Dognapping

Dognapping is the crime of taking a dog from its owner with the intention of demanding a ransom. Historically in the United States, dogs had been stolen and sold on for medical research, but the introduction of the Animal Welfare Act of 1966 reduced these occurrences. The profit available to dognappers varies based upon the value of the dog or the amount that its original owners are willing to pay as ransom. Dog organizations recommend the microchipping of dogs in order to facilitate an animal's return to its rightful owners. The word is derived from the term kidnapping.

History

Dognapping is not a recent development, with reports of dogs being held by ransom since the 1930s. Harvard students kidnapped Yale's mascot Handsome Dan II in March 1934, which was reported by the media as "dognapping".^[1][2] By July of the same year, what was considered by the press to be Chicago's first case of dognapping was solved with the return of a Boston Terrier named Kids Boot Ace, who had been missing for five months.^[3]

The first high-profile case of dognapping for monetary ransom occurred in 1948. The editor of House & Garden magazine, Richardson Wright, had a Pekingese puppy taken by a passing motorist who later telephoned to demand from him "as much money as you can pay" for the dog's return.^[4] By 1952, gangs of dognappers were reported in the media. During this period, research laboratories would purchase "bootleg" dogs for experimentation, and patterns of thefts were apparent with specific types of dogs going missing at certain times. This led to the consideration of using dogs obtained from dog wardens instead of destroying those dogs, in order to cut down on the market for dognappers to sell on stolen dogs.^[5] Gangs would often move dogs out of state for resale.^[6][7] In addition to selling dogs on for scientific research, dognappers would sometimes return the dogs simply to collect the reward set by its owners. A dognapper speaking to Congress members about the crime in return for his identity being protected stated that: "If they had a collar on, I would try to get a reward for them, because a lot of times a person would like to get a dog back. I got $5 for bringing two Basset Hounds back one time." ^[8]

With the rise in popularity of conformation showing, show dogs began to be specifically targeted. In 1959, ten Poodles valued at a total of $25,000 were ransomed for a sum of $5,000 in New York state. In this case, the dogs were taken by a group of three women, including one who formerly worked for the owner of the dogs as a groomer.^[9] The charges brought were that of burglary.^[10] By 1965, dognappers were targeting specific dogs being used in Greyhound racing. A dog named Hi Joe, valued by his owners at around $14,000, was taken from his kennel in London, England. It was thought that the dog was being taken to Scotland to be run in order to earn money for his dognappers as the dog had won all of his last six races.^[11] This was Britain's first recorded dognapping.^[12]

The dognapping law

By the mid-1960s, calls were being made for laws to prevent dognapping. The United States Congress was already working on legislation to restrict the handling and sale of animals for research when a pet Dalmatian was taken in Pennsylvania during June 1965, and ten days later a Dalmatian was reported to have died during experimental heart surgery in a New York hospital. The dog was thought to be the same animal as it was traced to a farm which supplied two Dalmatians to that hospital, but by the time it was discovered that the dogs were delivered directly to the hospital and not the farm, the dog's corpse had been cremated.^[13][14] This incident started a series of events which led to Congress discussing the matter.^[14] The two senators who led the drive for a new law were Joseph S. Clark and Joseph Resnick.^[13]

Opponents to the bill argued that very few research animals were stolen, while Clark argued that it was natural to make dognapping a federal crime as it was already illegal to transport stolen cars and cattle across state lines. The American Humane Society presented evidence of dog theft rings in Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York; and another witness stated that boys were being paid $2 for each dog they delivered to a dealer.^[13] Medical research organisations sought to change the bill by removing references to animals other than cats or dogs, saying that: "It would impose a well-nigh impossible burden to regulate traffic in fish, frogs, turtles, reptiles, birds and the many other mammalian forms used in laboratories."^[15] The senate was reported to have received more mail on the dognapping bill than on civil rights or the Vietnam War.^[16] During its introduction the bill was known as "The dognapping law"; once introduced, it became the Animal Welfare Act of 1966.^[17]

1970s and beyond

After the introduction of the Animal Welfare Act in 1966, the trade in dognapping simply moved on to other revenue sources. Pet shops were found to be purchasing stolen dogs, and some laboratories were found to be continuing to accept them. Newspapers such as the Los Angeles Times ran articles advising readers on how to prevent their dogs from being stolen.^[18] Celebrities continued to be targeted, with NASCAR driver Junior Johnson's dog being returned after he offered a $1,000 reward; a group of three men said that they had simply found the dog, although when they met with Johnson they took the care to cover the licence plate of their car with a paper bag.^[19] By 1976, more than a hundred dogs per month were being taken and held for ransom in Chicago alone.^[20] In 1978 a Boxer show dog named Tyegarth Bottoms Up was taken from the Crufts dog show in England, only to be found some time later after he was brought to Battersea Dogs and Cats Home.^[21]

