Oath of Allegiance (United Kingdom)

King John signing the Magna Carta at Runnymede

English Bill of Rights: 1689

Elizabeth I in Parliament

James I in Parliament

The Oath of Allegiance (Judicial or Official Oath) is a promise to be loyal to the British monarch, and their heirs and successors, sworn by certain public servants in the United Kingdom, and also by newly naturalised subjects in citizenship ceremonies.

The Oaths Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c.46) set out provisions whereby the oath may be solemnly affirmed rather than sworn to God. The Act was consolidated and repealed by the Oaths Act 1978^[1].

The Victorian promissory oaths of allegiances, are set out in the Promissory Oaths Act 1868 ^[2] in the following form:

• The original oath of allegiance as set out in the 1868 Oaths Act:

“

I, (Insert full name), do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Victoria, her heirs and successors, according to law. So help me God.

”

• The original oath of office as set out in the 1868 Oaths Act:

“

I, (Insert full name), do swear that I will well and truly serve Her Majesty Queen Victoria in the office of (Insert office of). So help me God.

”

• The original judicial oath as set out in the 1868 Oaths Act:

“

I, (Insert full name), do swear that I will well and truly serve our Sovereign Lady Queen Victoria in the office of (Insert judicial office of), and I will do right to all manner of people after the laws and usages of this realm, without fear or favour, affection or illwill. So help me God.

”

• The current oath of allegiance is set out from the Promissory Oaths Act 1868 in the following form:

“

I, (Insert full name), do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, her heirs and successors, according to law. So help me God.

”

Oaths to heirs and successors

In general, this oath is sworn to the crown, monarch, sovereign, or regent, as represented by the incumbent king or queen, currently Elizabeth II. This oath also specifies that this same oath to the Queen, is equally sworn to her (plural) "heirs and successors," rather than the (singular) heir and successor, or even, heir and/or successor. This (plural) anomaly indicates that any oath given to the Queen is equally given to all of her heirs, i.e., her/their children, and her/their grandchildren, and equally to all successors to the British throne, currently listed in the line of succession to the British throne.

This oath to the Queen, her heirs, and successors, has never been required to be sworn by the Queen's subjects who have that status from birth, but is now a requirement to be sworn by immigrants to the United Kingdom who seek to become naturalised, in citizen ceremonies on becoming British citizens.^[3] Other exceptions to a requirement to swear this oath include; magistrates, who only swear allegiance to the Queen,^[4] whereas judges swear their allegiance to the Queen, and to her heirs and successors; police officers in England and Wales pledge their allegiance to the Queen, but not her heirs and successors. Before 2001, Northern Ireland police pledged their allegiance to the Queen, but not her heirs and successors, but since 2001, as also with members of the Northern Ireland Assembly, they do not swear an oath of allegiance to the Queen, or her heirs and successors. The Scottish police have never pledged allegiance to the Queen, or her heirs and successors. Members of the Privy Council only swear allegiance to the "Queen's majesty"', not to the Queen's heirs and successors. Those members of the Royal family who have never pledged allegiance to the Queen (as a requirement to sit in the House of Lords) are the Queens husband the Duke of Edinburgh, and the Queen's son the Prince of Wales, who are both Lords of the Privy Council; and the Duke of York.^[5]

Origins

The oath of allegiance has its origins in the Magna Carta, signed on 15 June 1215.

Once the terms had been finalised on 19 June, the rebels again swore allegiance to King John. The later Bill of Rights (1689) included the Oath of Allegiance to the crown, which was required by Magna Carta to be taken by all crown servants and members of the judiciary.^[6][7]

Over the following centuries this evolved into three separate oaths; of Supremacy (repudiation of the spiritual or ecclesiastical authority of any foreign prince, person or prelate), Allegiance (declaration of fidelity to the Sovereign) and in 1702 Abjuration (repudiation of the right and title of descendants of James II to the throne). Oaths of allegiance were exacted from Lords, by Henry IV and Henry VI in 1455 and 1459, and oath of supremacy was introduced under Henry VIII in 1534. Elizabeth I introduced an Act of Supremacy in 1563 requiring an oath to be taken by all future Members of the House of Commons. A new oath of allegiance appeared under James I (prompted by the "Gunpowder Plot") under the Popish Recusants Act 1605, and the Oath of Allegiance Act 1609. This oath required recognition of James I as lawful King and renunciation of the Pope. The 1609 Act required Commons MPs to take the oath of allegiance and of supremacy, but this was not "parliamentary" oath, as it was not taken in Parliament, and there were no consequences if not sworn.

After the Restoration, oaths of supremacy and allegiance were imposed upon all MPs and Peers in Parliament. In 1689, in an Act passed by William and Mary, old oaths of supremacy and allegiance were replaced with shorter ones, almost to its modern form: In 1701 the exiled King James II, died and the adherents of the Stuart claim and King Louis XIV of France proclaimed his son rightful king. The Act of Succession 1701 was quickly passed to address the new situation. It extended substantially the old oaths, and added an oath of abjuration of the Pretender's title. This oath pledged support for the Hanoverian succession and for the exclusion of the Stuarts.

The Oaths of Allegiance etc and Relief of the Jews Act 1858 prescribed a single form of the oath in place of the former three. This single form retained a declaration of allegiance and a promise to defend the Hanoverian succession. A declaration relating to the supremacy of the Sovereign was also included and the oath continued to be made ’on the true faith of a Christian’ However, both of these latter elements disappeared from the revised version of the single oath that was subsequently prescribed in the Parliamentary Oaths Act 1866, which repealed much of the earlier pieces of legislation in so far as they related to oaths taken by Members of Parliament.

