application offers respondents continuous access and on-demand benchmarking features

In parallel, the ORN research team annually conducts the Service Provider Survey which collects data on the supply of offshore services.^[13] Particular Features are:

• • Participating firms include large, mid-size and small providers (<500 employees)
  • Participating service providers are from all main offshore destinations, e.g., India, China, Eastern Europe, as well as U.S.-based service
  • Data is collected at two levels: firm level (firm demographics, services provided, industries served, risks perceived, talent recruiting, future plans); and process level (location of provision of particular business processes, savings achieved, contract renewal rate)

More recently, the ORN research team at Duke University initiated Flash Surveys aiming to capture recent developments and trends in the offshoring arena. For example, in late 2008, the team launched a flash survey focusing on the impact of the current financial crisis on offshoring.^[14]

Additional case studies conducted by ORN partners serve to illuminate firm-level challenges with offshoring as well as the emergence of new organizational capabilities and best practices. A number of MBA teaching cases and academic publications have been and are being produced from these case studies.

Services provided by the ORN include workshops and webcasts on annual survey findings and offshoring research. The Duke University research team organized the 1st Annual Offshoring Research Conference, held at Duke University, in 2007, and it will host the 3rd Annual Conference, April 5–7, 2009. Other services include Executive MBA programs, PhD workshops, and special workshops at academic conferences (e.g., the European Group for Organizational Studies). The Duke University ORN team also holds an annual executive education program titled “Successful Offshoring and Outsourcing Strategies.” This program combines top managers sharing experiences in a panel format, with ORN research on the offshoring practice. To encourage interaction with speakers and encourage cross learning, participation is limited to 30 attendees.^[15]

Research themes

The ORN research team has published a range of academic and practitioner-oriented articles that mainly focus on certain themes: the global search for talent, the globalization of innovation, the emergence of geographic knowledge service clusters, and the emergence of new global organizational capabilities.

Global search for talent

A key ORN finding is the increasing importance of access to qualified personnel as a driver of offshoring decisions.^[16] Most scholars have argued that offshoring is primarily driven by opportunities to reduce labor costs and by labor arbitrage effects.^[17] While the ORN surveys confirm the importance of costs, they also reveal that companies use offshoring as a means to access talent pools outside their home countries, in particular for higher-skilled work. This trend has been explained by an increasing supply of science and engineering talent in emerging economies, e.g., India, and the increasing difficulty of finding talent in the U.S. and Western Europe.^[18] It is further reinforced by restrictive visa policies in the U.S. and incentives for foreign graduates to return to their home countries, a recent phenomenon referred to as brain circulation.^[19]

Whether offshoring is primarily driven by costs, by the global search for talent or a combination of both has been widely debated. Some scholars argue that science and engineering degrees in India and other emerging economies are, on average, not yet compatible with degrees in the U.S. and Western Europe. Therefore, the supply of qualified talent in emerging economies is more limited than often argued in the business press.^[20] However, foreign client firms sometimes respond to that challenge by setting up complex collaborations with local universities to secure access to qualified personnel. ^[21] Also, recent studies suggest a trend towards modularization and standardization of higher-skilled work allowing for the use of less qualified personnel for lower costs. According to ORN studies, the search for talent and cost considerations therefore depend on changes in technology, education policies, firm capabilities and economic conditions.^[22] In the short term, the financial crisis might result in labor cost savings becoming a more important offshoring driver.^[14]

Globalization of innovation

The ORN surveys reveal that more and more firms are offshoring knowledge work, including software development, engineering, product design, research and development. Previously, offshoring was mainly associated with Information Technology Outsourcing) and standard business processes.^[23] However, according to ORN findings, small companies in particular seek to offshore knowledge work, partly using specialized suppliers, to compensate for their limited capital and capacity for product development. Drivers of this trend include the potential to increase speed to market and better access to qualified personnel.^[16]

This trend is increasingly being discussed in the academic and practitioner-oriented literature. The economist Alan Blinder argues that technical processes, such as software testing and engineering support, are becoming easy to offshore because advanced information technology helps decompose and separate technical processes which can then be undertaken and coordinated remotely.^[24] Other researchers argue that knowledge-intensive tasks remain difficult to decompose because of the complex and often tacit knowledge involved in carrying out these tasks.^[25] ORN findings, however, suggest that this trend is likely to continue as more and more service providers offer product development services, as firms look for external sources of new ideas (e.g., open innovation), and as new business models and technologies (e.g. Internet marketplaces such as Innocentive.com) emerge.^[26]

