Church of Saint Apostles Peter and Paul (Novi Pazar)

Church of Saint Apostles Peter and Paul Црква светих апостола Петра и Павла Crkva svetih apostola Petra i Pavla
The Church, 15 April 2007
Basic information
Location	Novi Pazar,  Serbia
Affiliation	Serbian Orthodox
Rite	Eastern Orthodoxy
District	Raška
Municipality	Novi Pazar
Heritage designation	UNESCO World Heritage Site Cultural Heritage of Serbia
Architectural description
Architectural style	Early Byzantine
Completed	9th century (4th century foundation)
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name: Stari Ras
Type:	Cultural
Criteria:	i, iii
Designated:	1979 (3rd)
Reference #:	96
Region:	Europe and North America
Serbian Cultural Property of Great Importance
Type:	Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance
Designated:	1979
Reference #:	SK 182

The Church of St. Apostles Peter and Paul (Serbian: Црква светих апостола Петра и Павла / Crkva svetih apostola Petra i Pavla), also known as Church of Peter (Serbian: Петрова црква / Petrova crkva) is a Serbian Orthodox church, the oldest intact church in Serbia and one of the oldest ones in the region, situated on a hill of Ras, the medieval capital of the Serbian Grand Principality (Rascia), near Novi Pazar, Serbia. It is part of the Stari Ras complex, an UNESCO World Heritage Site.^[1] It was founded in the 4th century during Roman rule, while additions were made in the 7th and 9th centuries, after which it served as the ecclessiastical seat of the Serbian church, and as the baptismal church and state council site of the Nemanjić dynasty, until the last years of the 12th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and Paul.

History

Main article: History of Serbia

Early

Main articles: Prehistoric Serbia and Roman Serbia

The exact date of founding is unknown; it is mentioned in the 9th century as the seat of the eparchy of Serbia (see Eparchy of Ras). Excavations on the site have unearthed Greek sculptures and Black-figure pottery dating to 7th and 6th century BC, as well as a 5th century BC princely grave (with regalia, robes, gold-silver jewelry, masks, beads and Attic pottery), underneath the floor of the church, in 1957-1958.^[1][2][3] The findings are presently at the National Museum of Serbia, in Belgrade. Roman, Byzantine and medieval Slavic tombs surround the church.^[3]

The present church has been built on several earlier churches of which remains have been well preserved. The foundation of the church, the massive columns, ground-plan and the octagonal tower which conceals a inner cupola are examples of the circular mausoleal architectural type used after Emperor Constantine (306-312).^[1] Archaeological findings point that the church has been rebuilt several times in history, beginning in the 4th century, with notable additions made in the 7th century. The architectural style resembles that of early churches in Pomorje, Armenia, Georgia, and Italy, dated to between the 7th and 9th centuries.

Middle Ages

Main article: Serbia in the Middle Ages

The first Serbian bishopric (Eparchy of Ras) was founded at the political center at Ras, near modern Novi Pazar on the Ibar river.^[4] Ras itself originates from ancient Arsa^[5], and it is mentioned as a Serbian town in Constantine VII's De Administrando Imperio (r. 913–959). The initial ecclessiastical affiliation is uncertain, it was subordinate to either Split or Durazzo, both then Byzantine (Patriarchate of Constantinople).^[4] The church served as seat of the Serbian eparchy, as the rotunda plan is characteristic of first court chapels.^[6] The bishopric was established shortly after 871, during the rule of Prince Mutimir (r. 850-891), and was part of the general plan of establishing bishoprics in the Slav lands of the Empire, confirmed by the Council of Constantinople in 879-880.^[6][7] Similarly, the Eparchy of Braničevo was founded in 878 (as continuation of Viminacium and Horreum Margi).

Prince Petar (r. 892-917), was entombed in the church.^[8] Christianity was spreading in his time.^[9] Prince Časlav (r. 927–960) may have added the frescoes, which are dated to the 10th century. Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes (r. 969-976) recognized the Ras region as being the "focus of the Serbian lands", amid his annexation of the region (organizing it into a Catepanate).^[10] The Eparchy of Ras was organized into the newly established Archbishopric of Ohrid (1018), amid the renewed annexation of the region (organizing it into a Theme), as part of a wider Byzantine-Slavic Orthodox area. In the chrysobulls of Emperor Basil II, dated 1020, the Eparchy of Ras is mentioned as serving the whole of Serbia, confirming the church as ecclesiastical seat.

Nemanja's council at the Church, forbidding Bogomilism. Fresco from the Saint Achillius Church (1290).

