Death (metal band)

This article is about the metal band. For the protopunk band, see Death (punk band).

Death
Death in Mexico City, June 1989. From left to right: bassist Terry Butler, guitarist Paul Masvidal, manager Eric Greif, drummer Bill Andrews and guitarist/vocalist Chuck Schuldiner
Background information
Origin	Orlando, Florida, United States
Genres	Death metal, technical death metal, progressive metal
Years active	1983–2001
Labels	Combat, Relativity, Roadrunner, Nuclear Blast, Relapse
Website	emptywords.org
Past members
Last known lineup: Chuck Schuldiner Shannon Hamm Scott Clendenin Richard Christy (See: full listing)

Death was an American metal band founded in 1983. The band's founder, Chuck Schuldiner, is considered "a pioneering force in death metal and grindcore".^[1] The band ceased to exist after Schuldiner died of brain cancer in 2001,^[2] though remains an enduring heavy metal brand.

Death is considered one of the most influential bands in metal. The band's debut, Scream Bloody Gore, has been described as "death metal's first archetypal document"^[3] and "the first true death metal record".^[4] One music biographer has referred to Schuldiner as the "Father of Death Metal"^[3] while another has claimed that Schuldiner is "readily acknowledged as the true founder of the U.S. death metal scene".^[5]

As of 2008, Death had sold over 2 million albums worldwide, with over 500,000 copies sold by December 2009 in the U.S. alone (excluding the numerous sales before the SoundScan era) making them the top-selling death metal band worldwide, and only topped in the U.S. by Cannibal Corpse.^[6]

Biography

Early history (1983–1987)

Founded in 1983 by Chuck Schuldiner under the original name of Mantas in Orlando,^[3][7] Death was among the more widely known, early pioneers of the death metal sound along with California's Possessed. In the late 80s, the band was both a part of and integral in defining the death metal scene which gained international recognition with the release of albums by a number of area acts.

Together with Kam Lee (Barney Kamalani Lee), and Rick Rozz (Frederick DeLillo), Schuldiner started to compose songs that were released on several rehearsal tapes in 1984.^[3][7] These tapes, along with the Death by Metal demo, circulated through the tape-trader world, quickly establishing the band's name. In 1984, Schuldiner dissolved Mantas and quickly started a new band under the name Death.^[8] Tim Aymar, in an article written in December 2010, states that Chuck Schuldiner renamed the band Death in order to turn the death of his brother Frank into "something positive".^[9] Its members included the same Rick Rozz and Kam Lee. Another demo was released, called Reign of Terror.^[7]

In 1985, after the Infernal Death tape was recorded and released, Schuldiner fired Lee and Rozz in favor of Repulsion's bassist and guitarist, Scott Carlson and Matt Olivio, respectively. However, a drummer could not be found; consequently the band dissolved again. Schuldiner moved to the San Francisco Bay Area and recruited DRI drummer Eric Brecht, but he was not happy with this incarnation of Death and moved back to Florida without a band. There, in 1986, Schuldiner got an invitation from early Canadian thrash band Slaughter to play on their album, which he accepted, moving to Canada. This only lasted two weeks, however, as he found the situation not to his liking. He returned to Florida, then moved quickly to the San Francisco Bay Area again, where he joined with Chris Reifert. They recorded the Mutilation demo, which led to a deal with Combat Records, owned by Important Distribution (later becoming Relativity), that enabled them to record the first LP.

Scream Bloody Gore was released in 1987, widely considered a genre template for death metal. Schuldiner briefly had a second guitar player, John Hand, but Hand did not appear on the album (though his photo did). By this time Schuldiner had moved back to Florida, leaving Chris Reifert behind. There, Schuldiner teamed up with former bandmate Rick Rozz and two members of Rozz's band Massacre, Terry Butler and Bill Andrews.