Geographic knowledge services clusters

One major factor contributing to recent offshoring and outsourcing trends is the emergence of new geographic knowledge services clusters. In general, business clusters can be defined as geographic concentrations of firms and institutions related to particular industries or fields.^[27] In the offshoring space, a new type of cluster is emerging, quite different from [Silicon Valley], which often serves as a prototype of an industry cluster.^[28] These new types of clusters are highly dependent on foreign investment and are characterized by the supply of specialized talent and expertise that is demanded across industries. One key example of such a cluster is Bangalore for IT-related services and software programmers who have developed specialized service capabilities, which are in demand worldwide in several different industries, including manufacturing, financial and professional services.^[29] Recent studies further indicate that these clusters increasingly show similar institutional features across the world, such as collaborative agreements between foreign firms and local universities, which are a result of local embedding and sourcing strategies of multinational enterprises across locations.^[30]

The ORN research team has started to conduct survey- and case study-based research to better understand the development of these clusters. A very recent project, for example, seeks to investigate the emergence of new IT and software development clusters in Latin America which attract foreign investors from Spain and the U.S. in particular.^[31] A longer term project involves the identification of knowledge service clusters around the world, using a longitudinal study of location choices and the delivery of offshore services from particular locations. Other scholars have also looked into the emergence of offshore destinations, in particular in India, and the factors contributing to the selection of locations by investors.^[32]

New global organizational capabilities

One key proposition raised by the ORN research team is that offshoring is an intermediary step to evolving new global organizational capabilities rather than an end in itself.^[9] In general, organizational capabilities denote the ability of organizations – in this case firms – to deploy and use resources in a way that help them survive in a changing, competitive environment. As companies face various challenges related to offshoring, for example the challenge of attracting and retaining talent, or of losing managerial control and process knowledge, they are forced to develop new capabilities that help them manage offshore operations and that fundamentally transform their internal processes.^[22] Examples of this sort of new capability include new procedures to manage interfaces between tasks, locations, business units and teams; new employment models using external talent agencies; new procedures for training and evaluating external suppliers etc.

The development of these capabilities is a continuous learning process and involves the search for solutions of unanticipated challenges. For example, a recent ORN study indicates that many companies go through a period of declining cost savings – the so-called ‘inefficiency trap’ – as they increase the scale and scope of offshore operations.^[14] This trap is largely caused by ‘hidden costs’ involved in coordinating offshore operations that only become apparent over time. To study how companies deal with these challenges, the ORN research team is conducting a number of case studies involving series of interviews and field visits at U.S. and European companies.

Relevance and impact

The ORN project and the annual surveys in particular have been recognized as an important source of knowledge in the offshoring debate by the academic community and practitioners.

Academic research

Research papers based on ORN data have been presented at major academic conferences in the field of management and international business research, in particular at annual meetings of the Academy of Management, the Academy of International Business, and the European Group for Organizational Studies. Further, ORN research papers have been or will be published in a number of major journals in this field, including Long Range Planning, Academy of Management Perspectives, Journal of International Business Studies, and Harvard Business Review.^[33] Through its publications, the ORN team seeks to advance knowledge about the antecedents, process and effect of offshoring, outsourcing and global sourcing, the transformation of global firm structures and the emergence of global organizational capabilities.

Managerial practice

A number of practitioner-oriented reports and business press articles have been released based on ORN research. Major publications include the 2006 ORN Report “The Globalization of Innovation”^[16] and the 2007 Service Provider Report “Offshoring 2.0: Contracting Knowledge and Innovation to Expand Global Capabilities”.^[13] Forthcoming is the 2008 Survey Report “Offshoring Reaches the C-Suite”.^[9] Through its advisory services and its collaboration with a number of private organizations, such as The Conference Board, IAOP and PricewaterhouseCoopers, the ORN team has been able to regularly present and discuss findings with corporate clients, outsourcing professionals and other interest groups.

