Feisal Abdul Rauf

Feisal Abdul Rauf
Feisal Abdul Rauf

Rauf at the 2005 World Economic Forum in Cologny, Switzerland.
Born 1948 (age 62–63)
Kuwait
Nationality American
Occupation Imam, author, landlord
Known for Sponsor of Park51, AKA Cordoba House

Feisal Abdul Rauf (Arabic: فيصل عبد الرؤوف‎, born 1948) is an American Sufi[1] imam, author, and activist whose stated goal is to improve relations between the Muslim world and the West.[2] From 1983 to 2009, he served as Imam of Masjid al-Farah, a mosque in New York City.[3][4]

He has written three books on Islam and its place in contemporary Western society, including What's Right with Islam Is What's Right with America, and founded two non-profit organizations whose stated missions are to enhance the discourse on Islam in society. He has condemned the 9/11 attacks as un-Islamic and called on the U.S. government to reduce the threat of terrorism by altering its Middle Eastern foreign policy.[5][6] Author Karen Armstrong, among others, has praised him for his attempts to build bridges between the West and the Muslim world.[7]

In 2010, Sufi Imam Rauf received national attention for his plans to build Park51, an Islamic Community Center, two blocks from Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan.

Contents

Early life

Rauf was born in Kuwait. His father, Egyptian Imam and Sunni scholar Muhammad Abdul Rauf (1917–2004), moved with the younger Rauf to New York City in the 1960s. The elder Rauf assisted with efforts to create the multimillion dollar Islamic Cultural Center of New York, the first building designed as a mosque in New York City, which took 25 years to complete and opened in 1991.[8] His father, Abdul Rauf, was actively involved in the American Civil Rights Movement with Malcolm X.[9]

Rauf studied physics at Columbia University, where he earned his Bachelor's Degree in nuclear engineering in 1969,[8][10] before earning a master's degree in plasma physics at Stevens Institute in Hoboken, New Jersey.[11]

Career

After his studies, Rauf focused on his religious aspirations, and became a popular leader of a New York City mosque.[11] He also held jobs in teaching, as a salesman and in real estate.[8]

Rauf has written three books on Islam and its place in contemporary Western society, including What's Right with Islam, which was later printed in paperback with the changed title What's Right with Islam is What's Right with America.[12] Rauf served as imam of Masjid al-Farah at 245 West Broadway in New York City's Tribeca district between the years 1983 and 2009.[2]

Rauf worked to build bridges between American society, the American Muslim community and the wider Muslim world. In 1997, he founded the American Society for Muslim Advancement (originally named the American Sufi Muslim Association[13]), a civil society organization aimed at promoting positive engagement between American society and American Muslims. The organization is now headed by his wife.[2] He is a member of the Council of 100 Leaders (C-100) on West-Islamic World Dialogue at the World Economic Forum (WEF)[14][15] and has received both the Alliance for International Conflict Prevention and Resolution’s[16] annual Alliance Peacebuilder Award and The Interfaith Center of New York’s annual James Parks Morton Interfaith Award (2006).[17][18] He was a major speaker at the 2009 Parliament of the World's Religions in Melbourne, Australia.[19]

In 2003, Rauf founded the Cordoba Initiative, another registered nonprofit organization with offices in both New York and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. As CEO of Cordoba Initiative, Rauf coordinates projects that emphasize the bonds that connect the Muslim world and the West.

Rauf is a friend of the Nur Ashki Jerrahi Sufi Order, and in 1983 was appointed prayer leader at their New York City mosque, Masjid al-Farah.[20] In 1997 he founded the American Sufi Muslim Society (ASMA),[21] which has since been renamed the American Society for Muslim Advancement.