Finally, in the Promissory Oaths Act 1868 a further curtailment to the oath was made, thereby establishing the form of the oath still used today. The direct religious content has disappeared along with the declarations relating to the supremacy of the Sovereign. In its current form, the oath conforms fairly closely to the medieval (feudal) oath of allegiance.

After the general right to affirm was guaranteed in 1888, the Oaths Act 1909 introduced a change to the ordinary method of taking oaths, which provided for oaths to be sworn on the Bible: in case of a Christian, on the New Testament, and in the case of a Jew on the Old Testament. This Act also established the usual form of taking the oath, with the phrase "I swear by Almighty God that …". Section 1 of the Oaths Act 1888 (on the right to affirm) was replaced in the Administration of Justice Act 1977.

The Oaths Act 1961 extended the 1888 Act, but did not apply to Parliamentary Oaths. All of the provisions in the Oaths Acts of 1838, 1888, 1909, 1961 and 1977 were repealed and consolidated in the Oaths Act 1978, although the form of wording of the oath set out in the 1868 Act was preserved. The 1978 Oaths Act contains provisions relating to the manner of administering the oath, the option of swearing with uplifted hand, the validity of oaths, the making of solemn affirmations and the form of affirmation.^[8] The current Oath of Allegiance or Official Oath is set out in the Promissory Oaths Act 1868.

Historical oaths

To James I

King James I

I, A.B. do truly and sincerely acknowledge, profess, testify, and declare in my conscience before God and the world, that our Sovereign Lord King James, is lawful and rightful King of this realm, and of all other in his Majesties Dominions and Countries; And that the Pope neither of himself, nor by any authorities of the Church or See of Rome, or by any means with any other hath any power or authority to depose the King, or to dispose any of his Majesty's kingdoms, or dominions, or to authorize any foreign prince to invade or annoy him, or his countries, or to discharge any of his Subjects of their allegiance and obedience to his Majesty, or to give any license or leave to any of them to bear arms, raise tumult, or to offer any violence, or hurt to his Majesty's royal person, state, or government, or to any of his Majesty's subjects within his Majesty's dominions. Also, I do swear from my heart that, notwithstanding any declaration or sentence of excommunication or deposition made or granted, or to be made or granted by the Pope or his successors, or by any authority derived, or pretended to be derived from him, or his See against the King, his heirs or successors, or any absolution of the said subjects from their obedience: I will bear faith and true allegiance to his Majesty, his heirs and successors, and him or them will defend to the uttermost of my power, against all conspiracies and attempts whatsoever, which shall be made against his or their persons, their crown and dignity, by reason or color of any such sentence or declaration or otherwise, and will doe my best endeavor to disclose and make known unto his Majesty, his heirs and successors, all treasons and traitorous conspiracies, which I shall know or hear of to be against him or any of them. And I do further swear, that I do from my heart abhor, detest and abjure, as impious and heretical, this damnable doctrine and position, that princes which be excommunicated or deprived by the Pope, may be deposed or murdered by their subjects, or any whatsoever. And I do believe and in conscience am resolved, that neither the Pope nor any person whatsoever, hath power to absolve me of this oath, or any part thereof, which I acknowledge by good and full authority to bee lawfully ministered unto me, and do renounce all pardons and dispensations to the contrary: And all these things I do plainly and sincerely acknowledge and swear, according to these express words by me spoken, and according to the plain and common sense and understanding of the same words, without any Equivocation, or mental evasion, or secret reservation whatsoever: And I doe make this recognition and acknowledgement heartily, willingly, and truly, upon the true faith of a Christian: So help me God.^[9]

To Charles I

King Charles I

I A. B. doe truely and sincercly acknowledge, professe, testifie and declare in my conscience before God and the world, That our Soveraigne Lord King CHARLES, is lawfull King of this Realme, and of all other His Majesties Dominions and Countreyes: And that the Pope neither of himselfe, nor by any Authority of the Church or See of Rome, or by an other meanes with any other, hath any power or Authority to depose the king, or to dispose of any of his Majesties Kingdomes or Dominions, or to Authorize any Forraigne Prince, to invade or annoy Him or His Countreyes, or to discharge any of his Subjects of their Allegiance and Obedience to His Majestie, or to give Licence or leave to any of them to beare Armes, raise Tumults, or to offer any violence or hurt to His Majesties Royall person, State or Government, or to any of His Majesties Subjects within His Majesties Dominions. Also I doe sweare from my heart, that, notwithstanding any Declaration or Sentence of Excommunication or Deprivation made or granted, or to be made or granted, by the Pope or his Successors, or by any Authority derived, or pretended to be derived from him or his Sea, against the said King, His Heires or Successors, or any Absolution of the said Subjects from their Obedience; I will bear faith and true allegiance to His Majestie, His Heires and Successors, and Him and Them will defend to the uttermost of my power, against all Conspiracies and Attempts whatoever, which shall be made against His or their Persons, their Crowne and Dignitie, by reason or colour of any such Sentence, or Declaration or otherwise, and will doe my best endevour to disclose and make known unto his Majesty, His Heires and Successors, all Treasons and Traitorous Conspiracies which I shall know or heare of to be against Him, or any of them. And l do further sweare, That I do from my heart abhor, detest and abjure as impious and Hereticall this damnable Doctrine and Position, That Princes which be Excommunicated or deprived by the Pope, may be Deposed or Murthered by their Subjects, or any other whatsoever. And I doe beleeve, and in conscience am resolved, that neither the Pope, nor any person whatsoever hath power to absolve me of this Oath, or any part thereof; which I acknowledge by good and full Authority to bee lawfully ministered unto me, and do renounce all Pardons and Dispensations to the contrary. And all these things I doe plainely and sincerely acknowledge and sweare, according to these expresse words by me spoken, and according to the plaine and common sence and understanding of the same words, without any Equivocation, or mentall evasion or secret reservasion whatsoever. And I doe make this Recognition and acknowledgement heartily, willingly, and truely, upon the true Faith of a Christian. So help me GOD.^[10]