Policy-making

The impact of ORN research on policy-making and policy-oriented debates has been limited so far. Reasons may include the strong orientation of ORN to firm-level strategies and decisions. A notable exception is the analysis of H-1B visa policies and their impact on offshoring decisions in a recent academic paper based on ORN data.^[34] Key propositions regarding the impact of national policies on offshoring are further discussed in a recent perspective paper.^[22]

Criticism and responses

The ORN project has been criticized in the past for being biased towards corporate interests. This criticism primarily relates to the funding structure of the project in its early years. In the first three years, the main ORN survey was sponsored by advisory firms. In 2007, the Conference Board was recruited as a lead supporter of ORN. According to the Duke ORN research team, this partnership promotes the neutrality of the project. In the 2007/8 Survey Report “Offshoring Reaches the C-Suite” the ORN author team makes the following statement:

• • "Duke Forges a New Partnership with The Conference Board [...] Since its foundation, the ORN project has learned that companies value its academic rigor and objectivity. To further reinforce its neutrality and to differentiate the ORN project from consulting companies, the Duke CIBER has formed a new partnership with The Conference Board—the leading, nonprofit, independent business research organization in the United States. This new collaboration provides an objective platform from which to conduct offshoring research free of any commercial or proprietary bias."^[9]

See also

• Offshoring
• Outsourcing
• Shared Services
• Offshore outsourcing
• Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)
• Globalization
• Farmshoring
• Supply Chain Management
• Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO)
• Legal Process Outsourcing (LPO)
• Recruitment Process Outsourcing (RPO)
• Global Sourcing
• Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO)

