Culture of Vanuatu

Funeral masks, Malakula Island.

Wooden slit drums from Vanuatu, Bernice P. Bishop Museum

This article presents an overview of the culture of Vanuatu.

Social system and customs

Vanuatu culture retains a strong diversity through local regional variations and through foreign influence. Vanuatu may be divided into three major cultural regions. In the north, wealth is established by how much one can give away. Pigs, particularly those with rounded tusks, are considered a symbol of wealth throughout Vanuatu. In the centre, more traditional Melanesian cultural systems dominate. In the south, a system involving grants of title with associated privileges has developed.^[1]

Young men undergo various coming-of-age ceremonies and rituals to initiate them into manhood, usually including circumcision.

Music

Main article: Music of Vanuatu

Locals performing in street band

Traditional music (known in Bislama as kastom singsing or kastom tanis) is still thriving in the rural areas of Vanuatu. Musical instruments consist mostly of idiophones: drums of various shape and size, slit gongs, as well as rattles, among others. In various regions, aerophones, such as whistles or bamboo flutes, are or used to be played; membranophones and chordophones were also found in some areas, but have fallen into disuse during colonial times. The large slit gongs which symbolize Vanuatu belong to these traditional instruments; they were most often used as musical drums to accompany certain dances, but also sometimes – though seldom – as a ritual means of communication; although widespread throughout Vanuatu, they are used vertically only in central areas of the archipelago (mainly on Ambrym). Traditional music is actually a very general cover term encompassing a wide and complex variety of musical genres known by every local community – in a way very similar to the vague term classical music of Western societies.

Another musical genre that has become widely popular during the 20th century in all areas of Vanuatu, is known as string band music. It combines guitars, ukulele, and popular songs.

More recently the music of Vanuatu, as an industry, grew rapidly in the 1990s and several bands have forged a distinctive ni-Vanuatu identity. Popular genres of modern commercial music, which are currently being played in town include zouk music and reggaeton. Reggaeton, a variation of hip-hop rapped in Spanish, played alongside its own distinctive beat, is especially played in the local nightclubs of Vanuatu with, mostly, an audience of Westerners and tourists.

Literature

There are few prominent ni-Vanuatu authors, but women's rights activist Grace Mera Molisa, who died in 2002, achieved international notability as a very descriptive poet.

Sport

Cricket is very popular in Vanuatu. There are 8000 registered cricketers.^[2] Sport varies depending on the gender of those involved. Volleyball is considered a "girls' sport" and males play association football and rugby union.

Language

Main article: Languages of Vanuatu

There are three official languages: English, French, and Bislama. Bislama is a pidgin language, and now a creole in urban areas, which essentially combines a typically Melanesian grammar with a mostly English vocabulary. It is the only language that can be understood and spoken by the majority of Vanuatu's population as a second language. In addition 113 indigenous languages are still actively spoken in Vanuatu.^[1] The density of languages, per capita, is the highest of any nation in the world with an average of only 2000 speakers per language. All of these vernacular languages belong to the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian family.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Vanuatu

Christianity is the predominant religion in Vanuatu, consisting of several denominations. The Presbyterian Church, adhered to by about one third of the population, is the largest of them. Roman Catholic and Anglican are other common denominations, each claiming about 15% of the population. Others are the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Church of Christ, Neil Thomas Ministries (NTM), as well as many other religious sects and denominations. Because of the modernities that the military in World War II brought with them when they came to the islands, several cargo cults developed. Many died out, but the John Frum cult on Tanna is still large, and has adherents in the parliament. Also on Tanna is the Prince Philip Movement, which reveres the United Kingdom's Prince Philip.^[3] Villagers of the Yaohnanen tribe believed in an ancient story about the pale-skinned son of a mountain spirit venturing across the seas to look for a powerful woman to marry. Prince Philip, having visited the island with his new wife Queen Elizabeth, fitted the description exactly and is therefore revered and even held as a god around the isle of Tanna. On the island of Aneityum, the ancient religion consisted in the worship of Natmasses which were spirits represented in stones.^[4] Islam in Vanuatu is made up of about 200 converts and growing fast.^[5] It was introduced by Hussein Nabanga who converted to Islam while training to be a Christian missionary.

Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of Vanuatu

The cuisine of Vanuatu (aelan kakae) incorporates fish, root vegetables such as taro and yams, fruits, and vegetables.^[6] Most island families grow food in their gardens, and food shortages are rare.^[6] Papayas, pineapples, mangoes, plantains, and sweet potatoes are abundant through much of the year.^[6] Coconut milk and cream are used to flavor many dishes.^[6] Most food is cooked using hot stones or through boiling and steaming; very little food is fried.^[6]

See also

• Vanuatu Cultural Centre

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "Culture of Vanuatu". Vanuatu Tourism Office. Archived from the original on 2007-05-20. http://web.archive.org/web/20070520205556/http://www.vanuatutourism.com/vanuatu/export/sites/VTO/en/culture/culture.html. Retrieved 2007-07-16. 
2. ^ Vanuatu announce major sponsor - Beyond the Test World at Cricinfo at blogs.cricinfo.com
3. ^ FIFTY FACTS ABOUT THE DUKE OF EDINBURGH 25 January 2002
4. ^ Cf. Felix Speiser in Ethnology of Vanuatu. London: C Hurst, 1998, p.310.
5. ^ "Green Moon Rising: Islam Is Spreading In Melanesia". Pacific Magazine. 2007-06-29. http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2007/06/29/green-moon-rising. Retrieved 2007-07-16. 
6. ^ ^{a b c d e} The Peace Corps Welcomes You to Vanuatu. Peace Corps (May 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.