To George IV

King George IV

I A.B.do sincerely promise and swear, That I will be faithful and bear true Allegiance to His Majesty King George the Fourth, and will defend him to the utmost of my Power against all Conspiracies and Attempts whatever, which shall be made against his Person, Crown or Dignity; and I will do my utmost Endeavour to disclose and make known to His Majesty, His Heirs and Successors, all Treasons and traitorous Conspiracies which may be formed against Him or Them: And I do faithfully promise to maintain, support, and defend, to the utmost of my Power, the Succession of the Crown which Succession, by an Act, intituled An Act for the further Limitation of the Crown, and better securing the Rights and Liberties of the Subject, is and stands limited to the Princess Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and the Heirs of her Body, being Protestants; hereby utterly renouncing and abjuring any Obedience or Allegiance unto any other Person claiming or pretending a Right to the Crown of this Realm: And I do further declare, That it is not an Article of my Faith, and that I do renounce, reject, and abjure the Opinion, that Princes excommunicated or deprived by the Pope, or any other Authority of the See of Rome, may be deposed or murdered by their Subjects, or by any Person whatsoever: And I do declare, That I do not believe that the Pope of Rome, or any other Foreign Prince, Prelate, Person, State, or Potentate, hath or ought to have any Temporal or Civil Jurisdiction, Power, Superiority, or Pre-eminence, directly or indirectly, within this Realm. I do swear, That I will defend to the utmost of my Power the Settlement of Property within this Realm, as established by the Laws: And I do hereby disclaim, disavow, and solemnly abjure any Intention to subvert the present Church Establishment, as settled by Law within this Realm: And I do solemnly swear, That I never will exercise any Privilege to which I am or may become entitled, to disturb or weaken the Protestant Religion or Protestant Government in the United Kingdom: And I do solemnly, in the presence of God, profess, testify, and declare That I do make this Declaration, and every Part thereof, in the plain and ordinary Sense of the Words of this Oath, without any Evasion, Equivocation, or mental Reservation whatsoever. So help me God.

Office-holders

The Oath of Allegiance or Official Oath is made by each of the following office-holders as soon as may be after his acceptance of office:

• First Lord of the Treasury (currently held ex officio by the Prime Minister)
• Second Lord of the Treasury (currently held ex officio by the Chancellor of the Exchequer)
• Lord Chancellor
• Lord President of the Council
• Lord Privy Seal
• Secretaries of State
• President of the Board of Trade
• Lord Steward
• Lord Chamberlain
• Earl Marshal
• Master of the Horse
• Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
• Paymaster General
• Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland (since 1999 held ex officio by the First Minister of Scotland)
• Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland
• Lord Clerk Register
• Advocate General for Scotland
• Lord Justice Clerk
• First Minister of Wales (since the Government of Wales Act 2006 came into force in May 2007)

The Oath in England is tendered by the Clerk of the Privy Council, and taken in the presence of Her Majesty in Council, or otherwise as Her Majesty shall direct, and in Scotland is tendered by the Lord President of the Court of Session at a sitting of the court.^[11]

Privy Counsellor oath

Queen Victoria holding a Privy Council meeting. by D Wilke. 1838.

On appointment a new Privy Counsellor takes the oath of allegiance, or affirms loyalty:

You do swear by Almighty God to be a true and faithful Servant unto The Queen's Majesty as one of Her Majesty's Privy Council. You will not know or understand of any manner of thing to be attempted, done or spoken against Her Majesty's Person, Honour, Crown or Dignity Royal, but you will let and withstand the same to the uttermost of your power, and either cause it to be revealed to Her Majesty Herself, or to such of Her Privy Council as shall advertise Her Majesty of the same. You will in all things to be moved, treated and debated in Conscience; and will keep secret all matters committed and revealed unto you, or that shall be treated of secretly in Council. And if any of the said Treaties or Counsels shall touch any of the Counsellors you will not reveal it unto him but will keep the same until such time as, by the consent of Her Majesty or of the Council, Publication shall be made thereof. You will to your uttermost bear Faith and Allegiance to the Queen's Majesty; and will assist and defend all civil and temporal Jurisdictions, Pre-eminences, and Authorities, granted to Her Majesty and annexed to the Crown by Acts of Parliament, or otherwise, against all Foreign Princes, Persons, Prelates, States, or Potentates. And generally in all things you will do as a faithful and true Servant ought to do to Her Majesty. So help you God.

Parliamentarians

Under the Parliamentary Oaths Act 1866, members of both Houses of Parliament are required to take an Oath of Allegiance upon taking their seat in Parliament,^[12][13] after a general election, or by-election, and after the death of the monarch. Until the oath or affirmation is taken, an MP may not receive a salary, take their seat, speak in debates or vote. The usual wording of the oath is:

I... swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, her heirs and successors, according to law. So help me God.

Members who object to swearing the oath are permitted to make a solemn affirmation under the terms of the Oaths Act 1978:

I... do solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, her heirs and successors, according to law.

The oath or affirmation must be taken in English although the Speaker has allowed Members to recite Welsh, Gaelic and Cornish forms in addition, and texts of the oath and affirmation in Braille are available for use by Members of both Houses with impaired sight. When the oath is taken, the new member holds a copy of the New Testament or, if Jewish, the Tanakh. Muslims or Sikhs would be sworn in the usual manner except a Qur'an (in an envelope, to avoid it being touched by one not of the faith), or Guru Granth Sahib respectively would be substituted for the Bible. Mohammad Sarwar, a Muslim, took the oath in this way in May 1997. Religious restrictions in the oath effectively barred individuals of certain faiths (e.g. Roman Catholics, Jews and Quakers) from entering Parliament for many years. The restrictions were lifted by the Oaths Act 1888 after the six-year effort (1880–1886) of the noted atheist Charles Bradlaugh to claim his seat.

