Kinston Indians

Kinston Indians
Kinston Indians
Founded in 1987
Kinston, North Carolina
KinstonIndianslogo.PNG
Team Logo		 KinstonIndianscap.PNG
Cap Insignia
Class-level
  • High-A (1963–1974, 1978–2011)
  • B (1925–1927, 1956–1957, 1962)
  • D (1908, 1928–1929, 1937–1941, 1946–1952)
  • semipro (1934–1936)
  • outlaw (1921–1922)
Minor league affiliations
Major league affiliations
Name
  • Kinston Indians (1987–2011)
  • Kinston Eagles (1925–1973, 1978–1981, 1986)
  • Kinston Blue Jays (1982–1985)
  • Kinston Expos (1974)
  • Kinston Highwaymen (1922)
  • Kinston Robins (1921)
Ballpark
  • Grainger Stadium (1949–1952, 1956–1957, 1962–1974, 1978–2011)
  • Grainger Park (1934–1941, 1946–1948)
  • West End Park (1921–1922, 1925–1929)
Minor league titles
League titles 1935, 1947, 1962, 1988, 1991, 1995, 2004, 2006
Division titles 1988, 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2011
Owner(s)/Operated by:
Manager:
General Manager:

The Kinston Indians were a minor league baseball team of the Carolina League (CL), and the High-A affiliate of the Cleveland Indians. They were located in Kinston, North Carolina, and were named for their parent club. The team played its home games at Grainger Stadium, which opened in 1949 and holds 4,100 fans.

Established in 1987, the Indians, or "K-Tribe" as they were popularly known, played through the 2011 season. The franchise will be moving to Zebulon, North Carolina for the 2012 campaign. An effort is currently underway to secure a new franchise for the city. A total of 17 managers led the club since the start of the Indians affiliation including two who have since managed the big league club. The Indians played in 3,458 regular season games and compiled a win–loss record of 1,925–1,533.

Kinston has served as a farm club for ten different major league franchises and one minor league club. Professional baseball dates back to a 1908 squad in the Eastern Carolina League. Despite having one of the smallest markets in professional baseball, Kinston has proved its viability for over a century.

The K-Tribe won the CL Championship in 1988, 1991, 1995, 2004, and 2006. Previous league titles won by Kinston are the Carolina League title in 1962 as an affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Coastal Plain League title in 1947 as an affiliate of the Atlanta Crackers, and a championship in 1935 for an unaffiliated semi-pro team. Thousands of men have played for Kinston teams including Rick Ferrell, Jim Thome, Ron Guidry, and Manny Ramirez.

Contents

History

Early years

Kinston was represented by many excellent amateur clubs since the late nineteenth century, but it was unable to sustain a viable professional team until the mid-1920s.[1] Earlier attempts included an aborted campaign in the Class D Eastern Carolina League in 1908[2] and an "outlaw league" team in 1921 and 1922. The latter was notable for being managed by former major league pitcher George Suggs and College Football Hall of Fame member Ira Rodgers.[3] Due to the efforts of the city's business leaders, former local amateur star Elisha Lewis, and George Suggs, the town secured a professional team in the Virginia League for the 1925 season[4] named the "Eagles".[5]

West End Park tickets: 1929.

The Eagles were a Class B team playing out of a then newly renovated stadium designed by Suggs known as West End Park.[6] The squad had little success against other teams in their league, but was successful enough in gate receipts to validate the city's capacity to sustain a professional team. Kinston's team remained in the Virginia League for three years and then migrated to a newly reformed Eastern Carolina League. This later affiliation collapsed along with the stock market in 1929.[7] The 1920s Eagles' roster included a young catcher named Rick Ferrell, who later had a long playing career and even longer front office career in the major leagues. In 1984, Ferrell became the only former Kinston player inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.[8] Another player, Frank Armstrong, gave up baseball for a career in the armed services and became one of the most decorated generals in the history of the Air Force.[9]

Coastal Plain League

The Great Depression took a great toll on the minor leagues, with only thirteen teams operating across the U.S. at a 1933 lowpoint.[10] Like most, Kinston sat out the first few years of the Great Depression but reentered play for the 1934 season in the semi-professional Coastal Plain League. By 1937 the circuit had become a fully professional, Class D league as ranked by the National Association.[11] The city remained in the Coastal Plain League continuously until it was disbanded after 1952. As a member of this affiliation, Kinston saw many playoff appearances and won league championships in 1935 and 1947. Among the superior talent during this period was a young player named Charlie "King Kong" Keller who is listed as among the top forty major league players of all-time in terms of on-base percentage (.410).[12][13]

