Ruth Ellis

For the activist, see Ruth Ellis (activist).

Ruth Ellis
Born	Ruth Neilson 9 October 1926(1926-10-09) Rhyl, Wales
Died	13 July 1955(1955-07-13) (aged 28) Holloway prison, London, England
Cause of death	Hanging
Resting place	Holloway prison; later reburied in St. Mary's Church, Amersham, Buckinghamshire. 51°40′0.58″N 0°36′58.93″W / 51.6668278°N 0.6163694°W / 51.6668278; -0.6163694
Nationality	British
Ethnicity	Welsh
Occupation	Model, nightclub hostess
Known for	Being the last woman executed in the UK
Religion	Christian
Spouse	George Johnston Ellis (m. 1950–1955)
Children	Clare Andrea Neilson (1944—1982), Georgina Ellis (1951—2001)
Parents	Arthur Neilson, formerly Hornby, Elisaberta Goodall[1]
Relatives	Muriel Jakubait (sister)

Ruth Ellis (9 October 1926 – 13 July 1955), née Neilson, was the last woman to be executed in the United Kingdom. She was convicted of the murder of her lover, David Blakely, and hanged at Holloway Prison, London, by Albert Pierrepoint.^[2]

Biography

Ellis was born in the Welsh seaside town of Rhyl, the third of six children. During her childhood her family moved to Basingstoke. Her mother, Elisaberta (Bertha) Cothals, was a Belgian refugee; her father, Arthur Hornby, was a cellist from Manchester who had spent much of his time playing on Atlantic cruise liners. Arthur changed his surname to Neilson after the birth of Ruth's elder sister Muriel.

Ellis attended Fairfields Senior Girls' School in Basingstoke,^[1] leaving when she was fourteen to work as a waitress. Shortly afterwards, in 1941 at the height of the Blitz, the Neilsons moved to London. In 1944, 17-year-old Ruth became pregnant by a married Canadian soldier and gave birth to a son, Clare Andrea Neilson,^[1] known as "Andy".^[3] The father sent money for about a year, then stopped. The child eventually went to live with Ellis's mother.^[4] Ellis became a nightclub hostess through nude modelling work, which paid significantly more than the various factory and clerical jobs she had held since leaving school. Morris Conley, the manager of the Court Club in Duke Street, where she worked, blackmailed his hostess employees into sleeping with him.^[4] Early in 1950, she became pregnant by one of her regular customers, having taken up prostitution.^[4] She had this pregnancy terminated (illegally) in the third month and returned to work as soon as she could.

On 8 November 1950, she married 41-year-old George Ellis, a divorced dentist with two sons, at the register office in Tonbridge, Kent.^[5] He had been a customer at the Court Club. He was a violent alcoholic, jealous and possessive, and the marriage deteriorated rapidly because he was convinced she was having an affair. Ellis left him several times but always returned.

In 1951, while four months pregnant, Ellis had appeared, uncredited, as a beauty queen in the Rank film Lady Godiva Rides Again. The film starred Dennis Price, Dana Wynter, and Ellis became close friends with the productions star Diana Dors.^[6] She subsequently gave birth to daughter Georgina, but George refused to acknowledge paternity^[4] and they separated shortly afterwards. Ellis and her daughter moved in with her parents, and Ellis went back to hostessing to make ends meet.^[4]

Murder of David Blakely

In 1953, Ellis became the manager of a nightclub. At this time, Ellis was lavished with expensive gifts by admirers, and had a number of celebrity friends.^[4] She met David Blakely, three years her junior, through racing driver Mike Hawthorn. Blakely was a well-mannered former public school boy, but also a hard-drinking racer. Within weeks he moved into her flat above the club, despite being engaged to another woman, Mary Dawson. Ellis became pregnant for the fourth time but aborted the child, feeling she could not reciprocate the level of commitment shown by Blakely towards their relationship.^[7]

She then began seeing Desmond Cussens. Born in 1921 in Surrey he had been an RAF pilot, flying Lancaster bombers during World War Two, leaving the RAF in 1946, when he took up accountancy. He was appointed a director of the family business Cussens & Co., a wholesale and retail tobacconists with outlets in London and South Wales. When Ruth was sacked as manager of the Carroll Club, she moved in with Cussen at 20 Goodward Court, Devonshire Street, north of Oxford Street, and became his mistress.

The relationship with Blakely continued, however, and became increasingly violent and embittered as Ellis and Blakely continued to see other people.^[7] Blakely offered to marry Ellis, to which she consented, but she lost another child in January 1955, after a miscarriage induced by a punch to the stomach in an argument with Blakely.^[7]

The Magdala today

On Easter Sunday, 10 April 1955,^[8] Ellis took a taxi from Cussen's home to a second floor flat at 29 Tanza Road, Hampstead, the home of Anthony and Carole Findlater and where she suspected Blakely might be. As she arrived, Blakely’s car drove off, so she paid off the taxi and walked the ¼ mile to The Magdala,^[9] a four-storey public house in South Hill Park, Hampstead, where she found David’s car parked outside.