A new Parliament

After a general election, the new Parliament is opened by the Royal Commission in the House of Lords, in the presence of Members of both Houses, after which the House of Commons meets to elect a Speaker and the Lords commences oath taking. ^[14]

Order of seniority

At the start of a new Parliament, after the Commons Speaker has taken the oath, MPs come forward one by one to swear or affirm at the despatch-box, in order of seniority. If two or more MPs enter the House at the same election their seniority is determined by the date and/or time they took the oath.
1. Father of the House (longest continuous serving Member). 2. Cabinet Ministers. 3. Shadow Cabinet Ministers. 4. Privy Counsellors. 5. Other Ministers. 6. Other Members by seniority.

Taking the oath in the House of Commons

The Principal Clerk of the Table Office at the despatch box offers a choice of affirmation or oath cards to read. The MP takes the oath or affirms, then moves along the Table to the Clerk Assistant and signs the Test Roll, a parchment book headed by the oath and affirmation which is kept by the Clerk of the House of Commons.

State Opening

After the initial swearing in process, most MPs and Members of the Lords are able to sit and vote in each House. Any remaining MPs or Members of the Lords can take the oath at later sittings. When the majority of MPs and Members of the Lords have been sworn in, both Houses of Parliament are ready to hear the Queen's Speech at the State Opening starting the business of the session.

By-elections and MPs

MPs who have been elected at a by-election are accompanied from the bar of the House by two sponsors. The new Member will have collected a certificate relating to his or her election from the Public Bill Office to hand to the Clerk of the House before taking the oath or making the affirmation.

Scottish Parliament

Section 84 of the Scotland Act 1998 requires Members of the Scottish Parliament to take the Oath of Allegiance at a meeting of the Parliament. Members of the Scottish Executive and junior Scottish Ministers are additionally required to take the Official Oath.

Welsh Assembly

Section 20 of the Government of Wales Act 1998 requires members of the National Assembly for Wales to take the oath of allegiance. A Welsh form of the Oath is prescribed by the National Assembly for Wales (Oath of Allegiance in Welsh) Order 1999:^[15]

Welsh wording

Yr wyf i, yn addo trwy gymorth y Goruchaf y byddaf yn ffyddlon ac yn wir deyrngar i'w Mawrhydi y Frenhines Elizabeth, ei hetifeddion a'i holynwyr, yn ôl y gyfraith, yn wyneb Duw.

The corresponding affirmation is:

Yr wyf i, yn datgan ac yn cadarnhau yn ddifrifol, yn ddiffuant ac yn ddidwyll y byddaf yn ffyddlon ac yn wir deyrngar i'w Mawrhydi y Frenhines Elizabeth, ei hetifeddion a'i holynwyr, yn ôl y gyfraith.

Scottish Gaelic wording

Tha mi a’ mionnachadh air DIA UILECHUMHACHDACH gum bi mi dìleas agus daingeann d’a Mòrachd, a’ Bhan-Rìgh Ealasaid, a h-Oighrean agus ladsan a thig na h-Aite, a’rèir an Lagha. DIA gam chuideachadh.

Cornish wording

Me a le gans Dew Ollgallojak del vedhaf len ha perthy omryans gwyr dhe Hy Braster an Vyternes Elisabet, hy Erys ha Sewyoryon, herwyth an laha. Ytho Dew re'm gweressa.

Refusing to take the oath

Those elected to the House of Commons, to the Scottish Parliament, or to the Welsh Assembly who refuse to take the oath or affirmation are barred from participating in any proceedings, and from receiving their salaries. Members of the House of Commons could also be fined £500 and, have their seat declared vacant “as if he were dead” if they attempt to do so. ^[16] Under the Parliamentary Oaths Act 1866, any peer voting, or sitting in the House of Lords without having taken the oath, is subject, for every such offence, to a penalty of £500. Members of the Scottish Parliament must take the oath within 2 months of being elected, failing which they cease to be members and their seat is vacated^[17].

House of Lords

Upon accepting a peerage, a citizen becomes a Peer of the Realm immediately upon the granting of the 'Letters Patent' and then receiving the first 'Writ of Summons'. This writ, based upon the original writ of Edward III, defines the role and obligations of a new peer. New peers become Members of the House of Lords after being formally introduced at the introduction ceremony, and has taken (or affirms) an Oath of Allegiance for the first time. The Oath of Allegiance must be taken at each new Parliament before a peer may sit in the House of Lords. The procedure of Letters Patent, Writ of Summons, Introduction and Oath of Allegiance collectively represent a contract which is 'Binding in Honour'. ^[18]

Taking the oath in the House of Lords

The swearing in procedure for taking the oath is similar in the House of Lords. Immediately after the Royal Commission for the opening of Parliament, Members of the Lords present their writs of summons at the Table of the House and take the oath or subscribe to the affirmation. Members are also required to sign an undertaking to abide by the House of Lords Code of Conduct as part of the swearing in procedure for the new 2010 Parliament. This implements a new Code of Conduct, agreed by the House on 30 November 2009.