Carolina League

Kinston was without a team for the three year period following the dissolution of the Coastal Plain League. In 1956, the owner of the Burlington Bees of the Carolina League moved his team to Kinston. At that time, the Carolina League was a Class B loop with teams located in Virginia and North Carolina.[14] The team, calling itself the Kinston Eagles, were a Pittsburgh Pirates affiliate and featured the city's first African American ball players. In these early days of the Civil Rights Movement, the black players in the Carolina League received much verbal and psychological abuse from the largely white, Southern fan base.[15] The first black players were Frank Washington and Carl Long.[16] Long excelled during the 1956 season, setting an RBI standard of 111 that has never been surpassed by any later Kinston hitter.[17] The racial experiment succeeded, but the team failed financially. The Eagles' owner was an inept businessman who brought the club near bankruptcy before it was moved 40 miles away to Wilson in 1957.[18][19]

Carl Long – 2006

Kinston's re-entry into Carolina League baseball in 1962 was successful both on the field and at the turnstile. The Eagles were able to claim the first of its Carolina League crowns. At a time when Kinston's population was only 25,000, the ball club attracted over 140,000 fans. Part of the lure was the talent supplied by Kinston's parent club, the Pittsburgh Pirates, which included Steve Blass (17–3, 1.97 ERA, 209 K's), and Frank Bork (19–7, 2.00 ERA).[20] Another fan attraction was that the Eagles were for the first time a community owned team, operating under the non-profit Kinston Eagles Baseball Company, run by an elected eighteen-man, unpaid board of directors. Profits were reinvested into improving the stadium, promoting the team, and supplying playing equipment for the youth of Kinston. This arrangement continued through all thirteen years of Kinston's second tenure in the Carolina League, from 1962 through 1974.[21]

1968 pocket schedule.

In 1963 minor league baseball was restructured nationwide, with B, C and D classes eliminated.[10] The Carolina League became a High-A circuit. The Eagles failed to win any championships during this second era of Carolina League play, but they managed to make the playoffs in six of thirteen seasons. The Pirates stuck with Kinston through the 1965 campaign. During three of those four seasons, the Eagles were managed by Harding "Pete" Peterson, who later oversaw the Pirates farm system, and become the Pirates' general manager, helping to build the late seventies team that won the World Series.[22] The Eagles became affiliated with the new Atlanta Braves during 1966 and 1967, under the management of Andy Pafko.[23] From 1968 through 1973 the Eagles were affiliation with the New York Yankees; the fans saw a lot of future all-stars pass through the city including a young Ron Guidry who would soon establish himself as one of the best pitchers in the American League.[24]

During the 1970s the popularity of minor league baseball reached its lowest point and the attendance in Kinston fell to only 30,000 for the 1973 season. The city needed a revival of interest, and the Expos were turned to for help. The young Montreal franchise boasted a strong farm system with a lot of talent. So much talent in fact, that they decided to experiment with having two High A affiliates. Instead of dividing the players evenly between the two, all the top players were placed in the West Palm Beach club, while the newly renamed Kinston Expos had to make do with castoffs. The Kinston team soon found itself overmatched among its Carolina League rivals. The Expos fell to last place and attendance fell to only 27,000 for the year. Montreal declared the experiment a failure and withdrew from Kinston following the 1974 season. With no major league sponsor and very little fan support, Kinston likewise withdrew from the league.[25]

Former airline pilot Ray Kuhlman brought minor league baseball back to Kinston by investing in a Carolina League franchise in the late seventies. The renamed Kinston Eagles flew unaffiliated their first season back in the circuit in 1978. By the next campaign, they were associated with the Toronto Blue Jays. Toronto stayed with Kinston for seven years, and the team eventually took on the Blue Jay name. Kinston did not win any championships during the Blue Jays years. Kuhlman and his wife ran the team themselves and saw steady annual increases in attendance each year. The couple brought a string of marketing ideas to the team that have taken hold and remain to this day. These include increasing promotional days, fireworks displays, the introduction of Kinston baseball cards, an increase in branded souvenir merchandise, the establishment of the Kinston Professional Baseball Hall of Fame, and the hiring of a team mascot. Another fan attraction was a collection of future major league stars including Tony Fernández, Fred McGriff and Cecil Fielder.[26]

Following the 1985 season, the Blue Jays dropped Kinston as a franchise, and professional baseball in the city seemed to be in doubt once again. There was talk of moving the franchise to Charles County, Maryland, but the city remained in the Carolina League with an independent ball club that took on the Eagles name. 1986 proved to be disappointing in the standings and at the gate, and talk of a move was renewed, but ownership secured an affiliation with the Cleveland Indians during the off season.[27] For twenty-five years, Cleveland and the KTribe, as they came to be known, enjoyed a successful partnership which produced seventeen playoff appearances and five Carolina League championships (1988, 1991, 1995, 2004 and 2006).[28] The value of the team has risen along with its onfield success. In 1983, Kuhlman sold the team for one hundred thousand dollars. The franchise was sold again in 1985 for two hundred twenty five thousand, and changed hands again in 1989 for seven hundred fifty thousand dollars. The team's value in 1992 was estimated at one and one-half million dollars.[29]

