Clerodendrum colebrookianum

Clerodendrum colebrookianum
Clerodendrum colebrookianum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Clerodendrum
L.
Species: colebrookianum
Binomial name
Clerodendrum colebrookianum
Walp.

Clerodendrum colebrookianum (East Indian Glory Bower) is a perennial shrub belonging to the family Lamiaceae, but sometimes classified under Verbenaceae. It is one of the most well known among ~400 species of Clerodendrum, as it is widely used in traditional practices, such as for vegetable and treatments of diabetes, hypertension, cough and rheumatism.

The species is found in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia including India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Malayasia, Indonesia, Thailand, Bhutan and Nepal; and also in temperate China.[1] In India it is confined to the north-east region including West Bengal and Sikkim, and is classified under the threat status as vulnerable.[2]

Contents

Description

C. colebrookianum is a flowering shrub or small tree, characterized by a foetid smell. It is erect reaches up to 1.5-3 m in height and is evergreen. Branchlets are usually 4-angled when young. Leaves are simple, opposite or rarely whorled. Leaf base is wedge- shaped to heart-shaped, margin entire to slightly wavy, tip long-pointed to pointed. Flowers are white and borne in 4-6-branched corymbose cymes, at the end of branches. Inflorescences loosely cymose or capitate, in terminal or rarely axillary paniculate thyrses. Calyx is campanulate or cup-shaped, densely pubescent. Corolla with a slender tube; lobes 5, spreading . Stamens 4, ovary 4-locular; ovules pendulous or laterally attached. Style with 2 acute stigmatic lobes. Fruit is a drupe with 4 1-seeded pyrenes, sometimes separating into 2 2-loculed or 4 1-locular mericarps. It flowers during postmonsoon, from August to December.

Chemical constituents

Major phytochemicals in the leaves of C. colebrookianum are saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, glycosides and reducing sugars.[3] Novel compounds are identified such as colebroside A (1), a diglucoside of fatty acid ester of glycerin.[4] New steroids named colebrin A-E (1-5) are also identified.[5] Two new C29 sterols, colebrin A and colebrin B, and clerosterol have also been isolated.[6]

Uses

Traditional Practices

It is a common medicinal plant used for rheumatic pains by the Khasi and Jaintia tribes of Meghalaya. Roots with bark are helpful in cough, scrofulous affections and asthma. The leaves are vermifuge and its juice is used to destroy threadworms.[disambiguation needed ] It is believed that the smell of the wood relieves children from many diseases. Leaves and roots are used by Manipuri tribes for treatment of skin diseases, cough and dysentery.[7][8]

The tribal natives of Arunachal Pradesh use the leaf juice mixed with garlic extract given in treating blood pressure or cooked leaf is taken for the same.[9][10] Among the Mizos, leaves are cooked as vegetable, and is always a special ingredient in preparing dog meat. Locally known as 'Phuihnam' is popularly used to control hypertension.[11] It is now widely used as a popular household remedy for hypertension throughout north-eastern India.[12][13]

Scientific Evidences

The most notable medicinal value is the hypotensive activity for people suffering from acute high blood pressure. The crude and ethylacetate extracts of the leaves reportedly reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL in high-fat diet fed rats.[14] The methanolic extract and isolated glycosides called (sitosterol) of the leaves were shown to be significantly effective in reducing LDL in mice.[15] In addition to hypolipidemic activity, it causes dose-dependent hypoglycemic effect, thereby, indicating the anti-diabetic property.[3] The leaf extract is demonstrated to increase the antioxidant capacity of blood and had an inhibitory effect on the basal level of lipid peroxidation of liver and kidney.[16] It also protects against oxidative stress and cellular injury associated with ischemic-reperfusion injury of rat heart, suggesting that the protective effects depend on antioxidant properties.[17] The plant extract also exhibited moderate anthelmintic activity against the tapeworm, Raillietina echinobothrida.[18]