British author Karen Armstrong said in the introduction to Rauf's book:

Imam Feisal Abdul Rauf ... is a bridge figure because he has deep roots in both worlds. He was educated in Egypt, England, Malaysia and the United States, and his mosque in New York City is only a few blocks away from the World Trade Center. After September 11, people often asked me, "Where are the moderate Muslims? Why are they not speaking out?" In Imam Rauf, we have a Muslim who can speak to Western people in a way they understand."[7]

Fareed Zakaria praised Rauf for speaking of "the need for Muslims to live peacefully with all other religions", for emphasizing the commonalities among all faiths, for advocating equal rights for women and opposing laws that in any way punish non-Muslims.[22]

Walter Isaacson, head of The Aspen Institute, says Rauf "has participated at the Aspen Institute in Muslim-Christian-Jewish working groups looking at ways to promote greater religious tolerance. He has consistently denounced radical Islam and terrorism, and promoted a moderate and tolerant Islam."[23]

Controversies

Post-9/11 comments

Following the September 11 attacks, Rauf conducted training and speeches for the F.B.I. and U.S. State Department.[11]

However, some U.S. politicians have voiced concerns about his views,[24][25][26][27] referring to comments Rauf made when interviewed by Ed Bradley on CBS 60 Minutes on September 30, 2001. Rauf's website says he was referring to the US CIA in the 1980s "financing Osama Bin Laden and strengthening the Taliban."[28] Columnist Jonathan Rauch wrote that Rauf gave a "mixed, muddled, muttered" message after 9/11.[29] Nineteen days after the attacks, he told CBS's 60 Minutes that fanaticism and terrorism have no place in Islam. Rauch said that the message was mixed, however, because when then asked if the U.S. deserved the attacks, Rauf answered, "I wouldn't say that the United States deserved what happened. But the United States' policies were an accessory to the crime that happened."[4][29][30][31] When the interviewer asked Rauf how he considered the U.S. to be an accessory, he replied, "because we have been accessory to a lot of innocent lives dying in the world. In fact, in the most direct sense, Osama bin Laden is made in the USA."[6][30][31] Although this CIA-Osama bin Laden controversy has been brought up by many others, Rudy Giuliani, Peter T. King, Rick Lazio, and Sarah Palin expressed concern about these remarks when discussing Rauf as the driving force behind the Park51 project.[30][32][33] As Daisy Khan, Rauf's wife, explained on August 15, 2010 on This Week with Christiane Amanpour:[34]

KHAN: It was a longer interview, and in the longer interview, he talked about the CIA support specifically to Osama bin Laden and the Taliban. And...
AMANPOUR: You mean that...
KHAN: Yes, in the '80s.
AMANPOUR: ... against the Soviet Union.
KHAN: The Soviet Union. And how this was, you know, in CIA terms, a blowback of that. That's what he meant.

At National Review, Dan Foster wrote:

When you say that the United States was "an accessory to the crime" of 9/11, as he did, it tends to blunt my ability to pick up the subtleties of what comes after. That interview was equivocal at every turn, and when moral equivalences are trotted out re: 9/11, the tie goes to "you're either with us, or with the terrorists." In other words, we are perfectly entitled to suspect that the "accessories to the crime" bit represents the investment, while the "condemning terrorism" bit is merely the hedge.[35]

The editors of the magazine wrote "While he cannot quite bring himself to blame the terrorists for being terrorists, he finds it easy to blame the United States for being a victim of terrorism."[36] In 2004, he said the U.S. and the West must acknowledge the harm they have done to Muslims before terrorism can end. Speaking at his New York mosque, Rauf said:

The Islamic method of waging war is not to kill innocent civilians. But it was Christians in World War II who bombed civilians in Dresden and Hiroshima, neither of which were military targets.

He also said that there could be little progress in Western-Islamic relations until the U.S. acknowledged backing Middle East dictators, and the U.S. President gave an "American Culpa" speech to the Muslim world, because there are "an endless supply of angry young Muslim rebels prepared to die for their cause and there [is] no sign of the attacks ending unless there [is] a fundamental change in the world".[5]

Views on Hamas

During an interview on New York WABC radio in June 2010, Rauf declined to say whether he agreed with the U.S. State Department's designation of Hamas as a terrorist organization. Responding to the question, Rauf said, "Look, I'm not a politician. The issue of terrorism is a very complex question... I am a peace builder. I will not allow anybody to put me in a position where I am seen by any party in the world as an adversary or as an enemy."[37] Sarah Palin and Lazio criticized his refusal to agree with the assessment of the United States that Hamas is a terrorist organization, and former New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani alleged that Rauf had supported radical causes that sympathized with Islamic terrorism.[38][39][39][40][41]

New York's Mayor Bloomberg was asked to comment on whether Rauf is a man of peace, given his background "where he's supposedly supported Hamas, [and] blamed the U.S. for 9/11 attacks".[42] Bloomberg responded:

My job is not to vet clergy in this city.... Everybody has a right to their opinions. You don't have to worship there.... this country is not built around ... only those ... clergy people that we agree with. It's built around freedom. That's the wonderful thing about the First Amendment—you can say anything you want.[42]

However, when interviewed on CNN September 8, 2010, Rauf had this to say about Hamas:

I condemn everyone and anyone who commits acts of terrorism, and Hamas has committed acts of terrorism.[43]

Park51

See also: Park51
Rauf plans to build an Islamic center at this former Burlington Coat Factory, two blocks from Ground Zero.

In 2009, The New York Times reported on the plans for an Islamic center to be established at 45 Park Place, two blocks from Ground Zero:

A presence so close to the World Trade Center, "where a piece of the wreckage fell", said Imam Feisal Abdul Rauf, the cleric leading the project, "sends the opposite statement to what happened on 9/11. We want to push back against the extremists...The location is not designated a mosque, but rather an overflow prayer space for another mosque, Al Farah at 245 West Broadway in TriBeCa, where Imam Feisal is the spiritual leader."

It was considered to be akin to the Chautauqua Institution, the 92 Street YMCA or the Jewish Community Center:

Joy Levitt, executive director of the Jewish Community Center, said the group would be proud to be a model for Imam Feisal at ground zero. “For the J.C.C. to have partners in the Muslim community that share our vision of pluralism and tolerance would be great,” she said. Mr. El-Gamal agreed. “What happened that day,” he said, “was not Islam.”

Sharif El-Gamal, chairman and chief executive of Soho Properties, bought 45 Park Place in July, 2009. "It’s really to provide a place of peace, a place of services and solutions for the community which is always looking for interfaith dialogue."[44]

Later, the interfaith community center was named Cordoba House, after the Great Mosque of Córdoba, a mosque built in Spain during the Islamic occupation after being converted by the Umayyad Moors from the Visigothic Christian church. According to the September 8, 2010 statement by Park51:[45]

“Park51 is the name of the planned Muslim community center being built in lower Manhattan. Park51 is also the name of the 501(c)(3) nonprofit entity that has already been established, which will fund and oversee this initiative. Imam Feisal Abdul Rauf will be the spiritual leader of the Cordoba House which will be the interfaith and religious component of the center and will reside within Park51.”
About Park51: Park51 is a nonsectarian community, cultural and interfaith spiritual center along with a Muslim prayer area and a monument to honor all those we lost on 9/11.

Plans for the project include a mosque which would accommodate 1,000–2,000 Muslims in prayer. Rauf won support from the local Community Board, and received both support and opposition from some 9/11 families, politicians, organizations, academics, and others. The initiative was supported by some Muslim American leaders and organizations, including CAIR, and criticized by some other Muslims such as Sufi mystic Stephen Suleyman Schwartz, director of the Center for Islamic Pluralism in Washington.[46] Supporters of the project point out that two mosques already have firm roots in Lower Manhattan and that one of them was founded in 1970, pre-dating the World Trade Center.[47]

Controversy over the location ensued, and in an interview with Larry King on September 8, 2010 Rauf was asked "...given what you know now, would you have said, listen, let's not do it there? Because it sounds like you're saying in retrospect wouldn't have done it." Rauf answered:

If I knew this would happen, this would cause this kind of pain, I wouldn't have done it. My life has been devoted to peacemaking.[43]

On September 12, 2010 on This Week with Christiane Amanpour, Abdul Rauf repeated that if complaints had been raised in December 2009 when the project was front page news in The New York Times, he would have moved it, but at that time there was broad support for it, which did not change until May. He furthermore expressed concern that a move would be used by radicals internationally to claim that "Islam is under attack in the Western world".[48]

On January 14, 2011, Park51 developer Sharif el-Gamal surprised Rauf by unilaterally announcing that Rauf would no longer speak for or raise money for Park51, replacing him with Imam Abdallah Adhami. The split was attributed to a number of differences in vision for the project—Rauf had wanted a larger interfaith center named Cordoba House, but el-Gamal had changed the name to Park51, wanted it to primarily serve Muslims, and wanted it to have a local rather than global scope. The removal of Rauf from this leadership role raised concerns that the project would be unable to raise the necessary funds to build the planned center.[49] On January 29, Rauf announced that he would move the Cordoba House to a different site if one were offered to him and if the new site was "on par, or even better" than the current Park51 site. He also discussed differences between himself and el-Gamal, saying ""Mr. Gamal is more focused on the Islam aspect than on the multifaith aspect of it. . . He came at this from the point of view of wanting to establish an Islamic center." [50]