Six figure attendance totals became the norm throughout the 1990s and into the new century. General Manager North Johnson fostered closer bonds with the mayor's office and helped create the Mayor's Committee for Professional Baseball in 1987.[30] Dedicated to increasing season ticket sales and promoting ties with businesses, the committee accomplished much in a short span of time. Attendance increased by nearly twenty thousand in 1987 and by more than twelve thousand the following year. By 1991, the number of fans through the turnstiles topped 100,000 for the first time since 1964. Although a new ownership group purchased the franchise in 1994, continuity in day-to-day operations was maintained through general manager North Johnson, and front office mainstay Shari Massengill who took over the reins in 2006.[31] The local government's dedication to keeping baseball in Kinston is evidenced by extensive new renovations to the ballpark.[32][33]

The Kinston Indians were last managed by Aaron Holbert, a former major league infielder. Their General Manager through the 2010 season, Shari Massengill,[31] and former Assistant General Manager, Jessie Hays, made up the only all-female General Manager/Assistant General Manager team in the Minor Leagues.[34] When Hays departed for the 2008 season, her replacement, Janell Bullock, was also female. The final GM was Benjamin Jones, who was previously employed by the Wilson Tobs.[35]

In 2007, the Indians won the Southern Division crown for both halves of the year, but they lost in the first round of the playoffs to the wild card team, the Salem Avalanche. It was the seventh season in a row that the Indians made the post season, which is a new Carolina League record formerly held by the Burlington Bees (1945–1950). It was the second time a Kinston team had accomplished this feat. The Kinston Eagles of the Coastal Plain League also made it to seven post seasons in a row (1946–1952).[36] Kinston's player development contract with Cleveland ended following the 2011 season. In 2012, the Carolina League franchise will move to Zebulon, North Carolina and there have been no arrangements for a substitute to date.

With the Indians' move to Zebulon to become the Carolina Mudcats in 2012, experts have speculated that Kinston may join the summer-collegiate Coastal Plain League in the future.[37]

Grainger Stadium

Main article: Grainger Stadium
Grainger Grandstand, 2006.

The Kinston Indians, and all the Kinston teams since 1949, played their home games at Grainger Stadium located at 400 East Grainger Avenue in Kinston. The original structure was built by architect John J. Rowland in 1949 at a cost of one hundred seventy thousand dollars inclusive of everything except the land. One hundred fifty thousand dollars of the money was raised by bond issue.[38] The stadium is owned by the city and leased by the team. A dedicatory plaque identifies the structure as "Municipal Stadium," but it has been called Grainger Stadium since it was first built.[39] Recent ownership referred to it as "Historic Grainger Stadium" due to its age relative to other fields in the Carolina League. It was the second oldest stadium in the circuit. The name Grainger comes from its location on Grainger Avenue as well as its use early on by Grainger High School. Grainger is a prominent old family name in Lenoir County.

Annual Awards

Each year, usually on the weekend of the last home games, the Kinston Indians presented awards to those deserving. The team MVP Award was named in honor of "Cap'n Pat" Crawford. Crawford was a longtime Kinston resident who made it to the major leagues with the St. Louis Cardinals during the Gashouse Gang era.[40]

Steve Olin was a right-handed submarining relief pitcher for Kinston who had moved up to the Cleveland Indians. He was killed in a boating accident during spring training of 1993 in Winter Haven, Florida. The boat he was in struck a pier, killing him and fellow reliever Tim Crews and seriously injuring Bob Ojeda. Kinston's annual award for Pitcher of the Year was named in his honor.

The award given each year to the player who had to overcome the greatest adversity in his career was named in honor of Tex Drake. Drake was one of the batboys for the Kinston Blue Jays starting with the 1982 season. On the last day of the 1984 campaign, he found out that he had Hodgkin's Disease which had advanced to all four stages. The club president, Gary Fitzpatrick, arranged for Drake to work as a batboy for the last three home games of the Toronto Blue Jays season. Once back in Kinston, Drake was able to overcome his cancer through chemotherapy and return to his duties on the field.[41][42]

The Kinston player who best represented good sportsmanship was given an award named for Steve Gaydek. Gaydek was a former member of the club's Board of Directors who became a lifelong fan of Kinston's baseball teams. He attended every home game for over twenty years even though he lived over thirty miles from the ballpark.[43]