Northern Ireland Assembly

Although an oath of allegiance is required of members of the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly, there is no requirement for members of the Northern Ireland Assembly to take an oath of allegiance, or any other oath, nor is there any form of voluntary oath prescribed for those who may wish to swear one. However, members are required to sign the Assembly's roll of membership, designate their identity as "Nationalist", "Unionist" or "Other", and take a Pledge of Office. Ministers can be removed from office if the responsibilities of the pledge are not met. Members pledge^[19][20]:

(a) to discharge in good faith all the duties of office;

(b) commitment to non-violence and exclusively peaceful and democratic means;

(c) to serve all the people of Northern Ireland equally, and to act in accordance with the general obligations on government to promote equality and prevent discrimination;

(ca) to promote the interests of the whole community represented in the Northern Ireland Assembly towards the goal of a shared future;

(cb) to participate fully in the Executive Committee, the North-South Ministerial Council and the British-Irish Council;

(cc) to observe the joint nature of the offices of First Minister and deputy First Minister;

(cd) to uphold the rule of law based as it is on the fundamental principles of fairness, impartiality and democratic accountability, including support for policing and the courts;

(d) to participate with colleagues in the preparation of a programme for government;

(e) to operate within the framework of that programme when agreed within the Executive Committee and endorsed by the Assembly;

(f) to support, and to act in accordance with, all decisions of the Executive Committee and Assembly;

(g) to comply with the Ministerial Code of Conduct.

Judges and magistrates

Judges and magistrates on being sworn in, are required by various statutes to take two oaths: the oath of allegiance and the judicial oath, (collectively; the judicial oath). Judges of Hindu, Jewish, Muslim and Sikh religions can omit the words "I swear by Almighty God" and replace it with an acceptable alternative.

Judges first Oath of Allegiance:

I... do swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, her heirs and successors, according to law. So help me God.

Judges second Judicial Oath:

I... do swear by Almighty God that I will well and truly serve our Sovereign Lady Queen Elizabeth the Second in the office of..., and I will do right to all manner of people after the laws and usages of this realm, without fear or favour, affection or ill will. So help me God.

Magistrates first Oath of Allegiance:

I... swear that I will well and truly serve our Sovereign Lady Queen Elizabeth the Second, in the office of Justice of the Peace and I will do right to all manner of people after the laws and usages of the Realm without fear or favour, affection or ill will.

• On 1 November 2010, in an official ceremony at Swansea's magistrates’ court in Wales, ten trainee magistrates were the first magistrates in the United Kingdom, to swear their oath of allegiance to the Queen – "and her heirs". These new magistrates, being trained by senior legal adviser; Jim Hehir, the Justices Clerk for West Glamorgan, are expected to be sitting in courts in Swansea, Neath and Port Talbot from January 2011 onwards.^[21]

Magistrates second Judicial Oath:

I... do swear that I will well and faithfully serve in the office of... and that I will do right to all manner of people without fear or favour, affection or ill-will according to the laws and usages of this realm.^[4]

Judicial oaths are enshrined in a number of statutes^[22]:

• The Lord Chief Justice, Master of the Rolls, President of the Queen's Bench Division, President of the Family Division and the Chancellor of the High Court - s.10 Supreme Court Act 1981
• Puisne Judges of the High Court - s.10(4) Supreme Court Act 1981
• Circuit Judges and Recorders - s.22 Courts Act 1971
• Recorder of London - Promissory Oaths Act 1868 Schedule Pt II
• District Judges - s.76(1)(a) of the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990
• Justices of the Peace - Promissory Oaths Act 1868 Schedule Pt II

Police officers

England and Wales:

I... of... do solemnly and sincerely declare and affirm that I will well and truly serve the Queen in the office of constable, with fairness, integrity, diligence and impartiality, upholding fundamental human rights and according equal respect to all people; and that I will, to the best of my power, cause the peace to be kept and preserved and prevent all offences against people and property; and that while I continue to hold the said office I will, to the best of my skill and knowledge, discharge all the duties thereof faithfully according to law.^[23]

Scotland:

I hereby do solemnly and sincerely and truly declare and affirm that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of constable.^[24]

Northern Ireland:

Northern Ireland police do not swear an oath to the monarch.

Until September 2001:

I... swear by Almighty God that I will well and truly serve our Sovereign Lady the Queen in the office of (rank) without favour of affection, malice or ill-will; that I will to the best of my power cause the peace to be kept and preserved and that I will prevent to the best of my power all offences against the same; and that, while I shall continue to hold the said office, I will faithfully, according to law, to the best of my skill and knowledge, discharge all the duties of the said office and all such duties as may be attached to said office by law and that I do not now belong to and that I will not, while I shall hold the said office, belong to any association, society, or confederacy formed for or engaged in any seditious purpose, or any purpose tending to disturb the public peace, or in any way disloyal to our Sovereign Lady the Queen and that I will not, while I shall hold the said office, engage or take part in the furthering of any such purpose, or take or administer, or assist or be present at or consent to the administering of, any oath or engagement binding myself or any other person to engage in any such purpose.

From November 2001:

I... hereby do solemnly and sincerely and truly declare and affirm that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of constable, with fairness, integrity, diligence and impartiality, upholding fundamental human rights and according equal respect to all individuals and their traditions and beliefs; that while I continue to hold the said office I will to the best of my skill and knowledge discharge all the duties thereof according to law.

Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000 s.38 enacted by The Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000 (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2001 on 4th November 2001.

Clergy

Any person being ordained as a priest or deacon of the Church of England, or taking up any "perpetual curacy, lectureship, or preachership", is required by the Clerical Subscription Act 1865 to take an Oath of Allegiance and Supremacy. This is now, by the Promissory Oaths Act 1868, the same as the usual Oath of Allegiance.

Armed forces

All persons enlisting in the British Army and the Royal Marines are required by the Army Act 1955 to attest to the following oath or equivalent affirmation:

I... swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Her Heirs and Successors, and that I will, as in duty bound, honestly and faithfully defend Her Majesty, Her Heirs and Successors, in Person, Crown and Dignity against all enemies, and will observe and obey all orders of Her Majesty, Her Heirs and Successors, and of the generals and officers set over me. So help me God.