Statements on religious relations and Sharia Law

Some have referred to Imam Feisal's statements about Sharia Law and the role of other religions in the Islamic communities as "radical", "worrying", "equivocal" and "deceptive". Ibn Warraq wrote in the National Review:

“ Rauf says one thing to Western audiences and another to Muslim audiences. He is quite capable of writing reassuring things, as in the New York Daily News earlier this year: "My colleagues and I are the anti-terrorists. We are the people who want to embolden the vast majority of Muslims who hate terrorism to stand up to the radical rhetoric. Our purpose is to interweave America's Muslim population into the mainstream society." But when presented with actual opportunities to "interweave America’s Muslim population into the mainstream society," Rauf and most of his fellow Muslims decline. Nearly ten years ago, I was the guest of the Pontifical Institute for Arabic and Islamic Studies (PISAI) of Rome. PISAI is dedicated to interfaith dialogue between Christians and Muslims.

But as the director at the time said to me, "There is no real dialogue, since Muslims never reciprocate the goodwill gestures made by the Christians. The result is we sit down together, and the Christians say what a wonderful religion Islam is, and the Muslims say what a wonderful religion Islam is." Rauf was invited to give a sermon in a church and did so, but he never reciprocated by inviting a Christian to give a sermon in a mosque. This, for Rauf and his ilk, would be unthinkable.[51]

 ”

Before President Barack Obama's planned visit to Turkey, Imam Feisal, writing in the Jordanian newspaper Al Ghad on March 31, 2009, stated of Sharia Law:

“ In the United States, when we have some complaint, we say, "Hey, this is not constitutional! There must be some law." The Declaration of Independence and the subsequent Bill of Rights are the core of what we believe in. But in the Middle East, when someone has some complaint, and says, "There must be a law," he completely knows what law he means. The only law a Muslim needs is in the Quran and Hadith. People asked me right after the 9/11 attacks as to why do movements with political agendas carry [Islamic] religious names? Why call it ‘Muslim Brotherhood’ or ‘Hezbollah (Party of Allah)’ or ‘Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement)’? I answer them this — that the trend towards Islamic law and justice begins in religious movements, because secularism has failed to deliver what the Muslim wants, which is life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.[52][53][54] ”

Rental properties

Building at 2206 Central Avenue in Union City, New Jersey, one of several in Hudson County owned by Rauf.

Rauf owns several apartment buildings in Hudson County, New Jersey, including four in Union City, and one in North Bergen in which he lives. By 2010, numerous residents of Rauf's properties in Union City had alleged that those properties have fallen into disrepair over the course of the prior several years, with some of the residents attributing this to time Rauf spends on his activities in Lower Manhattan. One resident in particular described Rauf's property at 2206 Central Avenue as "horrible" and a "mess", describing a two-week period during the winter of 2009 in which the residents lacked hot water following the malfunction of the building's boiler. Residents have also cited rat and bed bug infestations, and have complained that such issues can take up to six months to be resolved. Union City spokesperson Mark Albiez confirmed that multiple health violations have been leveled against Rauf's properties. These allegations have added to the controversy over Park51.[11] On September 8, 2010, Union City Mayor Brian P. Stack, who criticized Rauf as a "slumlord", announced court actions to have a custodial receiver take over management of these properties,[55] and the creation of a Quality of Life Task Force to identify 15 apartment buildings in need of renovations, including Rauf's.[56] A September 15, 2010 hearing revealed that following a September 7 inspection that determined imminent hazards, police began monitoring two of Rauf's buildings, due to inoperable fire alarms and sprinklers, and failure on Rauf's part to hire a private fire patrol. Judge Thomas Olivieri gave Rauf's lawyers until September 23 to produce plans and evidence of efforts to address these violations, lest Rauf face loss of control over the buildings. Some Union City residents questioned why the timing of these actions against Rauf's properties did not become an issue in New York City and national media, and why the long-standing problems faced by these properties were not addressed until the larger controversy over Park51 came to light, particularly given that Stack became mayor in 2000.[57] On November 9, Judge Olivieri placed the Central Avenue property into temporary custodial receivership, with $7,000 in rent payments held in escrow from Rauf's attorney set aside to pay for the repairs.[58][59]