Mid-era (1988–1992)

In 1988, that line-up recorded Leprosy. After much touring in support of the album, including a quick and ill-planned tour of Europe, Rick Rozz was fired in 1989. After a tour of Mexico featuring guitarist Paul Masvidal (later to re-emerge in the Death camp), a replacement was found in James Murphy, with whom the third album Spiritual Healing was recorded in Tampa in the summer of 1989. Murphy was sacked relatively quickly. By this time Schuldiner abandoned the "gore" lyrical theme for more social critique as Death's musical style progressed from a more brutal style of death metal to a more complex, technical death metal. Additional melody was added to the band's sound as well as more varied timings and song structures.

In 1990, on the eve of a European tour, Schuldiner decided against traveling, claiming at the last minute that he felt the tour was not adequately organized (and citing the group's previous disorganized European tour in 1988). Andrews and Butler continued with the tour of Europe as 'Death' regardless and recruited roadies Walter Trachsler (guitar) and Louie Carrisalez (vocals) to replace Schuldiner, much to Schuldiner's shock and disgust. Schuldiner took legal action and Butler and Andrews were fired from the band.

Schuldiner abandoned the idea of a band set-up altogether and began working with session musicians only. Schuldiner hired Steve DiGiorgio and recruited Sean Reinert and Paul Masvidal from underground Florida band Cynic. In 1991, Death released Human, which is considered a more technical and progressive album than their previous works. Human was Death's best-selling album yet, receiving many accolades and some MTV play for the group's first video, directed by David Bellino, for the track "Lack of Comprehension". Due to obligations with his primary band Sadus, DiGiorgio was forced to depart after the recording of Human and new bassist Skott Carino did Death's extensive world tour, from October 1991 until March 1992, in addition to appearing in the music video for "Lack of Comprehension".

Schuldiner fired his manager Eric Greif after Spiritual Healing but settled and re-hired him before the recording of Human.^[10][11] Although there were at least two lawsuits between Greif and Schuldiner, Schuldiner was characteristically mellow in an interview with Thrash 'n Burn about what the writer referred to as his "gruesome collaboration" with Greif: "We just came to the conclusion that it was stupid just fighting all the time, taking each other to court and all that stupid shit."^[12] "Fate has an interesting way of working these things out...Yes, we had a falling out, but we're working together again and it takes a lot of worries off my mind knowing Eric is the man for us",^[13] Schuldiner told the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.

The final years (1993–2001)

In 1993, Reinert and Masvidal left the group to continue with Cynic, Schuldiner being unable to persuade them otherwise. Schuldiner replaced them with drummer Gene Hoglan of the recently dissolved thrash metal band Dark Angel, and worked with guitarist Andy LaRocque from King Diamond for Individual Thought Patterns. LaRocque being obligated to his band, Schuldiner hired a then-unknown Ralph Santolla as touring guitarist. Death was arguably at the peak of their commercial and popular culture success, and the video for the track The Philosopher even made it on to an episode of Beavis & Butt-head in 1994 (Beavis also parodies Schuldiner's vocals in a mock 'drive-thru' order of 'tacos, to go!' in death-metal style). Also in 1994, Death abandoned its eight year relationship with Relativity and signed with Roadrunner Records, their European distributor. For 1995's Symbolic, Santolla and DiGiorgio were exchanged for underground Florida musicians Kelly Conlon and Bobby Koelble. For the Symbolic tour Brian Benson was brought in on bass (Conlon having left the band prior to the tour due to conflicts with Schuldiner).

After Symbolic, Schuldiner and Roadrunner mutually agreed not to pursue an album option and he began writing songs for his progressive metal band Control Denied. Schuldiner entered into a licensing agreement with Nuclear Blast for both Death and Control Denied, and subsequently started writing material for the seventh Death release, The Sound of Perseverance. The new roster for Death included Florida musicians Richard Christy, Shannon Hamm and Scott Clendenin, and The Sound of Perseverance was completed at Morrisound Recording in Tampa and released on Nuclear Blast in 1998.