The same oath is made by recruits to the Royal Air Force under the Air Force Act 1955, with the substitution of the words "air officers" for "generals". No oath of allegiance is sworn by members of the Royal Navy, which is not maintained under an Act of Parliament but by the royal prerogative, or by Royal Marines officers, who unlike their Army counterparts are not enlisted before they are commissioned. There is also no Oath of Allegiance to join the Army Cadet Force.

Boy Scouts and Girl Guides

Main article: Scout Promise

The principal of Swearing an oath, or form of promise, is well exemplified in the constitution of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM),^[25] Article II, paragraph 2: "Adherence to a promise and law," the principles of Duty to God, Duty to others and Duty to self. The Scout Promise; On my honour I promise that I will do my best—To do my duty to God and the King (or to God and my Country) …… This is in line with the majority of international scout oaths to "God and my Country." In order to accommodate many different religions within scouting, "God" may refer to a higher power, and is not specifically restricted to the God of the monotheistic religions. WOSM explains "Duty to God" as "Adherence to spiritual principles, loyalty to the religion that expresses them, and acceptance of the duties resulting therefrom." Wording variations are allowed in order to accommodate different religious obligations and national allegiances.^[26]

UK Scout Association. (Age 10+)

On my honour, I promise that I will do my best, To do my duty to God and to the Queen, To help other people, And to keep the Scout Law.

Scout Promise in Welsh (Addewid y Sgowtiaid)

Ar fy llw, Addawf i wneud fy ngorau, i wneud fy nyletswydd i Dduw ac i'r Frenhines, i helpu pobl eraill, ac i gadw Cyfraith y Sgowtiaid.

(UK SA) Beaver Scouts (Age 6 to 8)

I promise to do my best, To be kind and helpful, and to love God.

(UK SA) Cub Scouts (Age 8 to 10)

I promise that I will do my best, to do my duty to God and to the Queen, to help other people, and to keep the Cub Scout Law.

(UK SA) Girlguiding UK

I promise that I will do my best: To love my God, To serve the Queen and my country, To help other people, and To keep the Guide Law. (Extra for Senior Section): To be of service to the community.

Baden-Powell Scouts' Association (Age 11+)

On My Honour, I promise that I will do my best, To do my Duty to God and to the Queen, To help other people at all times, And obey the Scout Law.

(BPSA) Beaver Scouts (5 to 8 years)

I promise to do my best, To obey my Leaders and parents. And to be a good Beaver.

(BPSA) Wolf Cubs (8 to 11 years)

I promise to do my best. To do my duty to God, and to the Queen, To keep the Law of the Wolf Cub Pack, and to do a good turn to somebody every day.

Citizenship ceremonies

British Citizenship ceremony

The Oath of Allegiance, with the addition of the words "on becoming a British citizen" (or other type of British national, as appropriate), is also used at citizenship ceremonies, where persons being registered or naturalised in the United Kingdom are required to swear or affirm their allegiance to the Queen, her heirs and successors, and additionally make a pledge to follow the laws of the country and uphold its democratic values. The applicants are then presented with their certificate of citizenship.

Citizenship Oath of Allegiance:

I... swear by Almighty God that, on becoming a British citizen, I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Her Heirs and Successors according to law.

Citizenship Pledge

I will give my loyalty to the United Kingdom and respect its rights and freedoms. I will uphold its democratic values. I will observe its laws faithfully and fulfil my duties and obligations as a British citizen.^[3]

Opposition to the oath

Proposed amendments to oath

There have been several private Member's bills in recent years concerning the parliamentary oath. None has been successful. The following have occurred since the passing of the Oaths Act 1978:

Democratic Oaths Bill 1987-88137 (Tony Benn)

21 July 1988 Presentation and first reading

I, A B, Do swear by Almighty God Or Solemnly declare and affirm That I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the peoples of the United Kingdom, according to their respective laws and customs; preserving inviolably their civil liberties and democratic rights of self government, through their elected representatives in the House of Commons, and will faithfully and truly declare my mind and opinion on all matters that come before me without fear or favour.

Parliamentary Declaration Bill 1997-98138 (Tony Benn)

13 Jan 1998 Presentation and First Reading

I do solemnly Declare and Affirm that I will, to the best of my ability, discharge the responsibilities required of me by virtue of my membership of the House of Commons and faithfully serve those whom I represent here.

Parliamentary Oaths (Amendment) proposed Bill 1997-98139 (Kevin McNamara)

29 July 1998 Motion for leave to introduce a Bill. Negatived on division (137 to 151)

Motion: That leave be given to bring in a Bill to enable a person lawfully elected to the House of Commons to take his seat without swearing the present oath or affirming; and for connected purposes.

Parliamentary Oath (Amendment) proposed bill 1999-2000140 (Kevin McNamara)

14 November 2000 Motion for leave to introduce a Bill. Negatived on Division (129 to 148)

Motion: That leave be given to bring in a Bill to amend the parliamentary oath; and for connected purposes.

A Motion to introduce a bill entitled "Treason Felony, Act of Settlement and Parliamentary Oath Bill" is due to be moved by Kevin McNamara on 19 December 2001. This seeks to "amend section 3 of the Treason Felony Act 1848 in order to establish that it is no longer an offence to express an opinion in favour of republicanism or advocating the abolition of the monarchy; to amend the Act of Settlement to provide that persons in communion with the Roman Catholic church are able to succeed to the Crown; to amend the law relating to the parliamentary oath; and for connected purposes."