Lewis B. "Mac" McAvery was the head groundskeeper from 1949 to his death in 1979. In honor of his accomplishments, the team established an award in his name to be given to the individual who has did the most to "preserve and enhance" professional baseball in Kinston.[44]

Mascots

See also: Native American mascot controversy

The Indians' last mascot was a dog named Scout. Scout was usually found in an Indians jersey and baseball cap, but was also known to don a Superman t-shirt or an aloha shirt depending on the antics he was performing. Scout replaced an earlier Native American mascot who was named Tom E. Hawk.[45] With the introduction of Scout, Tom E. Hawk no longer greeted fans in person at the ballpark, but he was still seen in several of the official logos on much of the team merchandise through the 2010 season. His broadly smiling visage is very reminiscent of Cleveland's Chief Wahoo. In late 2010, the team released new logos which did not include Tom E. Hawk.[46]

During the days when Kinston was a Toronto Blue Jays affiliate, the team had a bird mascot named B.J.[47] 1980 manager Dennis Holmberg once resorted to dressing up in the mascot's costume so that he could return to the dugout undetected after being ejected from a game.[48] For the 1983 season, the Blue Jays had a dozen teenage girls, known as the Golden Corral Lady Jays, in the stadium. This experiment only lasted the one season.[49]

Local baseball personalities

See also: List of Kinston baseball people
  • Chris Hemeyer: Hemeyer was the radio voice of the Indians as well as the host of Tribe Talk. Tribe Talk was an interview television program shown on local public access stations in southeastern North Carolina. Besides interviewing team members and staff, the show also has highlighted recent Kinston games. First run episodes aired once a week during the season.[50]
  • Team Mamas: Anne "Mama" Robinson and Evelyn "Mama" Kornegay were local residents of Kinston who hosted players during their stay in Kinston. Mama Robinson hosted players for the first eleven years of the current franchise (1987–1997),[51] while Mama Kornegay took over the duties until her death in 2010.[52][53] Although only a few of the team members lived in the house at any one time, the homes became popular gathering places and a home away from home for the club. Prior to this arrangement, players had some difficulty establishing a stable environment in which to live. In his autobiography, Ron Guidry relates how his rented mobile home was sold out from under him while he was gone on Reserve duty.[54] David Wells tells similar stories of being bounced around from place to place during his time in Kinston.[55]
  • Delmont Miller: (March 30, 1966 – October 25, 2008): Miller was the longtime scoreboard operator for the Indians. His humorous first inning chatter and "shout-outs" prior to each "KTribe" game had become a tradition at Grainger Stadium. Recognizing the popularity of Delmont with both the fans and the players, the Kinston front office held special "Delmont Miller Nights" and built promotions around his unique personality. His twenty-plus year career at the stadium spanned several ownerships and even major league affiliation changes. Prior to becoming the scoreboard operator, he was the clubhouse assistant for the Kinston Blue Jays. His first name came from his father's love of Del Monte brand peaches.[56] On October 25, 2008, the 42 year-old Miller died of a massive heart attack.
  • The Smeraldos: Robert Smeraldo and Robert Smeraldo Jr. were the longtime father/son clubhouse managers for the ballclub. The senior Smeraldo has since died. His son no longer works for the team.[57]