At around 9:30 pm David Blakely and his friend Clive Gunnell emerged. Blakely passed Ellis waiting on the pavement when she stepped out of Henshaws Doorway, a newsagent next to The Magdala. He ignored her when she said "Hello, David," then shouted "David!"

As Blakely searched for the keys to his car,^[10] Ellis took a .38 calibre Smith & Wesson Victory model revolver from her handbag and fired five shots at Blakely. The first shot missed and he started to run, pursued by Ellis round the car, where she fired a second, which caused him to collapse onto the pavement. She then stood over him and fired three more bullets into him. One bullet was fired less than half an inch from Blakely's back and left powder burns on his skin.

Ellis was seen to stand mesmerized over the body and witnesses reported hearing several distinct clicks as she tried to fire the revolver's sixth and final shot, before finally firing into the ground. This bullet ricocheted off the road and injured Gladys Kensington Yule, 53, in the base of her thumb, as she walked to the Magdala.

Ellis, in a state of shock, asked Gunnell, "Will you call the police, Clive?" She was arrested immediately by an off-duty policeman, Alan Thompson (PC 389), who took the still-smoking gun from her, put it in his coat pocket, and heard her say, "I am guilty, I'm a little confused". She was taken to Hampstead police station where she appeared to be calm and not obviously under the influence of drink or drugs. She made a detailed confession to the police and was charged with murder. Blakely's body was taken to hospital with multiple bullet wounds to the intestines, liver, lung, aorta and windpipe.

Investigation

No solicitor was present during Ellis's interrogation or during the taking of her statement at Hampstead police station, although three police officers were present that night at 11.30 pm: Detective Inspector Gill, Detective Inspector Crawford and Detective Chief Inspector Davies. Ellis was still without legal representation when she made her first appearance at the magistrates' court on 11 April 1955 and held on remand.

She was twice examined by principal Medical Officer, M. R. Penry Williams, who failed to find evidence of mental illness and she undertook an electroencephalography examination on 3 May that failed to find any abnormality. While on remand in Holloway, she was examined by psychiatrist Dr. D. Whittaker for the defence, and by Dr. A. Dalzell on behalf of the Home Office. Neither found evidence of insanity.

Trial and execution

On Monday, 20 June 1955, Ellis appeared in the Number One Court at the Old Bailey, London, before Mr. Justice Havers. She was dressed in a black suit and white silk blouse with freshly bleached and coiffured blonde hair. Her lawyers had wanted her to play down her appearance, but she was determined to have her moment. To many in the courthouse, her fixation with being the brassy blonde was at least partially responsible for the poor impression she made when giving evidence.

It's obvious when I shot him I intended to kill him.^[11]

—Ruth Ellis, in the witness box at the Old Bailey, 20 June 1955.

This was her answer to the only question put to her by Christmas Humphreys, counsel for the Prosecution, who asked, "When you fired the revolver at close range into the body of David Blakely, what did you intend to do?"^[11] The defending counsel, Aubrey Melford Stevenson supported by Sebag Shaw and Peter Rawlinson, would have advised Ellis of this possible question before the trial began, because it is standard legal practice to do so. Her reply to Humphreys' question in open court guaranteed a guilty verdict and therefore the mandatory death sentence which followed. The jury took 14 minutes to convict her.^[11] She received the sentence, and was taken to the condemned cell at Holloway.

In a 2010 television interview Mr Justice Havers’s grandson, actor Nigel Havers, said his grandfather had written to the Home Secretary Gwilym Lloyd George recommending a reprieve as he regarded it as a crime passionnel, but received a curt refusal, which was still held by the family. It has been suggested that the final nail in her coffin was that an innocent passer-by had been injured.

Reluctantly, at midday on 12 July 1955, the day before her execution, Ellis, having dismissed Bickford, the solicitor chosen for her by her friend Desmond Cussen, made a statement to the solicitor Victor Mishcon (whose law firm had previously represented her in her divorce proceedings but not in the murder trial) and his clerk, Leon Simmons. She revealed more evidence about the shooting and said that the gun had been provided by Cussen, and that he had driven her to the murder scene. Following their 90-minute interview in the condemned cell, Mishcon and Simmons went to the Home Office, where they spoke to a senior civil servant about Ellis's revelations. The authorities made no effort to follow this up and there was no reprieve.