After the album and two supporting tours, Schuldiner put Death aside to pursue Control Denied with Christy and Hamm. Clendenin was dropped in favor of Steve DiGiorgio, who was once again available, and an underground power metal singer named Tim Aymar. Though the line-up and writing style was largely the same, Schuldiner created Control Denied in large part because he was displeased with the harsher vocals for Death. However, rather than betray what the band Death meant and sounded like to the fans, he opted to create a new band: "For me, it is just a matter of evolving, doing it the right way. I didn't put out a Death record with this stuff on it. I made the right choice and changed the name of the band. I tried to do everything the right way."^[14] As Schuldiner finished Control Denied's debut album, he was diagnosed with brain cancer, forcing the band to scrap plans for a U.S. and Canadian tour. As he worked on the second release, Schuldiner's condition improved, but the tumor left him in a weakened, vulnerable state. He contracted pneumonia and was placed in the hospital. On December 13, 2001, Schuldiner was released and returned home where, one hour later, he died.

The aftermath (2001 onwards)

The second Control Denied release has yet to be completed and was mired in legal problems involving its Dutch label, the musicians and Schuldiner's sister Beth, the former of whom have publicly stated their desire to complete the album, and former manager Eric Greif representing the Estate. In 2004, Hammerheart Records released a two-part bootleg made up of old, pre-Scream Bloody Gore demos, along with partial demos of the unfinished album and live Death recordings from 1990. This was issued under the name Chuck Schuldiner, not Death or Control Denied, but its markedly unfinished state and lack of vocals led to the release not being successful, aided by Schuldiner's mother Jane's pleas for fans to stay away from it. In October 2009, Greif litigated against Hammerheart, representing Schuldiner's Estate, and all matters were settled by December, theoretically allowing for the Control Denied album to be completed by the other musicians.

Members of Death have since stayed active as musicians. Gene Hoglan from Dark Angel and Andy LaRocque from King Diamond had already made a name for themselves, with LaRocque continuing to work with King Diamond while Hoglan has done stints with a wide variety of bands including Strapping Young Lad and Fear Factory. Paul Masvidal found success with Cynic alongside fellow Death member Sean Reinert, who continue to release albums and tour in the present. Richard Christy went on to gigs with Acheron and Iced Earth before joining The Howard Stern Show, though he has recently resurfaced on the metal scene with Charred Walls of the Damned. Ralph Santolla has also played with Iced Earth, as well as Sebastian Bach, both of which were also bands Steve DiGiorgio played in as well. While Santolla is now in Obituary, he was previously in Deicide. DiGiorgio also played for Testament and is still active with his original band Sadus. Bobby Koelble founded the Orlando rock-funk-Latin fusion group JunkieRush in 2000. James Murphy was also in Testament, formed projects such as Disincarnate, as well as having stints with death metal bands Obituary and Cancer. Murphy was also stricken with cancer, for which he received treatment, and, along with Deron Miller of CKY, attempted to organize a Death tribute album. Kam Lee formed the band Denial Fiend with Terry Butler, who has also found success in Six Feet Under. Scott Clendenin resides in Central Florida and works in production.

On May 10, 2010, it was announced that Perseverance Holdings Ltd. and the Schuldiner family had partnered with Relapse Records to re-master and re-issue the Death and Control Denied releases. On December 13 of the same year, it was announced that The Sound of Perseverance would be the first Death album to receive this treatment, and was released February 2011 in a 2-CD and 3-CD format.^[15] The Human album has been remixed, with Schuldiner's intellectual property lawyer Eric Greif stating that Sony had lost the tapes of the original mixes,^[16] and was reissued in 2-CD and 3-CD formats as well as a digital release. Shortly after the Individual Thought Patterns album was reissued.

Legacy

Music biographer Garry Sharpe-Young considered Death "a genre-breaking band...centered upon frontman Chuck Schuldiner" and that the band "would become one of the prime instigators of the death metal movement".^[17] However, Schuldiner dismissed such attributions by stating, in an interview with Metal-Rules.com, "I don’t think I should take the credits for this death metal stuff. I’m just a guy from a band, and I think Death is a metal band".^[18]

In January 2001, an Iranian musician named Mahyar Dean, wrote Death, a book about Death and Schuldiner and released it in Iran.^[19]

Band logo

The original Death logo was created by Chuck Schuldiner.

Schuldiner designed the Death logo and its various incarnations during the length of his career. In 1991, before the release of Human, he cleaned up the logo taking out more intricate details and the "T" in the logo was swapped from an inverted Cross to a more regular looking "T", one reason being to quash any implication of religion.^[20] The logo was changed again, between Symbolic and The Sound of Perseverance, with a more streamlined look and the removal of the hooded skull above the "H", among other changes.