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} About Offshoring Research Network (ORN)
2. ^ Offshoring Research Network Team
3. ^ Couto et al. (2008) Offshoring 2.0: Contracting Knowledge and Innovation to Expand Global Capabilities: Offshoring Research Network Service Provider Report, p. 15
4. ^ Manning et al. (2008) A Dynamic Perspective on Next-Generation Offshoring: The Global Sourcing of Science and Engineering Talent, Academy of Management Perspectives 22.3, p. 39.
5. ^ Offshoring Research Network (ORN) Corporate Membership
6. ^ Homepage of Professor Arie Y. Lewin
7. ^ Lewin, A.Y. & Couto, V. (2007) Next Generation Offshoring: The Globalization of Innovation Offshoring Research Network 2006 Survey Report
8. ^ Couto et al. (2008) Offshoring 2.0: Contracting Knowledge and Innovation to Expand Global Capabilities: Offshoring Research Network 2007 Service Provider Report.
9. ^ ^{a b c d} Heijmen et al. (2009) Offshoring Reaches the C-Suite 2007/8 ORN Survey Report.
10. ^ See also Offshoring Research Network Team; ]; Couto et al. (2008) Offshoring 2.0: Contracting Knowledge and Innovation to Expand Global Capabilities: Offshoring Research Network 2007 Service Provider Report, p. 16
11. ^ See also Offshoring Research Network Homepage
12. ^ Lewin, A.Y. & Couto, V. (2007) Next Generation Offshoring: The Globalization of Innovation Offshoring Research Network 2006 Survey Report; Heijmen et al. (2009) Offshoring Reaches the C-Suite 2007/8 ORN Survey Report.
13. ^ ^{a b} Couto et al. (2008) Offshoring 2.0: Contracting Knowledge and Innovation to Expand Global Capabilities: Offshoring Research Network 2007 Service Provider Report.
14. ^ ^{a b c} Lewin et al. (2009) Getting Serious About Offshoring in a Struggling Economy. Shared Services News, February 2009
15. ^ See also Offshoring Research Network events
16. ^ ^{a b c} Lewin, A.Y. & Couto, V. (2007) Next Generation Offshoring: The Globalization of Innovation Offshoring Research Network 2006 Survey Report.
17. ^ See e.g. Blinder, A. S. (2006). Offshoring: The next industrial revolution? Foreign Affairs, 85(2), p. 113–128; Levy, D.M. (2005). Offshoring in the new global political economy. Journal of Management Studies, 42 (3), p. 685-693.
18. ^ Manning et al. (2008) A Dynamic Perspective on Next-Generation Offshoring: The Global Sourcing of Science and Engineering Talent, Academy of Management Perspectives 22.3, p.35-54.
19. ^ Saxenian, AL (2005) From Brain Drain to Brain Circulation: Transnational Communities and Regional Upgrading in India and China. Studies in Comparative International Development, 40.2, p. 35-61; OECD (2008) The Global Competition for Talent: Mobility of the Highly Skilled. Paris.
20. ^ Gereffi, G. et al. (2008) Getting the Numbers Right: International Engineering Education in the United States, China, and India. Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 97.1, p. 13-25.; Farrell, D. et al. (2006) Sizing the Emerging Global Labor Market: Rational Behavior from Both Companies and Countries Can Help It Work More Efficiently. Academy of Management Perspectives 20.4, p.23-34.
21. ^ "SSRN-Securing Access to Lower-Cost Talent Globally: The Dynamics of Active Embedding and Field Structuration by Stephan Manning, Joerg Sydow, Arnold Windeler". Papers.ssrn.com. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1753212. 
22. ^ ^{a b c} Manning et al. (2008) A Dynamic Perspective on Next-Generation Offshoring: The Global Sourcing of Science and Engineering Talent Academy of Management Perspectives 22.3, p.35-54.
23. ^ Lewin, A.Y., Peeters, C. (2006) Offshoring Work: Business Hype or the Onset of Fundamental Transformation? Long Range Planning, Vol 39.3, p. 221-239.
24. ^ See e.g. Blinder, A. S. (2006). Offshoring: The next industrial revolution? Foreign Affairs, 85(2), p. 113–128
25. ^ Brusoni, S. (2005) The Limits to Specialization: Problem Solving and Coordination in ‘Modular Networks’ Organization Studies 26(12), p. 1885-1907.
26. ^ Couto et al. (2008) Offshoring 2.0: Contracting Knowledge and Innovation to Expand Global Capabilities: Offshoring Research Network 2007 Service Provider Report; Manning et al. (2008) A Dynamic Perspective on Next-Generation Offshoring: The Global Sourcing of Science and Engineering Talent Academy of Management Perspectives 22.3, p.35-54.
27. ^ Porter, M. (2000) Location, Competition, and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy. Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 14(1), p. 15-34.
28. ^ Bresnahan, T. et al. (2001) ‘Old Economy’ Inputs for ‘New Economy’ Outcomes: Cluster Formation in the New Silicon Valleys. Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(4), 835-860.
29. ^ See also Athreye, S.S. (2005) The Indian software industry and its evolving service capability. Industrial and Corporate Change, 14(3), p. 393-418.
30. ^ "SSRN-Securing Access to Lower-Cost Talent Globally: The Dynamics of Active Embedding and Field Structuration by Stephan Manning, Joerg Sydow, Arnold Windeler". Papers.ssrn.com. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1753212. 
31. ^ Manning, S.; Ricart J.-E.; Rosatti Rique, M.S.; Lewin, A.Y. (2010) From Blind Spots to Hotspots: How Knowledge Services Clusters Develop and Attract Foreign Investment. Journal of International Management, 16(4), p. 369-382.
32. ^ See e.g. Dossani, R.; Kenney, M. (2007) The next wave of globalization: relocating service provision to India. World Development, 35(5), p. 772-791. ; Doh, J.P. et al. (2009) Separable But Not Equal: The Location Determinants of Discrete Offshoring Activities. Journal of International Business Studies (Forthcoming).
33. ^ E.g. Lewin, A.Y. et al. (2009) Why companies are offshoring innovation? The emerging global race for talent. Journal of International Business (forthcoming); Lewin, A.Y. & Peeters, C. (2006) The Top-Line Allure of Offshoring. Harvard Business Review, 84(3), p.22-24; Lewin, A.Y. & Peeters, C. (2006) Offshoring Work: Business Hype or the Onset of Fundamental Transformation? Long Range Planning, Vol 39.3, p. 221-239; Manning et al. (2008) A Dynamic Perspective on Next-Generation Offshoring: The Global Sourcing of Science and Engineering Talent Academy of Management Perspectives 22.3, p.35-54.
34. ^ Lewin, A.Y. et al. (2009) Why companies are offshoring innovation? The emerging global race for talent. Journal of International Business (forthcoming)