In a final letter to David Blakely's parents from her prison cell, she wrote ""I have always loved your son, and I shall die still loving him".^[12]

Ever since Edith Thompson's execution in 1923, condemned female prisoners had been required to wear thick padded calico knickers, so just prior to the allotted time, Warder Evelyn Galilee, who had guarded Ellis for the previous three weeks, took her to the lavatory. Warder Galilee said, “I’m sorry Ruth but I’ve got to do this.” They had tapes back and front to pull. Ruth said “Is that all right?” and “Would you pull these tapes Evelyn, I’ll pull the others,” On re-entering the condemned cell, she took off her glasses, placed them on the table and said "I won't be needing these anymore."^[13]

Thirty seconds before 9 am on Wednesday 13 July, the official hangman, Albert Pierrepoint and his assistant, Royston Rickard, entered the condemned cell and escorted Ruth the 15 feet to the execution room next door.^[14] She had been weighed at 103 lb the previous day and a drop of 8 ft 4 in was set, Pierrepoint effected the execution in just 12 seconds and her body was left hanging for an hour. Her autopsy report, by the pathologist Dr. Keith Simpson, was made public.^[15]

The Bishop of Stepney, Joost de Blank, visited Ellis just before her death, and she told him: "It is quite clear to me that I was not the person who shot him. When I saw myself with the revolver I knew I was another person." These comments were made in a London evening paper of the time, The Star.

Public reaction

The case caused widespread controversy at the time, evoking exceptionally intense press and public interest to the point that it was discussed by the Cabinet.^[16]

On the day of her execution the Daily Mirror columnist Cassandra wrote a column attacking the sentence, writing "The one thing that brings stature and dignity to mankind and raises us above the beasts will have been denied her—pity and the hope of ultimate redemption."^[17] A petition to the Home Office asking for clemency was signed by 50,000 people, but the Conservative Home Secretary Major Gwilym Lloyd George rejected it.^[17]

The novelist Raymond Chandler, then living in Britain, wrote a scathing letter to the London Evening Standard, referring to what he described as "the medieval savagery of the law".^[18]

Legacy

The hanging helped strengthen public support for the abolition of the death penalty, which was halted in practice for murder in Britain ten years later (the last execution in the UK occurred during 1964). Reprieve was by then commonplace. According to one statistical account, between 1926 and 1954, 677 men and 60 women had been sentenced to death in England and Wales, but only 375 men and seven women had been executed.^[19]

In the early 1970s, John Bickford, Ellis's solicitor, made a statement to Scotland Yard from his home in Malta. He was recalling what Desmond Cussen had told him in 1955: how Ellis lied at the trial and how he (Bickford) had hidden that information. After Bickford's confession a police investigation followed but no further action regarding Cussen was taken.

Anthony Eden, the Prime Minister at the time, made no reference to the Ruth Ellis case in his memoirs, nor is there anything in his papers. He accepted that the decision was the responsibility of the Home Secretary, but there are indications that he was troubled about it.^[20]

Foreign newspapers observed that the concept of the crime passionnel seemed foreign to the British.

Family aftermath

Ellis's husband, George Ellis, descended into alcoholism and hanged himself in 1958. Her son, Andy, who was 10 at the time of his mother's hanging, suffered irreparable psychological damage and committed suicide in a bedsit in 1982. The trial judge, Sir Cecil Havers, had sent money every year for Andy's upkeep, and Christmas Humphreys, the prosecution counsel at Ellis's trial, paid for his funeral.^[3] Ellis's daughter, Georgina, who was three when her mother was executed, was adopted when her father hanged himself three years later. She died of cancer aged 50.^[21]

Pardon campaign

The case continues to have a strong grip on the British imagination and in 2003 was referred back to the Court of Appeal by the Criminal Cases Review Commission. The Court firmly rejected the appeal, although it made clear that it could rule only on the conviction based on the law as it stood in 1955, and not on whether she should have been executed.^[22]

In July 2007 a petition was published on the 10 Downing Street website asking Prime Minister Gordon Brown to reconsider the Ruth Ellis case and grant her a pardon in light of new evidence that the Old Bailey jury in 1955 was not asked to consider. It expired on 4 July 2008.^[23]

Burials

Ellis was buried in an unmarked grave within the walls of Holloway Prison, as was customary for executed prisoners. In the early 1970s the prison underwent an extensive programme of rebuilding, during which the bodies of all the executed women were exhumed for reburial elsewhere. Ellis's body was reburied at St Mary's Church in Amersham, Buckinghamshire. The headstone in the churchyard was inscribed 'Ruth Hornby 1926–1955'. Her son, Andy, destroyed the headstone shortly before he committed suicide in 1982. Ellis's grave is now overgrown with yew trees.

The remains of the four other women executed at Holloway, Styllou Christofi, Edith Thompson, Amelia Sach and Annie Walters were reburied in a single grave at Brookwood Cemetery.