Musicians

Final line-up

• Chuck Schuldiner – lead vocals, guitar (1983–2001), bass (1987-1988)
• Shannon Hamm – guitar (1996–2001)
• Scott Clendenin – bass (1996–2001)
• Richard Christy – drums (1997–2001)

Previous musicians

Guitarists

• Rick Rozz (1983–1985, 1987–1989)
• Matt Olivo (1985)
• John Hand (1986–1987; joined during the mastering of Scream Bloody Gore, which he was credited on, but left before recording or playing anything live.^[21])
• Paul Masvidal (1989, 1990, 1991–1992)
• Albert Gonzalez (1990)
• James Murphy (1989-1990)
• Andy LaRocque (1993)
• Ralph Santolla (1993; never recorded with the band, but appeared in the "The Philosopher" music video)
• Craig Locicero (1993)
• Bobby Koelble (1995)
• Shannon Hamm (1996–2001)

Bassists

• Scott Carlson (1985)
• Erik Meade (1985)
• Terry Butler (1987–1990)
• Steve DiGiorgio (1986, 1991, 1993-1994(feat. the Symbolic demos), 1997-1998 (only on the The Sound of Perseverance demos)
• Skott Carino (1991-1992)
• Kelly Conlon (1995)
• Brian Benson (1995)
• Scott Clendenin (1996-2001)

Drummers

• Kam Lee (1983–1985; also vocals)
• Eric Brecht (1985)
• Chris Reifert (1986–1987)
• Bill Andrews (1987–1990)
• Sean Reinert (1991–1992)
• Gene Hoglan (1993–1995)
• Richard Christy (1997–2001)

Discography

Studio albums

Year	Album details	Peak chart positions				Sales
		US Heat.	AUT [22]	GER [23]	NLD [24]
1987	Scream Bloody Gore Released: May 25, 1987 Label: Combat (8146) Format: CD, CS, LP	—	—	—	—
1988	Leprosy Released: November 16, 1988 Label: Combat (8248) Format: CD	—	—	—	—
1990	Spiritual Healing Released: February 16, 1990 Label: Combat (2011) Format: CD, CS, LP	—	—	—	63
1991	Human Released: October 22, 1991 Label: Combat (2036) Format: CD, LP	34[25]	—	—	—	US: 94,000+
1993	Individual Thought Patterns Released: June 15, 1993 Label: Roadrunner (90792) Format: CD, CS, LP	30[26]	—	—	86
1995	Symbolic Released: March 21, 1995 Label: Roadrunner (8957) Format: CD, LP	—	—	—	68
1998	The Sound of Perseverance Released: September 15, 1998 Label: Nuclear Blast (6337) Format: CD, DualDisc	47[27]	35	60	93
"—" denotes a release that did not chart.

Live albums

Year	Album details
2001	Live in L.A. (Death & Raw) Released: October 16, 2001 Label: Nuclear Blast Format: CD
	Live in Eindhoven Released: October 30, 2001 Label: Nuclear Blast Format: CD (+DVD)
2005	Live in Cottbus '98 Released: November 11, 2005 Label: Nuclear Blast Format: CD (+DVD)

Compilation albums

Year	Album details
1992	Fate: The Best of Death Released: 1992 Label: Combat (88561-1119) Format: CD, CS

Demo albums

• Death by Metal (demo as Mantas, 1984)
• Live in Tampa (live-demo, 1984)
• Reign of Terror (demo, 1984)
• Live at Ruby's Pub (live-demo, 1985)
• Infernal Death (demo, 1985)
• Rigor Mortis (demo, 1985)
• Back from the Dead (demo, 1985)
• Infernal Live (live-demo, 1985)
• Mutilation (demo, 1986)

Singles

Year	Title	Album
1993	"The Philosopher"	Individual Thought Patterns
1995	"Empty Words"	Symbolic
1998	"Spirit Crusher"	The Sound of Perseverance