According to 2010 reports by the Bergen Record, Rauf met with U.S. Senator Robert Menendez around 1991 when Menendez was Mayor of Union City, to request state funds to renovate three of his properties. As a result, Rauf received $80,000 in city funds, $384,000 from the Union City Community Development Agency, $1.3 million in construction loans from Hudson County's Affordable Housing Trust Fund, and $630,900 from the state. Rauf was also sued for fraud in 2008 by his one-time business partner, James Cockinos, over a $250,000 mortgage that Cockinos gave Rauf for his Central Avenue property, ownership of which Rauf then transferred to Sage Developments for a second $650,000 mortgage. Rauf and his wife, Daisy Khan, made payments to Cockinos for 11 years, but ceased after a fire damaged the property. The two parties settled out of court. The Record also reported that records beginning thirty years previous indicated that Rauf owned an apartment in North Bergen and in Palisades Park. Though records indicate Rauf owns a home on 78th Street in North Bergen, a neighbor indicated that Khan is there more often than the frequently traveling Rauf, and it is unclear if he still owns the Palisades Park property.[11]

Personal life

Rauf's first wife was an American woman who converted to Islam. Rauf later married a Malaysian woman. Rauf has two children with each of his first two wives. He has been married to his third wife Daisy Khan since the late 1990s.[8] Khan, a native of Kashmir, India is a professional interior architect, but since 2005 has worked full-time for the two non-profit organizations founded by Rauf,[60] and at times functions as his spokesperson. They live in North Bergen, New Jersey.[11]

