Napier Lion

Lion
Napier Lion II at Canada Aviation Museum
Type	Piston aero-engine
Manufacturer	Napier & Son
First run	1917
Major applications	Handley Page Hyderabad Vickers Vernon

The Napier Lion was a 12-cylinder broad arrow configuration aircraft engine built by Napier & Son starting in 1917, and ending in the 1930s. A number of advanced features made it the most powerful engine of its day, and kept it in production long after contemporary designs had stopped production. It is particularly well known for its use on a number of racing designs, in aircraft, boats, and cars.

Design and development

Early in in the First World War Napier were contracted to build aero engines to designs from other companies: initially a Royal Aircraft Factory model and then Sunbeams. Both proved to be rather unreliable, and in 1916 Napier decided to design their own instead. Reasoning that the key design criteria were high power, light weight, and low frontal area, the engine was laid out with its 12 cylinders in what they called a "broad arrow"—three banks of four cylinders sharing a common crankcase. This suggested the design's first name, the Triple-Four. Today these designs, of which there were only a few, are sometimes referred to as a W-block, although that designation applies more correctly to an engine in which a common crankcase is shared by not merely three but in fact four rows of cylinders (since a "W" is made of four lines or bars). The engine was also advanced in form, the heads using four valves per cylinder with twin overhead camshafts on each bank of cylinders and a single block being milled from aluminium instead of the more common separate-cylinder steel construction used on almost all other designs.

Cutaway view showing the double overhead camshaft arrangement

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Under A. J. Rowledge, the design of the newly-renamed Lion was completed in 1917, and the first hand-built prototypes ran later that year. It was fitted to a de Havilland built DH.9 in early 1918, proving to have many cooling problems. In addition the milled block turned out to be difficult to build with any accuracy and they reverted to separate cylinders, although they remained aluminium. Both of these problems were worked out by the middle of the year and the engine entered production in June 1918. The first Lion I versions delivered 450 hp (335 kW) from their 24 litres. It then took the crown of the most powerful engine from the Liberty L-12, the excellent US wartime design of 400 hp (300 kW).

As the most powerful engine available (particularly after a turbocharger became an option in 1922), the Lion went on to be a huge commercial success. Through the years between the wars the Lion was ubiquitous, and Napier manufactured little else. They stopped making cars in 1925, and little thought was given to replacing their world-famous product. Between the wars it powered over 160 different types of aircraft.

The Napier Lion installed in the Napier-Railton car.

In highly-tuned racing versions the engine could reach 1,300 hp (970 kW), and it was used to break a host of world records: height, air speed, and long distance in aircraft, water speed (delivering 1,375 hp (1,025 kW) in a highly tuned Lion for 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) in 1933) and even land speed: Lions powered many of Sir Malcolm Campbell's record breakers (including over 250 mph (400 km/h) in 1932) and John Cobb's 394 mph Railton Mobil Special in 1947—a record that came well after the Lion had passed its prime and stood until the 1960s. The record had been held by British drivers for 32 years. Lions powered successful entrants in the most prestigious event in air racing, the Schneider Cup, in 1922 and 1927, but were then dropped by Supermarine in favour of a new engine from Rolls-Royce, the Rolls-Royce R which had been especially designed for racing.

During the 1930s a new generation of much larger and more powerful engines started to appear, and the Lion was clearly past its prime. Gradually, they fell further and further behind. By the time the Bristol Hercules and the Rolls-Royce Merlin arrived in the late 1930s, the Lion was too small and old-fashioned.

A marine version of the Lion, unsurprisingly called the Sea Lion, was used to power high speed air-sea rescue launches operated by the RAF.

Another adaptation for the Lion aero engine was propeller-driven motor sleighs, which were used for high-speed transport and SAR duties on sea ice by the Finnish Air Force and Navy.

Turning away from the broad arrow layout, Napier started on the design of two new engines using the even more compact H engine layout. The 16-cylinder Rapier produced 400 hp (300 kW), the 24-cylinder Dagger delivered just under 1,000 hp (750 kW). However these were both smaller than contemporary designs from other companies, and Napier had to start afresh with a new sleeve valve design, which eventually matured into the superb Sabre.