Republican Parliamentarians

Early objections to the oath were mainly with the religious declarations, until affirmation make it acceptable to differing faiths or to atheists. Later objections center on the fact that it is to the Crown which republicans oppose. Tony Benn in 1992 stated, when he took the oath, “As a dedicated republican, I solemnly swear …”. In the 1997 election, "As a committed republican, under protest, I take the oath required of me by law, under the Parliamentary Oaths Act of 1866, to allow me to represent my constituency … Later stating, "When one looks at the oaths of a privy councillor, a Member of Parliament and the Sovereign at the coronation, they throw an interesting light on the obligations by which we are bound. The reality is that nobody takes an oath to uphold democracy in Britain. The Queen takes an oath to govern the country and uphold the rights of the bishops. We take an oath to the Queen. Nobody in the House takes an oath to uphold democracy in Britain." Some MPs also argue that in a democracy the electorate should have sole responsibility (subject to electoral law) for determining who sits in the House of Commons to represent them; and that Parliament should have no right to overturn the decision of the people. Kevin McNamara stated: "The era in which it was thought to be appropriate for legislators to set a political or religious test for those deemed acceptable to enter the parliamentary club has long since passed. … The only test for inclusion and membership of this House should be the will of the electorate, freely expressed." Dennis Skinner stated, “I solemnly swear that I will bear true and faithful allegiance to the Queen when she pays her income tax”, and Tony Banks was seen with his fingers crossed when he took the oath in 1997.^[27]

Parliamentary

According to "The Parliamentary Oath"^[28] even if the entire country were to vote in a general election for a party whose manifesto pledge was to remove the monarchy, it would be impossible by reason of the present oath, and current acts of parliament, for such elected MPs to take their seats in the House of Commons, or be raised to the House of Lords, without taking this Oath of Allegiance to the ruling monarch, and to her heirs, and successors.^[28] However, there would be nothing to prevent a Parliamentary majority debating a republic or from seeking to renegotiate the constitutional settlement since freedom of speech is guaranteed by article 9 of the Bill of Rights 1689.

The requirement to take the oath/affirmation is also enshrined in the Code of Conduct for MPs. Should an MP take part in parliamentary proceedings, without having sworn the oath, or affirmation, the penalty is £500 for every offence, together with vacation of his or her seat.^[28] Before 1997, MPs who did not take the oath, whilst unable to receive their salary, were entitled to the other facilities of the House. After the 1997 general election, the then Speaker, made a new ruling on entitlement to salary, allowances and services as they relate to Members who have not taken the oath. This removed the right of any such MPs to the services of the House. Following the 2001 general election, and the election of four Sinn Féin members, the following Speaker re-iterated his predecessor's comments.^[29]

An Early Day Motion to change the Oath of Allegiance, was brought before the House of Commons by 22 Members of Parliament, on 12 June 2008. Early Day Motion (#1780) read as follows:

That this House recognises that the principal duty of hon. Members is to represent their constituents in Parliament; also recognises that some hon. Members would prefer to swear an oath of allegiance to their constituents and the nation rather than the Monarch; and therefore calls on the Leader of the House to bring forward legislative proposals to introduce an optional alternative Parliamentary oath allowing hon. Members to swear allegiance to their constituents and the nation and to pledge to uphold the law rather than one pledging personal allegiance to the serving Monarch.

The signatories of the early day motion were: N Baker (Lib: Lewes), J Austin (Lab: Erith & Thamesmead), P Bottomley (Con: Worthing), R Campbell (Lab: Blyth), M Caton (Lab: Gower), M Clapham (Lab: Barnsley & Pennistone) I Davidson (Lab: Glasgow SW) P Flynn (Lab: Newport), A George (Lib: St. Ives), J Goldsworthy (Lib: Falmouth), J Hemming (Lib: Birmingham), M Horwood (Lib: Cheltenham), B Iddon (Lab: Bolton), B Jenkins (Lab: Tamworth), L Jones (Lab: Birminham), C McCafferty (Lab: Calder Valley), A McDonnell (SD&L: Belfast), A McKechin (Lab: Glasgow N), M Oaten (Lib: Winchester), K Purchase (Lab: Wolverhampton), A Simpson (Lab: Nottingham), J Swinson (Lib: Dunbartonshire).

House of Lords

On 1 April 1998, the House of Lords Information Office published a list of 260 Right Honourable peers of the Realm who chose not to pledge their oaths of allegiance. These were therefore not allowed to sit, speak or vote in the Lords.^[30] Following the later reform of the House of Lords, these are no longer listed as members of the House of Lords. These were listed as 35 Conservatives; 4 Labour; 2 Liberal Democrats; 46 Cross Benchers; and 173 of undeclared political alliances. By rank, these were listed as 3 Royal Dukes; 12 other Dukes; 16 Marquises; 48 Earls; 32 Viscounts; 3 Countesses; and 152 Lords, Barons and Bishops.^[31]

Scottish Parliament

Alex Salmond of the Scottish National Party, as the first party leader to be sworn in to the Scottish Parliament in 2011, before raising his right hand to swear allegiance to the Queen, the SNP leader said: "The Scottish National Party's primary loyalty is to the people of Scotland, in line with the Scottish constitutional tradition of the sovereignty of the people."^[32] The Scottish Socialist Party, who advocate the abolition of the monarchy have made a number of protests during their Oaths of Allegiance in the Scottish Parliament. Their former leader Tommy Sheridan swore an oath of allegiance to the Queen with a clenched fist in 1999, Rosie Kane held her own protest during the oath ceremony, during which she swore allegiance with the words "My oath is to the people" written on her raised hand, Colin Fox sang Robert Burns' "A Man's A Man for A' That" at his protest, before being moved to the end of the queue by presiding officer Sir David Steel. ^[33]

Pressure groups

Campaign group ‘Republic’ also challenges the oath of allegiance. Represented by human rights lawyer Louise Christian, their campaign ("It is vital we challenge offensive and discriminatory oaths of allegiance - if our elected MPs ignore our calls we’ll take this issue to court.") is seeking to change the law so MPs etc., can swear allegiance to the country/people, rather than the monarchy.

