Spanish in the United States

Infobox Language
name = Spanish in the United States
nativename =
pronunciation=/espa'ɲol/, /kaste'ʎano/ or /kaste'ʝano/
familycolor = Indo-European
script = United States
speakers = 34,547,077cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_DP2&-context=adp&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-tree_id=306&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=
title=Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2007|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2008-10-09] (United States only)
rank = 2-4 (native) [ [http://www.ethnologue.com/ Languages of the world by Ethnologue] ] [ [http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/most_spoken_languages.htm Most widely spoken languages by Nations Online] ] [ [http://www.askmen.com/toys/top_10/45b_top_10_list.html Most spoken languages by Ask Men] ] [ [http://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html Encarta Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People] ]
Total: 3
fam2 = Italic
fam3 = Romance
fam4 = Italo-Western
fam5 = Gallo-Iberian
fam6 = Ibero-Romance
fam7 = West Iberian
fam8 = Spanish
script = Latin (Spanish variant)
script = Latin (Spanish variant)
nation =
agency =
iso1 = es
iso2 = spa
iso3 = spa


Spanish language spread in the United States.

The Spanish language is the second most-common language in the United States after English. There are more Spanish speakers in the U.S. than there are speakers of French, Hawaiian, and the Native American languages combined. According to the 2007 American Community Survey conducted by the United States Census Bureau, Spanish is the primary language spoken at home by over 34 million people aged 5 or older. The U.S. is home to more than 45 million Hispanics, making it the world's second-largest Spanish-speaking community, only after Mexico and behind Colombia, Spain, and Argentina.cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/speak/spanish/Espana/elpepucul/20081006elpepicul_1/Tes|title=Más 'speak spanish' que en España|accessdate=2007-10-06] Roughly half of all U.S. Spanish speakers also speak English "very well", based on the self-assessment Census question respondents.cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-29.pdf|title=2000 Census, Language in the US|accessdate=2007-06-05]

History

Spanish was the first European language spoken in North America. It was brought to the territory of what is the contemporary U.S. in 1513 by Ponce de León. In 1565, the Spaniards founded St. Augustine, Florida, the oldest, continuously occupied European settlement in the modern U.S. territory.

Historically, the Spanish-speaking population increased because of territorial annexation of lands conquered earlier by the Spanish empire and by wars with Mexico and by land purchases, while modern factors continue increasing the size of this population.

Louisiana Purchase

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Spanish rule encompassed most of the contemporary U.S. territory, including the French colony of Louisiana that was under Spanish control from 1763 to 1800, and then part of the U.S. since 1803. When Louisiana was sold to the United States, its Spanish and French inhabitants became U.S. citizens, while retaining their native Spanish and French tongues.

Annexation of Texas and the Mexican-American War

From 1821, Texas was part of the Republic of Mexico until the Anglo settlers' revolution of 1836. Per the 1850 U.S. census, fewer than 16,000 Texans were of Mexican descent, and nearly all were Spanish-speaking people who were outnumbered (six-to-one) by English-speaking Anglo settlers. Fact|date=February 2007

Mexico lost almost half of its northern territory to the U.S. in the Mexican-American War (1846–1848): parts of contemporary Texas, and Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming, California, Nevada, and Utah. Although the lost territory was sparsely populated, the thousands of Spanish-speaking Mexicans resultantly became U.S. citizens.Fact|date=February 2007 The war-ending Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) does not explicitly address language rights.

panish-American War

In 1898, consequent to the Spanish-American War, the U.S. conquered Cuba and Puerto Rico as American territories. In 1902, Cuba became independent from the U.S., while Puerto Rico became a U.S. commonwealth. Spanish is Puerto Rico's first language, and its citizens hold statutory U.S. citizenship.

Modern migration

The influx of many Spanish-speaking immigrants to the U.S. has increased the number of Spanish-speakers in the country, resultantly they are majorities and large minorities in many political districts, especially in California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, the U.S. states bordering Mexico.

Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability upon achieving independence. The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's communist government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the U.S., hence there are some one million Cubans in the United States, most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cuban Americans live in the Northeastern U.S.; most are fluent in Spanish.

Many Puerto Ricans have migrated to New York City, New York, increasing its Spanish-speaking population. Millions of Puerto Rican Americans living in the U.S. mainland are fluent in Spanish. In Hawaii, where Puerto Rican farm laborers and Mexican ranchers have settled since the late 1800s, 7.0 per cent of the islands' people are either Hispanic or Hispanophone or both. Fact|date=February 2007

Current status

In total, there were 34,547,077 people in the United States who speak Spanish as their primary language at home, including 3.5 million in the territory of Puerto Rico, where Spanish is the primary language. Over half of the country's Spanish speakers reside in California, Texas, and Florida alone.