Season by season results

Year Name League Level Affiliation Record Manager Playoffs
1908 Eastern Carolina D 6–12 Loyd K. Wooten DNF
1921 Robins E.C.B.A. outlaw  ? Jim White
1922 Highwaymen E.C.B.A. outlaw  ? Suggs/Rodgers
1925 Eagles Virginia B 52–80 Johnny Nee
1926 Eagles Virginia B 69–83 Johnny Nee
1927 Eagles Virginia B 56–75 Konnick/Hauger
1928 Eagles Eastern Carolina D 55–59 Bennett/Walters
1929 Eagles Eastern Carolina D 46–71 Clarence Roper
1934 Eagles Coastal Plain semipro 36–24 Bunn Hearn Lost League Finals
1935 Eagles Coastal Plain semipro 41–26 Bunn Hearn League Champs
1936 Eagles Coastal Plain semipro 40–32 Herschel Caldwell Lost League Finals
1937 Eagles Coastal Plain D St. Louis Cardinals 32–65 Bess/Taylor
1938 Eagles Coastal Plain D St. Louis Cardinals 60–50 Tommy West Lost in 1st round
1939 Eagles Coastal Plain D St. Louis Cardinals 65–59 Henry/Lucas/Herring Lost League Finals
1940 Eagles Coastal Plain D 63–60 Sothern/Aerette Lost League Finals
1941 Eagles Coastal Plain D 42–77 McHenry/DeMasi
1946 Eagles Coastal Plain D 67–56 Frank Rodgers Lost League Finals
1947 Eagles Coastal Plain D Atlanta Crackers 74–65 Steve Collins League Champs
1948 Eagles Coastal Plain D 80–59 Steve Collins Lost League Finals
1949 Eagles Coastal Plain D 74–64 Steve Collins Lost League Finals
1950 Eagles Coastal Plain D Boston Red Sox 70–68 Wally Millies Lost League Finals
1951 Eagles Coastal Plain D 79–47 Wes Livengood Lost in 1st round
1952 Eagles Coastal Plain D Detroit Tigers 76–47 Wayne Blackburn Lost in 1st round
1956 Eagles Carolina B Pittsburgh Pirates 66–87 Paepke/Taylor
1957 Eagles Carolina B Washington Senators 5–15 Pete Suder DNF
1962 Eagles Carolina B Pittsburgh Pirates 83–57 Pete Peterson League Champs
1963 Eagles Carolina High-A Pittsburgh Pirates 77–66 Pete Peterson Lost in 1st round
1964 Eagles Carolina High-A Pittsburgh Pirates 79–59 Pete Peterson Lost in 1st round
1965 Eagles Carolina High-A Pittsburgh Pirates 72–71 Bob Clear
1966 Eagles Carolina High-A Atlanta Braves 76–63 Andy Pafko Lost in 1st round
1967 Eagles Carolina High-A Atlanta Braves 60–75 Andy Pafko
1968 Eagles Carolina High-A New York Yankees 62–75 Bob Bauer
1969 Eagles Carolina High-A New York Yankees 74–68 Gene Hassell Lost in 1st round
1970 Eagles Carolina High-A New York Yankees 72–65 Alex Cosmidis
1971 Eagles Carolina High-A New York Yankees 83–52 Gene Hassell Lost League Finals
1972 Eagles Carolina High-A New York Yankees 73–64 Gene Hassell Lost League Finals
1973 Eagles Carolina High-A Co-op 68–69 Gene Hassell
1974 Expos Carolina High-A Montreal Expos 38–93 Jack Damaska
1978 Eagles Carolina High-A 57–77 Leo Mazzone
1979 Eagles Carolina High-A Toronto Blue Jays 67–69 Duane Larson
1980 Eagles Carolina High-A Toronto Blue Jays 69–69 Dennis Holmberg
1981 Eagles Carolina High-A Toronto Blue Jays 72–68 John McLaren Lost in 1st round
1982 Blue Jays Carolina High-A Toronto Blue Jays 76–59 John McLaren
1983 Blue Jays Carolina High-A Toronto Blue Jays 62–76 Clark/Ault
1984 Blue Jays Carolina High-A Toronto Blue Jays 71–69 Doug Ault
1985 Blue Jays Carolina High-A Toronto Blue Jays 64–73 Grady Little Lost in 1st round
1986 Eagles Carolina High-A Co-op 60–75 Dave Trembley
1987 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 75–65 Mike Hargrove Lost League Finals
1988 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 88–52 Glenn Adams League Champs
1989 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 76–60 Ken Bolek
1990 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 88–47 Brian Graham Lost League Finals
1991 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 89–49 Brian Graham League Champs
1992 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 65–71 Dave Keller
1993 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 71–67 Dave Keller Lost in 1st round
1994 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 60–78 Dave Keller
1995 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 81–56 Gordon Mackenzie League Champs
1996 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 76–62 Jack Mull Lost League Finals
1997 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 87–53 Joel Skinner Lost League Finals
1998 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 69–71 Mako Oliveras
1999 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 79–58 Eric Wedge Lost in 1st round
2000 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 68–69 Brad Komminsk
2001 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 89–51 Brad Komminsk Lost in 1st round
2002 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 74–65 Ted Kubiak Lost League Finals
2003 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 73–66 Torey Lovullo Lost in 1st round
2004 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 88–50 Torey Lovullo League Champs
2005 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 76–64 Luis Rivera Lost League Finals
2006 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 85–54 Mike Sarbaugh League Champs
2007 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 87–52 Mike Sarbaugh Lost in 1st round
2008 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 72–66 Chris Tremie
2009 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 60–78 Chris Tremie
2010 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 73–67 Aaron Holbert Lost in 1st round
2011 Indians Carolina High-A Cleveland Indians 76–62 Aaron Holbert Lost League Finals

TABLE NOTES:

  • The record for the 1938 team above were the actual wins and losses for that team. An ineligible player scandal caused the league office to award or take away wins and losses from teams based on their violations of the rules. The "official" adjusted record at the end of the season was 64–45.
  • DNF = Did Not Finish season.
  • Sources[58][59][60][61]

