- Mescalero-Chiricahua language
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Mescalero-Chiricahua Spoken in USA Region Oklahoma, New Mexico Native speakers 279 (1990) Language family Dené–Yeniseian- Na-Dene
- Athabaskan
- Southern Athabaskan
- Southwestern Apache
- Western
- Mescalero-Chiricahua
- Western
- Southwestern Apache
- Southern Athabaskan
- Athabaskan
Language codes ISO 639-3 apm This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. Mescalero-Chiricahua (also known as Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache) is a Southern Athabaskan language spoken by the Mescalero and Chiricahua tribes in Oklahoma and New Mexico. It is related to Navajo and Western Apache. Mescalero-Chiricahua has been described in great detail by the anthropological linguist Harry Hoijer (1904–1976), especially in Hoijer & Opler (1938) and Hoijer (1946). Hoijer & Opler's Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts, including a grammatical sketch and traditional religious and secular stories, has been converted into an online "book" available from the University of Virginia.
Contents
Sounds
Consonants
The 31 consonants of Mescalero-Chiricahua:
Bilabial Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal central lateral Stop unaspirated p t k aspirated tʰ kʰ ejective tʼ kʼ ʔ Affricate unaspirated ts tɮ tʃ aspirated tsʰ tɬʰ tʃʰ ejective tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ Nasal simple m n prenasalized (mᵇ) nᵈ Fricative voiceless s ɬ ʃ x h voiced z ɮ ʒ ʝ ɣ Vowels
The 16 vowels of Mescalero-Chiricahua:
Front Central Back short long short long short long High oral i iː nasal ĩ ĩː Mid oral ɛ ɛː o oː nasal ɛ̃ ɛ̃ː õ õː Low oral a aː nasal ã ãː Mescalero-Chiricahua has phonemic oral, nasal, short, and long vowels.
References
- Grimes, Barbara F. (Ed.). (2000). Ethnologue: Languages of the world, (14th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-106-9. (Online edition: http://www.ethnologue.com/, accessed on Nov. 19th, 2004).
- Hoijer, Harry. (n.d.). Chiricahua Apache stems. (Unpublished manuscript).
- Hoijer, Harry. (1938). The southern Athapaskan languages. American Anthropologist, 40 (1), 75-87.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1939). Chiricahua loan-words from Spanish. Language, 15 (2), 110-115.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1945). Classificatory verb stems in the Apachean languages. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (1), 13-23.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1945). The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (4), 193-203.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (1), 1-13.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (2), 51-59.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1946). Chiricahua Apache. In C. Osgood (Ed.), Linguistic structures in North America. New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research.
- Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938). Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts. The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted in 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press, ISBN 0-404-15783-1).
- Opler, Morris E., & Hoijer, Harry. (1940). The raid and war-path language of the Chiricahua Apache. American Anthropologist, 42 (4), 617-634.
- Pinnow, Jürgen. (1988). Die Sprache der Chiricahua-Apachen: Mit Seitenblicken auf das Mescalero [The language of the Chiricahua Apache: With side glances at the Mescalero]. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
- Webster, Anthony K. (2006). On Speaking to Him (Coyote): The Discourse Functions of the yi-/bi- Alternation in Some Chiricahua Apache Narratives. Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 25(2), 143-160.
- Young, Robert W. (1983). Apachean languages. In A. Ortiz, W. C. Sturtevant (Eds.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest, (Vol. 10), (p. 393-400). Washington: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-004579-7.
External links
Athabaskan languages Apachean Plains Southwestern Languages of Arizona
Immigrant languages Indigenous languages Other languages Languages of New Mexico
Immigrant languages Indigenous languages Other languages Languages of Oklahoma
Italics indicate extinct languagesAlabama · Arapaho · Caddo · Cayuga · Cherokee · Cheyenne · Chickasaw · Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) · Choctaw · Comanche · Delaware · English · Hitchiti-Mikasuki · Kansa · Koasati · Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache · Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk) · Muscogee · Osage · Ottawa · Pawnee · Plains Apache · Ponca · Potawatomi · Quapaw · Seneca · Shawnee · Spanish · Tonkawa · Vietnamese · Wichita · Wyandot · Yuchi
Native American tribes in Oklahoma Federally
recognized
tribesAbsentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma · Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town · Apache Tribe of Oklahoma · Caddo Nation of Oklahoma · Cherokee Nation · Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes · Chickasaw Nation · Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma · Citizen Potawatomi Nation · Comanche Nation · Delaware Nation · Delaware Tribe of Indians · Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma · Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma · Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma · Kaw Nation · Kialegee Tribal Town · Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma · Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma · Miami Tribe of Oklahoma · Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma · Muscogee Creek Nation · Osage Tribe · Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians · Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma · Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma · Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma · Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma · Quapaw Tribe of Indians · Sac and Fox Nation · Seminole Nation of Oklahoma · Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma · Shawnee Tribe · Thlopthlocco Tribal Town · Tonkawa Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma · United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma · Wichita and Affiliated Tribes · Wyandotte NationTribal languages
(still spoken)Alabama · Arapaho · Caddo · Cayuga · Cherokee · Cheyenne · Chickasaw · Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) · Choctaw · Comanche · Delaware · Koasati · Hitchiti-Mikasuki · Mescalero-Chiricahua · Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk) · Muscogee · Osage · Ottawa · Pawnee · Ponca · Potawatomi · Quapaw · Seneca · Shawnee · Wichita · Wyandot · YuchiCategories:- Southern Athabaskan languages
- Chiricahua
- Indigenous languages of Mexico
- Languages of the United States
- Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States
- Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest
- Endangered Athabaskan languages
- Mescalero Apache
- Na-Dene
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