Coincidentally, Styllou Christofi, who was executed in December 1954, lived at 11 South Hill Park in Hampstead^[24], with her son and daughter-in-law, a few metres from The Magdala public house at number 2a, where David Blakely was shot four months later.

Film, TV and theatrical adaptations

The first cinema portrayal of Ellis came with the release of the 1985 movie Dance with a Stranger (directed by Mike Newell), featuring Miranda Richardson as Ellis.

Both Ellis's story and the story of Albert Pierrepoint are retold in the stage play Follow Me, written by Ross Gurney-Randall and Dave Mounfield and directed by Guy Masterson. It premièred at the Assembly Rooms as part of the 2007 Edinburgh Festival Fringe.

In the film Pierrepoint (2006), Ellis was portrayed by Mary Stockley.

Diana Dors, who had starred in Lady Godiva Rides Again, in which Ellis had had a minor, uncredited role, played a character resembling (though not based on) Ellis in the 1956 British film Yield to the Night, directed by J. Lee Thompson.^[25][26]

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c} Dunn 2010.
2. ^ For her date of birth, see GRO, December 1926, St. Asaph, Vol. 11b, p. 446, retrieved via FreeBMD.
3. ^ ^{a b} Jakubait and Weller, 2005.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Blackwell, 2010, p. 95
5. ^ Ruth Ellis: The Last to Hang
6. ^ Lady Godiva Rides Again (1951) - Full cast and crew
7. ^ ^{a b c} Blackwell, 2010, p. 96
8. ^ Melford Stevenson « Searching for the Truth about Ruth Ellis By Monica Weller
9. ^ "The Magdala" FancyaPint.com (Retrieved 13 February 2010)
10. ^ David Cocksedge, on his website 'The Lady Died for Love' described Blakely's car as a green 'Vauxhall Vanguard', a make/model that does not exist. It is presumed that he could have been referring to either a Standard Vanguard or some other model of Vauxhall
11. ^ ^{a b c} Block, Brian P. and Hostettler, John. Hanging in the Balance. 1997, page 164
12. ^ Ruth Ellis's letter to David Blakeley's parents from the condemned cell
13. ^ Searching for the Truth about Ruth Ellis By Monica Weller
14. ^ The condemned cell and execution chamber at Holloway Prison
15. ^ Autopsy Report of Ruth Ellis
16. ^ James, Robert Rhodes (1987), Anthony Eden, p. 420, Papermac, ISBN 0333455037
17. ^ ^{a b} Blackwell, 2010, p. 98
18. ^ Raymond Chandler, A Biography, Tom Hiney, 1997, p. 224
19. ^ Block, Brian P. and Hostettler, John. Hanging in the Balance. 1997, p. 165
20. ^ James,Robert Rhodes (1987) "Anthony Eden,"p. 420.Papermac,ISBN 0333455037.
21. ^ "Judgement reserved in Ellis case". BBC News. 17 September 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3116722.stm. Retrieved 23 May 2010. 
22. ^ Court of Appeal, 2003; section 89
23. ^ Author May Prove Hanged Womans Innocence (from This Is Local London)
24. ^ According to the 1954 Electoral Register for England
25. ^ Leonard Maltin's 2004 Move & Video Guide
26. ^ Film Forum Brit Noir summer 2009 schedule.

References

• Blackhall, Sue (2009). "Ruth Ellis", True Crime: Crimes of Passion. Igloo. ISBN 9781848177192
• Dunn, Jane (2010). "Ruth Ellis," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
• Hancock, Robert (1963). Ruth Ellis: The Last Woman to Be Hanged. Orion; 3rd edition 2000. ISBN 0752834495
• Jakubait, Muriel and Weller, Monica (2005). Ruth Ellis: My Sister's Secret life. Robinson Publishing. ISBN 1845291190
• Mark, Laurence and Van Den Bergh, Tony (1990). Ruth Ellis: a Case of Diminished Responsibility?. Penguin. ISBN 0140129022

External links

• Ruth Ellis at the Internet Movie Database

• Ruth Ellis's story at Crime Library
• Ruth Ellis posing for photos in the flat above The Little Club
• Ruth Ellis - an alternative view
• Interview with Georgie Ellis (Ruth Ellis' daughter)
• Court of Appeal decision 2003
• True Detective's alternative account of events
• Photographs of Ruth Ellis, including her grave
• Photographs of David Blakely's grave
• Scotsman report
• 'Hanging With Frank' (video showing the UK execution protocol at the old gallows in HMP Barlinnie)

Persondata
Name	Ellis, Ruth
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	9 October 1926
Place of birth	Rhyl, north Wales
Date of death	13 July 1955
Place of death	Holloway prison, London