No Hitters

See also

Bibliography

Autobiographies and biographies

  • Blomberg, Ron with Dan Schlossberg (2006). Designated Hebrew: The Ron Blomberg Story. Sports Publishing. ISBN 1582619875. 
  • Guidry, Ron and Peter Golenbock (1980). Guidry. Prentice-Hall, Inc.. ISBN 0-13-371609-0. 
  • Hall, Donald with Dock Ellis (1976, 1989). Dock Ellis in the Country of Baseball. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-65988-X. 
  • Hargrove, Sharon and Richard Hauer Costa (1989). Safe at Home: A Baseball Wife's Story. Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-376-2. 
  • Rhodes, Jean and Shawn Boburg (2009). Becoming Manny: Inside the Life of Baseball's Most Enigmatic Slugger. Scribner. ISBN 1416577068. 
  • Thompson, Dick (2005). The Ferrell Brothers of Baseball. McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 0-7864-2006-5. 
  • Wells, David with Chris Kreski (2003). Perfect I'm Not: Boomer on Beer, Brawls, Backaches, and Baseball. HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.. ISBN 0-06-050824-8. 

League histories

  • Chrisman, David F. (1988). The History of the Virginia League. Maverick Publications. ASIN B0006EQIN8. 
  • Gaunt, Robert (1997). We Would Have Played Forever: The Story of the Coastal Plain Baseball League. Baseball America, Inc.. ISBN 0-945-16402-5. 
  • Holaday, J. Chris (1998). Professional Baseball in North Carolina: An Illustrated City-by-City History, 1901–1996. McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 0-7864-0532-5. 
  • Johnson, Lloyd, and Miles Wolff (eds.) (2007). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, third ed.. Baseball America, Inc.. ISBN 1932391177. 
  • Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys: The First Half-Century of the Carolina League. John F. Blair. ISBN 0-895-87112-2. 

Newspapers

  • The Kinston Daily Free Press. 1882 to 2011.  – Issues for the 1908 season do not exist. Issues for all other seasons are available on microfilm at Lenoir Community College.

Official sources

  • Kinston Eagles/Expos/Blue Jays/Indians Programs and Roster Sheets.  – Programs are also referred to as yearbooks.
  • various editors (1956–2011). Carolina League Record Book. Sports Vue.  – Over the years, this publication has also been known as Carolina League Media Guide and Record Book and Carolina League Directory and Record Book