Selected bibliography

Books

Other writings

References

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  2. ^ a b c "People: Imam Feisal Abdul Rauf", American Society for Muslim Advancement, http://asmasociety.org/about/b_rauf.html, retrieved August 28, 2010 
  3. ^ Godtalk: travels in spiritual America – Google Books. Books.google.com. June 23, 2009. http://books.google.com/books?id=4aXXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22feisal+abdul+rauf%22&dq=%22feisal+abdul+rauf%22&hl=en&ei=T6BfTM7cIIH6lwfAzrGYCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=66&ved=0CLEDEOgBMEE. Retrieved August 10, 2010. 
  4. ^ a b Eisenberg, Carol (June 8, 2004). "Man in the middle, Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, Imam Feisal Abdul Rauf has devoted himself to rapprochement between the Islamic world and the West". Newsday. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/648292111.html?dids=648292111:648292111&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+08%2C+2004&author=CAROL+EISENBERG.+STAFF+WRITER&pub=Newsday+(Combined+editions)&desc=Man+in+the+middle%2C+Since+the+9%2F11+terrorist+attacks%2C+Imam+Feisal+Abdul+Rauf+has+devoted+himself+to+rapprochement+between+the+Islamic+world+and+the+West&pqatl=google. Retrieved August 10, 2010. 
  5. ^ a b Frank Walker (March 21, 2004). "West must act to end jihad: Imam". Herald Sun. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/03/21/1079789939987.html. 
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  16. ^ Alliance for International Conflict Prevention and Resolution
  17. ^ 2006 Awards, Interfaith Center of New York
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  19. ^ 2009 Program, Council for a Parliament of the World's Religions
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  21. ^ Godlas, Dr. Alan, Sufism, the West, and Modernity, University of Georgia. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
  22. ^ by Fareed ZakariaAugust 06, 2010 (August 6, 2010). "Fareed Zakaria: Build the Ground Zero Mosque". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/2010/08/06/the-real-ground-zero.html. Retrieved August 16, 2010. 
  23. ^ "'Ground Zero Mosque' Imam Helped FBI With Counterterrorism Efforts". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/17/ground-zero-imam-helped-f_n_685071.html. 
  24. ^ Hernandez, Javier C. (July 13, 2010). "Planned Sign of Tolerance Bringing Division Instead". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/14/nyregion/14center.html. Retrieved August 1, 2010. 
  25. ^ Topousis, Tom (June 19, 2010). "Muslim Imam leading push to build a mosque near Ground Zero wavers on questions about Hamas as a terror group". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/imam_terror_error_efmizkHuBUaVnfuQcrcabL#ixzz0rJTKPGE6. Retrieved August 2, 2010. 
  26. ^ Shafey, Mohammed Al (May 18, 2010). "Controversy Rages in NYC over Planned Mosque Near Ground Zero". Asharq Al-Awsat. http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=1&id=20990. Retrieved August 2, 2010. 
  27. ^ "Staff Bios". Cordoba Initiative. July 31, 2007. http://www.cordobainitiative.org/?q=content/staff-bios#Imam%20Feisal%20Abdul%20Rauf. Retrieved August 3, 2010. 
  28. ^ Frequently Asked Questions The Cordoba Initiative. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
  29. ^ a b "Islam Has Been Hijacked, And Only Muslims Can Save It by Jonathan Rauch". Press.uchicago.edu. http://www.press.uchicago.edu/News/911rauch.html. Retrieved August 7, 2010. 
  30. ^ a b c Dean, Nick (September 30, 2001). "NY Congressman Calls for Probe of Funding for Mosque Near Ground Zero and Its Promoter". CNS News. http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/70234. Retrieved August 1, 2010. 
  31. ^ a b Comment (July 27, 2010). "Monument to Jihad; Ground Zero Mosque No Joke". Toronto Sun. http://www.torontosun.com/comment/2010/07/26/14835681.html. Retrieved August 1, 2010. 
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  34. ^ Transcript, This Week with Christiane Amanpour, August 15, 2010
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  39. ^ a b Baribeau, Simone; Levitt, David; Johnston, Nicholas; Servetah, Stacie; Schoifet, Mark (August 3, 2010). "Ground Zero Mosque Plans Move Forward After Key Vote". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2010/08/03/bloomberg1376-L6KYQQ6VJ6RL01-0S5L40PLCGTPOD0RS64DV6DMFD.DTL. Retrieved August 4, 2010. [dead link]
  40. ^ Haberman, Maggie (August 2, 2010). "Rudy: GZ Mosque is a 'desecration,' 'decent Muslims' won't be offended". Politico. http://www.politico.com/blogs/maggiehaberman/0810/Rudy_Mosque_is_a_desecration_.html. Retrieved August 4, 2010. 
  41. ^ Matthews, Karen; Fouhy, Beth (August 3, 2010). "NYC panel clears way for mosque near ground zero". The Washington Post. Associated Press. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/03/AR2010080300351_2.html?hpid=moreheadlines. Retrieved August 4, 2010. [dead link]
  42. ^ a b Katz, Celeste (August 3, 2010). "Mayor Bloomberg: Asking Mosque Developers To Move Project "Would Be Handing The Terrorists A Victory"". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dailypolitics/2010/08/mayor-bloomberg-asking-mosque.html. Retrieved August 4, 2010. 
  43. ^ a b "CNN.com Transcripts". CNN. September 8, 2010. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1009/08/lkl.01.html. Retrieved September 10, 2010. 
  44. ^ Muslim Prayers and Renewal Near Ground Zero, Ralph Blumenthal and Sharaf Mowjood, The New York Times, December 8, 2009
  45. ^ Park51 Issues a Statement Regarding the Name of the Planned Muslim Community Center Being Built in Lower Manhattan, Park51, September 8, 2010
  46. ^ A mosque at ground zero?
  47. ^ Barnard, Anne (August 13, 2010). "In Lower Manhattan, 2 Mosques Have Firm Roots". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/14/nyregion/14mosque.html. Retrieved August 14, 2010. 
  48. ^ "Imam Feisal Abdul Rauf on Islam in America", This Week, ABC News; September 12, 2010
  49. ^ Vitello, Paul (January 14, 2011). "Amid Rift, Imam’s Role in Islam Center Is Sharply Cut". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/15/nyregion/15mosque.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss. Retrieved May 7, 2011. 
  50. ^ Tokasz, Jay (January 30, 2011). "Cleric open to new site for Islamic center". The Buffalo News. http://www.buffalonews.com/incoming/article327927.ece. Retrieved May 7, 2011. 
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