Literature

• Athreye, S.S. (2005) The Indian software industry and its evolving service capability. Industrial and Corporate Change, 14(3), p. 393-418.
• Blinder, A. S. (2006). Offshoring: The next industrial revolution? Foreign Affairs, 85(2), p. 113–128.
• Bresnahan, T., Gambardella, A., Saxenian, A. (2001) ‘Old Economy’ Inputs for ‘New Economy’ Outcomes: Cluster Formation in the New Silicon Valleys. Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(4), 835-860.
• Brusoni, S. (2005) The Limits to Specialization: Problem Solving and Coordination in ‘Modular Networks’ Organization Studies 26(12), p. 1885-1907.
• Couto, V., Mani, M., Sehgal, V., Lewin, A.Y., Manning, S., Russell, J. (2008): Offshoring 2.0: Contracting Knowledge and Innovation to Expand Global Capabilities: Offshoring Research Network 2007 ORN Service Provider Report.
• Doh, J.P., Bunyaratavej, K., Hahn, E.D. (2009) Separable But Not Equal: The Location Determinants of Discrete Offshoring Activities. Journal of International Business Studies (Forthcoming).
• Dossani, R.; Kenney, M. (2007) The next wave of globalization: relocating service provision to India. World Development, 35(5), p. 772-791.
• Farrell, D., Laboissière, M. A., Rosenfeld, J. (2006): Sizing the Emerging Global Labor Market: Rational Behavior from Both Companies and Countries Can Help It Work More Efficiently. Academy of Management Perspectives 20(4), p. 23-34.
• Gereffi, G., Wadhwa, V., Rissing, B., Ong, R. (2008) Getting the Numbers Right: International Engineering Education in the United States, China, and India. Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 97(1), p. 13-25.
• Heijmen, T., Lewin, A.Y., Manning, S., Perm-Ajchariyawong, N. (2009): Offshoring Reaches the C-Suite. 2007/8 ORN Survey Report.
• Levy, D.M. (2005). Offshoring in the new global political economy. Journal of Management Studies, 42 (3), p. 685-693.
• Lewin, A.Y. & Couto, V. (2007) Next Generation Offshoring: The Globalization of Innovation Offshoring Research Network 2006 Survey Report
• Lewin, A.Y., Massini, S., Perm-Ajchariyawong, N., Sappenfield, D., Walker, J. (2009) Getting Serious About Offshoring in a Struggling Economy. Shared Services News, February 2009
• Lewin, A.Y., Massini, S., Peeters, C. (2009): Why companies are offshoring innovation? The emerging global race for talent. Journal of International Business (forthcoming).
• Lewin, A.Y., Peeters, C. (2006) Offshoring Work: Business Hype or the Onset of Fundamental Transformation? Long Range Planning, Vol 39.3, p. 221-239.
• Lewin, A.Y., Peeters, C. (2006) The Top-Line Allure of Offshoring. Harvard Business Review, 84(3), p. 22-24.
• Manning, S., Massini, S., Lewin, A.Y. (2008) A Dynamic Perspective on Next-Generation Offshoring: The Global Sourcing of Science and Engineering Talent. Academy of Management Perspectives 22(3), p.35-54.
• Manning, S., Ricart J.-E., Rosatti Rique, M.S., Lewin, A.Y. (2010) From Blind Spots to Hotspots: How Knowledge Services Clusters Develop and Attract Foreign Investment. Journal of International Management 16(4), p. 369-382.
• Manning, S., Sydow, J., Windeler, A. (2011) Securing Access to Lower-Cost Talent Globally: The Dynamics of Active Embedding and Field Structuration. Regional Studies (Forthcoming).
• OECD (2008) The Global Competition for Talent: Mobility of the Highly Skilled. Paris.
• Porter, M. (2000) Location, Competition, and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy. Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 14(1), p. 15-34.
• Saxenian, AL (2005) From Brain Drain to Brain Circulation: Transnational Communities and Regional Upgrading in India and China. Studies in Comparative International Development, 40(2), p. 35-61.

External links

• Offshoring Research Network (ORN) Homepage
• ORN Group on XING
• International Association of Outsourcing Professionals
• The Conference Board
• ORN Group on LinkedIN
• CIBERweb: Information about CIBERs