Footnotes

  1. ^ Dalimonte, David E.. "Kinston Has a Rich Tradition in Baseball". http://web.minorleaguebaseball.com/team3/page.jsp?ymd=20100222&content_id=8111198&vkey=team3_t485&fext=.jsp&sid=t485. Retrieved 2010-12-18. 
  2. ^ Moore, Louis T. (1909). "Spalding's Official Base Ball Guide". In Foster, John B.. 34. New York, N.Y.: American Sports Publishing Company. pp. 252–253. 
  3. ^ Anon. (June 15, 1922). "College Coach Is New Manager Local Club; Suggs Quits". Kinston Free Press. 
  4. ^ Anon. (December 16, 1924). "Kinston Takes A Franchise In Virginia League; Plans To Buy Petersburg Players". Kinston Free Press. 
  5. ^ Anon. (February 11, 1925). "Ball Club Given Name of Eagles; Choice Of Heads". Kinston Free Press. 
  6. ^ Anon. (December 12, 1924). "Baseball Club's To Improve Park And Get Manager". Kinston Free Press. 
  7. ^ Chrisman, David F. (1988). The History of the Virginia League. Maverick Publications. ASIN B0006EQIN8. 
  8. ^ Thompson, Dick (2005). The Ferrell Brothers of Baseball. McFarland & Company, Inc.. ISBN 0-7864-2006-5. 
  9. ^ Mead, William (1998). Baseball Goes to War. USA: Broadcast Interview Source. p. 9. ISBN 0-934-33338-6. 
  10. ^ a b Voigt, David Quentin (1995). Baseball: An Illustrated History. Penn State Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-271-01448-7. http://books.google.com/?id=B7I9snFajsUC&pg=PA97. 
  11. ^ Johnson, Lloyd; Miles Wolff (1997). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, second ed.. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America, Inc.. p. 295. ISBN 0-963-71898-3. 
  12. ^ Gaunt, Robert (1997). We Would Have Played Forever: The Story of the Coastal Plain Baseball League. Durham, N.C.: Baseball America, Inc.. ISBN 0-945-16402-5. 
  13. ^ Baseball-Reference.com. "Charlie Keller Statistics". http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/k/kellech01.shtml. Retrieved 2010-12-18. 
  14. ^ Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys: The First Half-Century of the Carolina League. John F. Blair. pp. 62–69. ISBN 0-895-87112-2. 
  15. ^ Snyder, Brad (2006). A Well-Paid Slave. Viking. pp. 43–48. ISBN 0-670-03794-X. 
  16. ^ United Press (April 19, 1956). "Hitters Have Big Night as Play Gets Underway in Carolina Loop". Kinston Free Press. 
  17. ^ Kelley, Brent (2000). The Negro Leagues Revisited. McFarland & Company. pp. 303–308. ISBN 0-786-40875-8. 
  18. ^ Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys. John F. Blair. pp. 70–73. ISBN 0-895-87112-2. 
  19. ^ Pahigian, Josh (2007). The Ultimate Minor League Baseball Road Trip. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-59921-024-7. http://books.google.com/?id=1DaQ8oNXuE0C&pg=PA130. Retrieved March 4, 2010. 
  20. ^ Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys. John F. Blair. pp. 89–95. ISBN 0-895-87112-2. 
  21. ^ Kinston Expos (1974). "The Fans Own The Expos". Kinston Expos 1974 Souvenir Scorebook: 10. 
  22. ^ Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys. John F. Blair. pp. 96–107. ISBN 0-895-87112-2. 
  23. ^ Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys. John F. Blair. pp. 112–114. ISBN 0-895-87112-2. 
  24. ^ Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys. John F. Blair. pp. 117–139. ISBN 0-895-87112-2. 
  25. ^ Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys. John F. Blair. pp. 140–142. ISBN 0-895-87112-2. 
  26. ^ Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys. John F. Blair. pp. 150–186. ISBN 0-895-87112-2. 
  27. ^ Greenwell, Megan (May 2, 2008). "Charles Scores One For the Home Team: After 23-Year Effort, County Gets Its Ballpark". Washington Post. 
  28. ^ Sumner, Jim L. (1994). Separating the Men From the Boys. John F. Blair. pp. 191–227. ISBN 0-895-87112-2. 
  29. ^ Gorman, Jerry (1994). The Name of the Game: The Business of Sports. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 179. ISBN 0-471-59423-7. 
  30. ^ Kinston Indians (1987). "Mayor's Committee For Professional Baseball". Kinston Indians 1987 Souvenir Program: 24. 
  31. ^ a b Hall, David (December 30, 2005). "Massengill new GM of K-Tribe". Kinston Free Press. http://www.kinston.com/common/printer/view.php?db=kfpress&id=9314. 
  32. ^ Shiles, Bob (January 11, 2007). "Tourism Development Authority grants funds". Kinston Free Press. 
  33. ^ Schector, Paige (2006-03-09). "Third time charm for Kinston, GM Massengill". Minor League Baseball. http://www.minorleaguebaseball.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060307&content_id=45822&vkey=news_milb&fext=.jsp. Retrieved 2007-07-29. 
  34. ^ Hall, David (October 11, 2006). "Indians promote Hays to AGM". Kinston Free Press. http://www.kinston.com/common/printer/view.php?db=kfpress&id=3143. 
  35. ^ Kinston Indians. "Front Office Staff". http://web.minorleaguebaseball.com/team3/page.jsp?ymd=20100218&content_id=8089962&vkey=team3_t485&fext=.jsp&sid=t485. Retrieved 2010-12-18. 
  36. ^ Anon. (June 14, 2007). "K-Tribe clinches first-half title". The Goldsboro News-Argus. http://www.newsargus.com/sports/archives/2007/06/14/ktribe_clinches_firsthalf_title/index.shtml. 
  37. ^ Anon. (December 16, 2010). "Carolina to Pensacola, Kinston to Zebulon in 2012". Ballpark Digest. http://www.ballparkdigest.com/201012163387/minor-league-baseball/features/carolina-to-pensacola-kinston-to-zebulon-in-2012. 