"Note: The following table uses data from the 2006 American Community Survey from the United States Census Bureau [ [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_submenuId=&_lang=en&_ts= United States - Data Sets - American FactFinder ] ]

Although the United States currently has no official language, English is the "de facto" national language. Most state and federal government agencies use English. Many states, such as California, require bilingual legislated notices and official documents, in Spanish and English, and other commonly used languages. In the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Spanish is the official and most commonly used language. Throughout the history of the Southwest U.S., the controversial issues of language as part of cultural rights and bilingual state government representation has caused socio-cultural friction between non-Hispanic Anglophones and Hispanic citizens. Currently, Spanish is the most widely-taught second language in the U.S. [ [http://www.adfl.org/resources/enrollments.pdf Foreign Language Enrollments in United States Institutions of Higher Learning] , MLA Fall 2002.]

California

California's first constitution recognized Spanish language rights: "All laws, decrees, regulations, and provisions emanating from any of the three supreme powers of this State, which from their nature require publication, shall be published in English and Spanish." By 1870, English-speaking Americans were a majority in California; in 1879, the state promulgated a new constitution under which all official proceedings were to be conducted exclusively in English, a clause that remained in effect until 1966. In 1986, California voters added a new constitutional clause, by referendum, stating that "English is the official language of the State of California", however, Spanish remains widely spoken throughout the state, and many government forms, documents, and services are bilingual, in English and Spanish.

Arizona

In Arizona, English is the official state language as of 2006. Historically, however, the state (like its southwestern neighbors) has enjoyed close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico. The state outside the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1862, when the western half was made into the Arizona Territory. Although Arizona and New Mexico gained statehood in 1912, the majority of residents were Spanish-speaking until the 1920s. The area of the former Gadsden Purchase contained a majority of Spanish-speakers until the 1940s, although the Tucson area had a higher ratio of Anglos and Mexican-Americans who were fluent in English.

New Mexico

New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state; however, the state has no official language. New Mexico's laws are promulgated bilingually in Spanish and English, although English is the state government's working language. Spanish has been spoken in the New Mexico-Colorado border and the contemporary U.S.-Mexico border since the 16th century.

Texas

In Texas, English is conventionally used in government; the state has no official language. The continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas. Even in the twenty-first century, Texas's southernmost counties, in the Rio Grande Valley are mostly Hispanic, hence, Spanish is the common language of the region's multi-generational Mexican Americans, yet, they are more English-proficient than their southern counterparts.

Puerto Rico

The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico recognizes Spanish and English as official languages; Spanish is the dominant first language.

panish place names

Learning trends in the U.S.

Spanish is the most widely-taught non-English language in U.S. secondary schools and of higher education ( [http://www.mla.org/adfl/bulletin/v19n2/192039.htm] ), thus establishing its importance to non-Hispanic Americans.

More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses in autumn of 2002 and Spanish is the most widely-taught language in American colleges and universities with 53 percent of the total number of people enrolled, followed by French (14.4%), German (7.1%) Italian (4.5%), American Sign language (4.3%), Japanese (3.7%), and Chinese (2.4%) although the totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S population. [http://www.vistawide.com/languages/us_languages.htm] [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0905275.html]

Common words derived from Spanish

"See also List of English words of Spanish origin"
*Corral
*Desperado
*Lariat
*Lasso
*Potato
*Ranch
*Siesta
*Tornado
*Chocolate
*Buckaroo

Variation

The influence of English on American Spanish is very important. In many Latino youth subcultures, it is fashionable to variously mix Spanish and English, thereby producing Spanglish. "Spanglish" is the name for the admixture of English words and phrases to Spanish for effective communication.

The new generation of American Hispanics want to preserve knowing and using Spanish as equal to learning and using English. The small "Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española" (North American Academy of the Spanish Language) tracks the developments of "American Spanish" (U.S. Spanish) and the influence of English upon it.

Language experts distinguish these varieties of "American Spanish" in the United States:Fact|date=February 2007
*Cuban (1959-to date): Florida and New Jersey
*Dominican (1943-to date): New York, Miami, Boston, Philadelphia and Providence
*Salvadoran-Honduran/Central American (1598-to date): New Jersey, Washington D.C., Los Angeles, Baltimore, and New Orleans
*Isleño (Islander) (18th century-to date): St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
*Mexican (also Chicano or Tex-Mex [20th century] ): the U.S.-Mexico border, from southern California to Texas to Illinois
*New Mexican (1598-to date)
**Traditional Spanish (1598-to date): Central and north-central New Mexico and south-central Colorado
**Renovador (Renovating Spanish) (20th century): The border regions of Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico, and southeastern Colorado
*Puerto Rican (1898-to date): New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and other large northeastern cities, and Illinois, Orlando and Tampa, Florida.