Video albums

• Live in Combat Ultimate Revenge 2 (1988)
• Live in Houston (Bootleg, VHS, 04.02.1989)
• Lack of Comprehension (videoclip, 1991)
• The Philosopher (videoclip, 1993)
• Live in Florence (VHS, 10.12.1993)
• Live in Cottbus '98 (1998, Official Bootleg)
• Live in L.A. (Death & Raw) (Official Live, DVD/VHS, 05.12.1998)
• Live in Music Hall (1998, Virus Cable TV)
• Live in Eindhoven (Official Live, DVD), 2001, Nuclear Blast)

See also

• Control Denied - The band Chuck Schuldiner performed with after the dissolution of Death.
• Voodoocult - A supergroup in which Chuck played guitar
• Death (book) - A book about Death published in 2000.

References

1. ^ Mancini, R. Death Frontman Chuck Schuldiner Dies, MTV.com, December 18, 2001 (accessed August 7, 2008)
2. ^ Grayson, M. Perry Precious Memories of Chuck Schuldiner, EmptyWords.org, 2001 (accessed June 21, 2009)
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Allmusic.com Death Biography
4. ^ Aldis, N. & Sherry, J. Heavy Metal Thunder, 2006, San Francisco: Chronicle ISBN 0-8118-5353-5
5. ^ Sutherland, J. Death: the Blueprint for Modern Metal, RIP magazine (accessed August 8, 2008)
6. ^ current SoundScan (retrieved December 11, 2009)
7. ^ ^{a b c} Grayson, M. Precious Memories of Chuck Schuldiner, EmptyWords.org, 2001 (accessed June 21, 2009)
8. ^ Death Biography, www.metal.com (accessed January 18, 2011)
9. ^ Tim Aymar Speaks Out, Empty Words. Accessed December 7, 2010
10. ^ "Thrash 'n Burn". Emptywords.org. 2001-09-14. http://www.emptywords.org/Thrash'nBurn02-1992.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-26. 
11. ^ "Empty Words". Empty Words. http://www.emptywords.org/BANDPerryGrayson.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-26. 
12. ^ "''Keeping Death on the Roads!'', Thrash 'n Burn, February 1992". Emptywords.org. 2001-09-14. http://www.emptywords.org/Thrash'nBurn02-1992.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-26. 
13. ^ Higgins, T. Greif thrives on death metal, Milwaukee Sentinel, November 22, 1991
14. ^ Gargano, Paul “Chuck Schuldiner”, Metal Edge USA February 2000 (accessed December 15, 2009)
15. ^ "News". Empty Words. http://www.emptywords.org/NEWS.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-26. 
16. ^ Extreme Metal Television Episode 2, (retrieved June 8, 2011)
17. ^ Sharpe-Young, G. Death, MusicMight: the World's Biggest Rock Music Database, (accessed August 8, 2008)
18. ^ Renda, P. Chuck Schuldiner: The pain of a genius, Metal Rules, (accessed August 5, 2008)
19. ^ Blabbermouth June 2008
20. ^ Death, Alters of Metal Interviews, (accessed August 26, 2008)
21. ^ Emptywords.org Death biography
22. ^ "Discographie Death" (in German). Hung Medien. http://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Death. Retrieved 2011-05-06. 
23. ^ "Chartverfolgung / Death / Longplay" (in German). PhonoNet. http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/DEATH/?type=longplay. Retrieved 2011-05-06. 
24. ^ "Discografie Death" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Death. Retrieved 2011-05-06. 
25. ^ "Death > Human > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. http://www.allmusic.com/album/human-r5282/charts-awards/billboard-album. Retrieved 2011-05-06. 
26. ^ "Death > Individual Thought Patterns > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. http://www.allmusic.com/album/individual-thought-patterns-r184192/charts-awards/billboard-album. Retrieved 2011-05-06. 
27. ^ "DEATH's 'The Sound Of Perseverance' Reissue: First-Week Sales Revealed". Blabbermouth.net. 2011-02-26. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=154591. Retrieved 2011-05-06. 

External links

• Death/Control Denied official webpage
• Official Facebook page
• Death at Allmusic
• Death discography at MusicBrainz