  38. ^ Mock, Jr., Frank L. (June 1950). "Kinston's New Stadium". Athletic Journal XXX (10): 14. 
  39. ^ Rowland, John J.; Simpson, James M. (July 1949). "Stadium for All Municipal Functions, Kinston, N. C.". Architectural Record 106 (1): 121–123. 
  40. ^ Kinston Indians (1989). "Pat Crawford MVP Award". Kinston Indians 1989 Souvenir Program: 23. 
  41. ^ Drake, Tex (1985). "My Weekend In Toronto: A Dream Comes True For The Blue Jays Batboy". The 1985 Kinston Blue Jays Souvenir Program: 41. 
  42. ^ Kinston Indians (1989). "The Tex Drake Award". Kinston Indians 1989 Souvenir Program: 26. 
  43. ^ Kinston Indians (1989). "Steve Gaydek Award". Kinston Indians 1989 Souvenir Program: 27. 
  44. ^ Kinston Indians (1989). "The Lewis B. McAvery Award". Kinston Indians 1989 Souvenir Program: 24. 
  45. ^ Whisnant, Gabe (July 23, 2006). "K-Tribe mascot is a hit". The Goldsboro News-Argus. http://www.newsargus.com/sports/archives/2006/07/23/ktribe_mascot_is_a_hit/index.shtml. 
  46. ^ Schector, Paige (2010-11-09). "Kinston Unveils New Log and Uniforms!". Minor League Baseball. http://web.minorleaguebaseball.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20101109&content_id=16041574&vkey=news_t485&fext=.jsp&sid=t485. Retrieved 2010-12-18. 
  47. ^ Kinston Blue Jays (1984). "Blue Jay Staff". Kinston Blue Jays 1984 Souvenir Program: 3. 
  48. ^ Klein, Jeff (2004). Diamond Days: Life In Minor League Baseball. Xlibris Corporation. p. 78. ISBN 1-413-43365-0. 
  49. ^ Kinston Blue Jays (1983). "The Golden Corral Lady Jays". Kinston Blue Jays 1983 Souvenir Program: 13. 
  50. ^ Kinston Indians. "Tribe Talk Returns To Television". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927134231/http://www.kinstonindians.com/news/show_news.asp?article_id=919. Retrieved 2007-07-30. 
  51. ^ Rada, Joe (1997-06-01). "Dreaming Big in the Carolina League". Southern Living 32 (6): 16cl–27cl. 
  52. ^ Neff, Eric (August 17, 2006). "In Kinston: 'Mama' always has room for her players". Jacksonville Daily News. 
  53. ^ Hall, David (May 15, 2010). "K-Tribe's ‘Mama' dies at 81". Kinston Free Press. 
  54. ^ Guidry, Ron and Peter Golenbock (1980). Guidry. Prentice-Hall, Inc.. pp. 72–74. ISBN 0-13-371609-0. 
  55. ^ Wells, David; Chris Kreski (2003). Perfect I'm Not: Boomer on Beer, Brawls, Backaches, and Baseball. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.. pp. 67–69. ISBN 0-060-50824-8. 
  56. ^ Winston, Lisa (2006-09-10). "Indians Scoreboard Operator Became a Legend in Carolina League". Minor League Baseball. http://www.minorleaguebaseball.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060910&content_id=130775&vkey=news_milb&fext=.jsp. Retrieved 2007-07-01. 
  57. ^ Hall, David (July 28, 2006). "Keeping the Indians up and running". Kinston Free Press. 
  58. ^ Johnson, Lloyd; Miles Wolff (1997). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, second ed.. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America, Inc.. ISBN 0-963-71898-3. This was the main source for all the information concerning teams in "official" leagues. Whenever possible, the facts were cross-checked using other sources.
  59. ^ The Kinston Daily Free Press. 1921-19-22.  Used for the two E.C.B.A. teams.
  60. ^ Gaunt, Robert (1997). We Would Have Played Forever: The Story of the Coastal Plain Baseball League. Durham, N.C.: Baseball America, Inc.. pp. 16–33. ISBN 0-945-16402-5. Used for the semi-pro Coastal Plain League team.
  61. ^ Cuttone, Charles; Linda Cuttone, eds. (2007). Carolina League Media Guide and Record Book. Baseball America.  Used for seasons since the publication of The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, second ed. and to cross-check same.
  62. ^ Johnson, Lloyd; Miles Wolff (1997). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, second ed.. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America, Inc.. p. 246. ISBN 0-963-71898-3. 
  63. ^ Gaunt, Robert H. (1997). We Would Have Played Forever: The Story of the Coastal Plain Baseball League. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America, Inc.. p. 97. ISBN 0-963-71898-3. 
  64. ^ a b c d e f g Cuttone, Charles; Linda Cuttone, eds. (2007). Carolina League Media Guide and Record Book. Baseball America. pp. 72–73. 
  65. ^ Hall, David (September 06, 2010). "Indians throw combined 10-inning no-hitter". Kinston Free Press. 
Preceded by
Wilson Tobs
1961		 Carolina League Champions
Kinston Eagles
1962		 Succeeded by
Wilson Tobs
1963
Preceded by
Salem Buccaneers
1987		 Carolina League Champions
Kinston Indians
1988		 Succeeded by
Prince William Yankees
1989
Preceded by
Frederick Keys
1990		 Carolina League Champions
Kinston Indians
1991		 Succeeded by
Peninsula Pilots
1992
Preceded by
Wilmington Blue Rocks
1994		 Carolina League Champions
Kinston Indians
1995		 Succeeded by
Wilmington Blue Rocks
1996
Preceded by
Winston-Salem Warthogs
2003		 Carolina League Champions
Kinston Indians
2004		 Succeeded by
Frederick Keys
2005
Preceded by
Frederick Keys
2005		 Carolina League Champions
Kinston Indians
2006		 Succeeded by
Frederick Keys
2007

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