Variants

Lion models^{[1] [2]}

Model	Date	Works No.	Power	Notes	Notable uses
I	1918		450 bhp at 1,950 rpm	geared, also related IA and 1AY
II	1919	E64	450 bhp at 2,000 rpm
IIII			experimental geared	Gloster Gorcock
V			470 hp at 2,000 rpm 500 hp at 2,250 rpm	VA had increased CR to 5.8	Mainstay engine of the RAF in the late 1920s, replaced by Lion XI
VS		E79		Turbocharged, intercooled
VIS	1927			Turbocharged	Gloster Guan
VII	1925		700 bhp (racing)		Gloster III (Schneider Trophy entrant) Supermarine S.4
VIIA	1927	E86	900 bhp (racing)		Golden Arrow Blue Bird (1927) Miss England I Supermarine S.5 Gloster IV
VIIB	1927		875 bhp (racing)	geared	Supermarine S.5 Gloster IV
VIID	1929	E91	1,350 bhp at 3,600 rpm (racing)	Supercharged, about 6-8 built	Blue Bird (1931) Fred H Stewarts Enterprise Betty Carstairss Estelle V powerboat Miss Britain III Gloster VI (Schneider Trophy entrant) Railton Special (John Cobb's land speed record car)
VIII	1927			direct drive	Gloster Gorcock
XIA	1928		580 bhp at 2,585 rpm, 6:1 CR	RAF production model	Napier-Railton
Lioness		E71		Inverted layout, for better visibility. At least some were built turbocharged, for racing.
Sea Lion	1933		500/600 bhp	Marine version of Lion XI	British Power Boat Company Type Two 63 ft HSL

Applications

Aircraft

Napier Lion at Brooklands Motor Museum

Alliance P.2 Seabird Avro Bison Blackburn Blackburn Blackburn Dart Blackburn Pellet Blackburn Ripon Blackburn Velos Boulton Paul Atlantic Boulton Paul Bodmin Boulton Paul Bolton English Electric Kingston flying boat (prototype) Fairey III Fairey Fawn Gloster Gorcock Gloster Guan Handley Page H.P.31 Harrow

Handley Page Hyderabad Mitsubishi B1M Parnall Pike Parnall Possum Parnall Puffin Supermarine S.4 Supermarine S.5 Supermarine Seagull Supermarine Southampton Tarrant Tabor Vickers Vernon Vickers Valparaiso Vickers Victoria Vickers Virginia Vickers Vixen Westland Walrus

Other applications

• British Power Boat Company Type Two 63 ft HSL
• British Power Boat Company 60 ft 4 in^[3]

Engines on display

Preserved Napier Lion engines are on static display at the following museums:

• Brooklands Museum
• Canada Aviation Museum
• Imperial War Museum Duxford
• Solent Sky

Specifications (Lion II)

Data from Lumsden^[4]

General characteristics

• Type: 12-cylinder water-cooled W-block (3 banks of 4 cylinders) aircraft piston engine
• Bore: 5.5 in (139.7 mm)
• Stroke: 5.125 in (130.17 mm)
• Displacement: 1,461.6 in³ (23.9 L)
• Length: 57.5 in (1460 mm)
• Width: 42.0 in (1067 mm)
• Height: 43.5 in (1105 mm)
• Dry weight: 960 lb (435 kg)

Components

• Valvetrain: Two intake and two exhaust valves per cylinder actuated via double overhead camshafts per cylinder block.
• Cooling system: Water-cooled

Performance

• Power output: 480 hp (358 kW) at 2,200 rpm at 5,000 ft
• Specific power: 0.32 hp/in³ (15.0 kW/L)
• Compression ratio: 5.8:1
• Power-to-weight ratio: 0.5 hp/lb (0.82 kW/kg)

See also

• Napier-Bentley
• Vehicles powered by Napier Lion engines
  

Related lists

• List of aircraft engines
  

References

Notes

1. ^ Vessey 1997
2. ^ Napier aero-engines. "Lion" (PDF). Flight. 27 June 1958. http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1958/1958%20-%200877.html. 
3. ^ www.mwadui.com/HonKong/The 2nd MTB Flotilla.pdf
4. ^ Lumsden 2003, p.166.

Bibliography

• Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-85310-294-6.
• Vessey, Alan. Napier Powered. Stroud: Tempus (Images of England series), 1997. ISBN 0-7524-0766-X.

External links

• "The Napier Lion Aeromotor" (PDF). Flight XI (13): 397–402. March 27, 1919. No. 535. http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1919/1919%20-%200397.html. Retrieved January 12, 2011.  Contemporary technical description of the Lion with photographs and drawings.