References

  1. ^ Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. (1994–). "Clerodendrum". In: Flora of China. Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Vol. 17, Page 34.
  2. ^ ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants
  3. ^ a b Adeneye AA, Adekele TI, Adeneye AK (2008). "Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of the aqueous fresh leaves extract of Clerodendrum capitatum in Wistar rats". J Ethnopharmacol 116 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.029. PMID 18055145. 
  4. ^ Yang H, Jiang B, Hou AJ, Lin ZW, Sun HD (2000). "Colebroside A, a new diglucoside of fatty acid ester of glycerin from Clerodendrum colebrookianum". J Asian Nat Prod Res 2 (3): 177–185. PMID 11256691. 
  5. ^ Yang H, Wang J, Hou AJ, Guo YP, Lin ZW, Sun HD (2000). "New steroids from Clerodendrum colebrookianum". Fitoterapia 71 (6): 641–648. doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00223-9. PMID 11077170. 
  6. ^ Yang H, Mei SH, Jiang B, Lin ZW, Sun HD (2000). "Two New C29 Sterols from Clerodendrum colebrookianum". Chinese Chem Lett 11 (1): 57–60. http://www.imm.ac.cn/journal/ccl/1101/110121-0057-99296-p4.pdf. 
  7. ^ Singh NR, Singh MS (2006). "Wild medicinal plants of Manipur included in the Red List". Asian Agri History 13 (3): 221–225. http://www.environmentportal.in/files/Wild%20medicinal%20plants%20of%20Manipur.pdf. 
  8. ^ Yonggam D. Ethno Medico-Botany of the Mishing Tribe of East Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh
  9. ^ Singh J, Bhuyan TC, Ahmed A (1996). "Ethnobotanical studies on the Mishing tribes of Assam with special reference to food & medicinal plants-1". J Econ-Taxon Bot 12 (1): 350–356. 
  10. ^ Yonggam D. Ethno Medico-Botany of the Mishing Tribe of East Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh
  11. ^ Sharma HK, Chhangte L, Dolui AK (2001). "Traditional medicinal plants in Mizoram, India". Fitoterapia 72 (2): 146–161. doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00278-1. 
  12. ^ Nath SC, Bordoloi DN (1991). "Clerodendrum colebrookianum, a folk remedy for the treatment of hypertension in northeastern India". J Pharmacog 29 (2): 127–129. 
  13. ^ Bordoloi B, Borthakur SK (1997). "Botanical identity of 'Phuinum' a folk Remedy for hypertension". BMEBR 18 (1): 18–29. http://www.ccras.nic.in/Publications/bmber%20botany%20list.htm. 
  14. ^ Devi R, Sharma DK (2004). "Hypolipidemic effect of different extracts of Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp in normal and high-fat diet fed rats.". J Ethnopharmacol 90 (1): 63–68. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.022. PMID 14698510. 
  15. ^ Sharma DK, Bhuyan SK (2006). "Hypolipidaemic effect of Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp glycosides in C3H mice". Planta Med 72 (11): 197. doi:10.1055/s-2006-949997. 
  16. ^ Rajlakshmi D, Banerjee SK, Sood S, Maulik SK (2003). "In-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant activity of different extracts of the leaves of Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp in the rat.". J Pharm Pharmacol 55 (12): 1681–1686. PMID 14738596. 
  17. ^ Devi R, Banerjee SK, Sood S, Dinda AK, Maulik SK (2005). "Extract from Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp protects rat heart against oxidative stress induced by ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI)". Life Sci 77 (24): 2999–3009. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.11.042. PMID 16038942. 
  18. ^ Temjenmongla T, Yadav A (2005). "Anticestodal efficacy of folklore medicinal plants of Naga Tibes in North-East India". Afr J Trad CAM 2 (2): 129–133. http://www.africanethnomedicines.net/n2temjemongla.pdf. 

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