Sinn Féin

The Irish republican party Sinn Féin follows a policy of abstaining from the House of Commons; this is because its members refuse to recognise the legitimacy of the British Parliament, as a body that legislates for Northern Ireland. The party is also opposed to the British monarchy, and as a result, even if its members wished to take up their seats, they would likely refuse to take the oath, and so would be denied the right to sit in Parliament. As absentees Sinn Féin MPs are denied their salaries, worth around £1.5 million over the five years to 2009, but can claim staff costs and additional accommodation allowances.^[34]

It is unknown whether Sinn Féin MPs would reconsider their policy of abstentionism if the oath were abolished, or if a new oath or pledge were adopted without any mention of the monarch or the crown.^[29] In the past a similar situation pertained with respect to the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament). Sinn Féin boycotted the Irish legislature both because it did not recognise the body and because members were required to swear an Oath of Allegiance to the British monarch. The oath was abolished in 1933 but elected Sinn Féin members continued to abstain from the Oireachtas until 1986.

In 1999 the Sinn Féin member of parliament Martin McGuinness challenged the Oath of Allegiance required of British MPs in the European Court of Human Rights. The application was deemed inadmissible on the basis that the requirement of an oath to the reigning monarch was "reasonably viewed as an affirmation of loyalty to the constitutional principles which support... the workings of representative democracy in the respondent State".^[35]

See also

• Irish Civil War
• Oath of allegiance (worldwide concept)

References

1. ^ http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1978/19/introduction
2. ^ Promissory Oaths Act 1868: [1]
3. ^ ^{a b} Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002
4. ^ ^{a b} Promissory Oaths Act 1868 Section 4
5. ^ ISBN 000 414 047 8: Inside the House of Lords, by Clive Asley. Pg 149-188. "The lord has chosen not to take the Oath of Allegiance in this Parliament and therefore may not sit, speak, or vote in the House."
6. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A14066444
7. ^ http://www.bl.uk/treasures/magnacarta/basics/basics.html
8. ^ History of the Oath: PARLIAMENTARY RESEARCH PAPER 00/17: 14 FEBRUARY 2000.
9. ^ An Act for the better discovering and repressing of Popish recusants; 3 & 4 James I c. 4, 1606.
10. ^ ENGLANDS OATHS. Taken by all men of Quallity in the Church and Common-wealth of ENGLAND. Published by G.F. London, Printed, 1642.
11. ^ "Schedule, Promissory Oaths Act 1868". Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom 72: p. Schedule. 1868. http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/documents/1868/72/ukpga/c72/schedule. Retrieved 2009-09-01. "The oath as to England is to be tendered by the Clerk of the Council, and taken in presence of Her Majesty in Council, or otherwise as Her Majesty shall direct. The oath as to Scotland is to be tendered by the Lord President of the Court of Session at a sitting of the Court." 
12. ^ House of Commons Library Research paper 01/116, 14 December 2001: "The Parliamentary Oath". (Accessed 19 February 2008)
13. ^ UK Parliament - Oath of Allegiance in the House of Commons
14. ^ http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/swearingin/
15. ^ http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1999/19991101.htm
16. ^ http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/swearingin/
17. ^ Scotland Act 1998, section 84(3).
18. ^ Lord Selsdon queries the definition of a working peer. http://www.epolitix.com/latestnews/article-detail/newsarticle/government-must-define-role-of-working-peer/
19. ^ Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Schedule 4)
20. ^ Belfast Agreement. 1.4. Sec 16, 18, 19
21. ^ This is South Wales. ‘Contributing to your community’ by Richard Youle. 1 November 2010. (http://www.thisissouthwales.co.uk/news/Contributing-community/article-2819953-detail/article.html?cacheBust=DX3hHkdsXSXz&success=true)
22. ^ response to a Freedom of Information Act request made through Whatdotheyknow.com
23. ^ Police Reform Act 2002
24. ^ Police (Scotland) Regulations 2004
25. ^ "WOSM Constitution and By-Laws". World Scout Bureau. July 1983, April 2000. http://www.scout.org/en/content/download/13661/118988/file/WOSMconstitutionE.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-10. 
26. ^ "Rule 1.1: Variations to the wording of the Promises". The Scout Association. http://www.scoutbase.org.uk/library/hqdocs/por/2005/1_5.htm#rule_1.1. Retrieved 2009-12-23. 
27. ^ http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons/lib/research/rp2001/rp01-116.pdf
28. ^ ^{a b c} The Parliamentary Oath (Research Paper 01/116)
29. ^ ^{a b} House of Commons Research Paper
30. ^ ISBN 000 414 047 8: Inside the House of Lords, by Clive Asley. Pg 149: "The lord has chosen not to take the Oath of Allegiance in this Parliament and therefore may not sit, speak, or vote in the House."
31. ^ ISBN 000 414 047 8: Inside the House of Lords, by Clive Asley. Pg 149-188.
32. ^ http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/2011/05/11/first-minister-alex-salmond-leads-holyrood-ceremony-as-scottish-parliament-is-sworn-in-86908-23122959/
33. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-12997087
34. ^ "Sinn Féin challenges all parties at Westminster to publish expenses now". An Phoblacht. 2009-05-21. http://www.anphoblacht.com/news/detail/38231. Retrieved 2009-07-10. 
35. ^ McGuinness v. United Kingdom; Application No. 39511/98, unreported judgement February 18, 1999

External links

• Hansard: Tony Benn on oaths and constitutional matters