Sometime before 1163, Stefan Nemanja, then only a Prince, was baptized in the church. In 1166, Stefan Nemanja acquired the throne of Serbia with the title of Grand Prince, and he and his spouse Ana were married in the church, and his two sons, Rastko (later known as Saint Sava; l. 1175-1235), and Stefan Nemanjić, were also baptized in the church. Stefan Nemanja held the council that outlawed the Bogumils at the church.^[1] Rastko left Serbia in 1192, for Mount Athos, where he took monastic vows and was given the name Sava.^[11][12] Stefan Nemanja abdicated in 1195, crowning Stefan Nemanjić (r. 1196-1228) at the Church of Peter, then joined his son Sava on Mount Athos. The father and son soon asked the Holy Community for the establishment of the Serbian religious base at the abandoned Hilandar, which they renovated, marking the beginning of cultural prospering (in arts; literature, and religion). The ancient cell of Helandaris was donated by Emperor Alexios III Angelos (1195-1203) "to the Serbs as an eternal gift..." and Stefan Nemanja establishes and endows the monastery in 1198 (before 13th february 1199).^[13] Nemanja dies at Hilandar in 1199, while Sava continues his work in establishing the Serbian church.^[11] Henceforth, the Church of Peter ends its service as the seat of the Serbian church. Sava crowns his brother Stefan, "King of Serbia" in 1217, and upon returning to Mount Athos, Sava is consecrated as the first Archbishop of the Serbian church, given autocephaly by Patriarch Manuel I of Constantinople, in 1219. In the same year he published the first constitution in Serbia – St. Sava's Nomocanon (Zakonopravilo in Serbian).^[14][15] After the Nemanjić era, not much is mentioned about the church. The church frescoes date to the 10th, 12th and 13th centuries, while some frescoes were repainted in the mid-13th century.^[3]

Early modern

Main article: History of Ottoman Serbia

After the Ottoman conquest in 1455, the church was not abandoned, and it is mentioned throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. In 1690, the Church is abandoned and the region is largely depopulated amid Ottoman atrocities in Kosovo, amid the Great Turkish War in which Serb rebels fought on the side of the Holy League. Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević leads tens of thousands of Serb families to the Christian north. Metropolitan Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta restores the church in 1728. During the 18th century, the church had the rank of Metropolitanate, and after 1784, the Eparchy of Raška is organized into the Eparchy of Prizren. In the 1830s, the church is built on and restored. Shortly thereafter, the Ottomans overtake the church and use it as an ammunition magazine. Since the First Balkan War (1912), it is used for its original purpose [as a church].

Modern

Main article: History of modern Serbia

Conservatorial work was done in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The Stari Ras-complex, including the church and Sopoćani, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979, the church itself was included due to its uniqueness, as it is one of the oldest churches in the region. It is designated a Cultural Heritage Site of Serbia (the national heritage list), of the Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance type.

Gallery

• 

  "At this place, Serbian national councils were held in the 12th century"
• 

  Bell tower and medieval tombs
• 

  Fresco of Saint Nicholas
• 

  Cupola, dated to the 4th century
• 

  Medieval gate, remnant of capital walls

See also

• List of Serbian Orthodox monasteries

Other oldest churches

• Church of St. George, Sofia, the oldest church in Bulgaria
• Church of Holy Cross, Nin, the oldest church in Croatia
• Panagia Ekatontapiliani, the oldest church in Greece
• Densuş Church, the oldest church in Romania
• Tkhaba-Yerdy Church, the oldest church in Russia
• Etchmiadzin Cathedral, the oldest church in Armenia, and the world (UNESCO)

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Bradt, Serbia^{[page needed]}
2. ^ Trebenishte: the fortunes of an unusual excavation - M. Stibbe,Rastko Vasić^{[page needed]}
3. ^ ^{a b c} http://www.panacomp.net/content/view/133/206/lang,english/^{[dead link]}
4. ^ ^{a b} The entry of the Slavs into Christendom, p. 208
5. ^ Mrkobrad^{[page needed]}
6. ^ ^{a b} The entry of the Slavs into Christendom, p. 209
7. ^ Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Raska and Prizren
8. ^ CHRONICLE OF THE PRIEST OF DUKLJA (Ljetopis' Popa Dukljanina)^{[page needed]}
9. ^ The early medieval Balkans, p. 141
10. ^ [1]^{[page needed]}
11. ^ ^{a b} Đuro Šurmin, Povjest književnosti hrvatske i srpske, 1808, p. 229
12. ^ The entry of the Slavs into Christendom, p. 218
13. ^ Tibor Zivkovic - Charters of the Serbian rulers related to Kosovo and Metochia. page 15
14. ^ (PDF) Petarzoric, Alan Watson, http://www.alanwatson.org/sr/petarzoric.pdf .
15. ^ p. 118

Sources

• Mrkobrad, D. 1997, "Ras-Postenje, researches of the space north from the central gate on the northeastern wall", Glasnik Srpskog arheološkog društva, no. 13, pp. 183-189.
• Александар Дероко, „Монументална и декоративна архитектура у средњовековној Србији“ Београд 1985.
• Јован Деретић, „Културна историја Срба“, Крагујевац 2001. -{ISBN}- 86-7247-009-5
• Више аутора, "Нови Пазар и околина", Београд, 1969.

External links

• UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Municipality of Raska, Church of Peter entry

Coordinates: 43°09′40″N 20°31′37″E / 43.16111°N 20.52694°E / 43.16111; 20.52694