Analogously, many Spanish words now are standard American English. For a detailed list of borrowed words, see American English.

Future of Spanish in the United States

Many factors indicate that Spanish in the U.S. is healthy. Living an exclusively Hispanophone life is viable in some areas because of continual immigration and prevalent Spanish-language mass media, such as Univisión, Telemundo, and Azteca América. Because Hispanic immigration remains the greatest source of immigrants, and because of it closeness to Spanish-speaking areas, it is possible that the language in the Southern U.S., i.e. California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Florida, will continue using Spanish in quotidian life.

Moreover, because of the North American Free Trade Agreement, it is common for many American manufacturers to use trilingual product labeling using English, French, and Spanish. Besides the businesses that always have catered to Hispanophone immigrants, a small, but increasing, number of mainstream American retailers now advertise bilingually in Spanish-speaking areas and offer bilingual, English-Spanish customer services.

The State of the Union Addresses and other presidential speeches are translated to Spanish, following the precedent set by the Bill Clinton administration. Official Spanish translations are available at [http://www.whitehouse.gov Whitehouse.gov] . Moreover, non-Hispanic politicians fluent in Spanish speak in Spanish to Hispanic majority constituencies. There are 500 Spanish newspapers, 152 magazines, and 205 publishers in the U.S.; magazine and local television advertising expenditures for the Hispanic market have increased much from 1999 to 2003, with growth of 58 percent and 43 percent, respectively.

This guarantees Spanish's survival in the U.S., yet, it is necessary to remember that, historically, the immigrant's original languages tend to disappear or become reduced through generational assimilation. Spanish disappeared in several countries and U.S. territories during the twentieth century, notably in the Pacific Island countries of Guam, Micronesia, Palau, the Northern Marianas islands, and the Marshall Islands. In the Philippines, it is virtually extinct; 2,658 speakers, per the 1990 Census, although Spanish loan words persist.

The English-only movement seeks to establish English as the sole official language of the U.S. Generally, they exert political public pressure upon Hispanophone immigrants to learn English and speak it publicly; as universities, business, and the professions use English, there is much social pressure to learn English for upward socio-economic mobility.

Generally, U.S. Hispanics (13.4% of the 2002 population) are bilingual to a degree. A Simmons Market Research survey recorded that 19 percent of the U.S.'s Hispanic population speak only Spanish, 9.0 percent speak only English, 55 percent have limited English proficiency, and 17 percent are fully English-Spanish bilingual.

Intergenerational transmission of Spanish is a more accurate indicator of Spanish's future in the U.S. than raw statistical numbers of Hispanophone immigrants. Although Latin American immigrants hold varying English proficiency levels, almost all second-generation Hispanic Americans speak English, yet about 50 per cent speak Spanish at home. Two-thirds of third-generation Mexican Americans speak only English at home.

Calvin Veltman undertook, for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project, the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants. Mr Veltman's language shift studies document high bilingualism rates and subsequent adoption of English as the preferred language of Hispanics, particularly by the young and the native-born. The complete set of these studies' demographic projections postulates the near-complete assimilation of a given Hispanophone immigrant cohort within two generations. Although his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census (which has not been repeated), data from the 1990 Census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the U.S. Hispanic population.

American literature in Spanish

Southwest Colonial literature

In 1610, Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá published his "Historia de Nuevo México" (History of New Mexico).

Nineteenth Century

In 1880, José Martí moved to New York City.

Eusebio Chacón published "El hijo de la tempestad" in 1892.

Twentieth century

Federico García Lorca wrote in America his collection of poems, "Poeta en Nueva York", and the two plays "Así que pasen cinco años" and "El público". José Vasconcelos and Juan Ramón Jiménez were exiled to the U.S.A. Chicano period

ee also

*Languages in the United States
*History of the Spanish language
*Bilingual education
*English-only movement
*List of U.S. communities with Hispanic majority populations
*Isleños
*List of U.S. cities with diacritics
*Bilingualism in Canada

References

Resources

*http://www.vistawide.com/languages/us_languages.htm
*http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0905275.html

External links

*" [http://www.georgetown.edu/academia/ Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española] " (in Spanish)