Statistics in the United Kingdom showed that over three hundred dogs per year were being stolen by 2006, with instances mentioned of dogs being stolen by gangs involved in Irish Traveller communities.^[22] In 2009, some 24 dogs were taken in a two week period from the Forest of Dean area of Gloucestershire, with the gang targeting working dogs such as Labrador Retrievers and spaniels.^[23]

The American Kennel Club began to track pet thefts in the United States in 2007, and found that in 2009 alone a 30% increase has been seen in this type of crime.^[24] In recent years, celebrities continue to be targeted with British West End theatre star Sheridan Smith's Shar Pei being taken twice in the space of a month with police believing it to be a repeat offence. The first time that the dog went missing, it was recognised by staff at Battersea Dogs and Cats Home after radio DJ Chris Moyles put out an appeal during his breakfast show on BBC Radio 1.^[25]

Two stolen dogs were found in an operating room at South America's oldest university in 2009. While the university admitted using dogs for education purposes, the Dean of Peru's University of San Marcos denied that they had been paying dognappers to provide dogs to use as specimens for classes.^[26]

Dognapping has evolved over the years, with one method now used by prospective criminals being to respond to adverts placed on the Internet selling puppies and entering family homes posing as purchasers to view the dogs before stealing them under threat of violence.^[27]

Prevention

Dogs can be fitted with microchip implants that make them identifiable if they are found.^[28] This enables a dog to be identified unless the chip has been removed or has degraded, been assimilated or otherwise been deactivated. Similar methods such as DNA sampling or ear-tattooing are used to identify individual animals and to deter dognappers. Other prevention devices include flashing lights on the dog's collar and strong leashes locked to the collar.

Prior to modern identification techniques being introduced, it was suggested that dogs should be tattooed with a unique identification mark. Different organisations used different marks; for instance, the National Dog Registry suggested that the owner's social security number should be used, whereas the American Kennel Club stated that the registry number of the dog should be tattooed inside the hind leg near the body; the United Kennel Club suggesting a similar use of their registry numbers.^[18]

In popular culture

In 1934, Walt Disney Productions produced an animated short film called The Dognapper which starred Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. Peg Leg Pete played the title role who had abducted Minnie's dog Fifi.

In 1961, Disney also produced the full-length film 101 Dalmations which detailed Cruella de Vil's botched dognapping of Pongo and Perdita's puppies. The film latched onto the social panic surrounding dognapping in the years before the Animal Welfare Act of 1966.

References

1. ^ "Yale Gets Hot Under Collar As Mascot Stays At Harvard". The Baltimore Sun. 20 March 1934. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1671548222.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+20,+1934&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=Yale+Gets+Hot+Under+Collar+As+Mascot+Stays+At+Harvard&pqatl=google. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
2. ^ "Yale Men Balked In 'Kidnap' Move; Harvard Students Foil an Attempt to Abduct President of the Lampoon.". The New York Times. 18 March 1934. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30F16FB385A107A93CAA81788D85F408385F9. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
3. ^ "Return of Terrier Solves 'Dognapping'; Kids Boots Ace Had Been Gone 5 Months". The New York Times. 29 July 1934. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50B1EFF385D167A93CBAB178CD85F408385F9. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
4. ^ "Refuses to Pay for Kidnapped Dog". Schenectady Gazette. 3 September 1948. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qJouAAAAIBAJ&sjid=np8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3610,3300987&dq=dognapping&hl=en. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
5. ^ "Dog Thieves Roam County". The Sunday Herald. 6 January 1952. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XY8yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gwAGAAAAIBAJ&pg=2359,1137273&dq=dognapping&hl=en. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
6. ^ "Massachusetts Seeking To Curb 'Dognappers'". The New York Times. 20 November 1958. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10915F83F59107B93C2AB178AD95F4C8585F9. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
7. ^ McNally, Tom (12 August 1962). "Mostly About Dogs". Chicago Daily Tribune. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/623673362.html?dids=623673362:623673362&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Aug+12,+1962&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Mostly+About+DOGS&pqatl=google. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
8. ^ Anderson, Jack (10 October 1965). "Dog Thief Doesn't Look Like Dog Thief". Herald-Journal. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=S3ksAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5csEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3279,1508260&dq=dognapping&hl=en. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
9. ^ "Victims Safe in Dognap". Lawrence Journal-World. 12 October 1959. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9f0xAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IOUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4668,857509&dq=dognapping&hl=en. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
10. ^ "Victims of Ransom Plot Are Back Home Leading a Dog's Life". The Free Lance-Star. 12 October 1959. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L2wQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nooDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4368,797216&dq=dognapping&hl=en. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
11. ^ "Dognapping Crooks Hit London Kennel". Sarasota Herald. 5 January 1965. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4nIjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=umUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2904,933695&dq=dognapping&hl=en. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
12. ^ "Hi Joe, The Hot Dog, Hijacked". The Miami News. 3 January 1965. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dLQzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=auoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6908,828080&dq=dognapping&hl=en. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
13. ^ ^{a b c} "Congress May Tackle Dognappers". Sarasota Journal. 13 January 1966. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2PUeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AIwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7226,1810379&dq=dognapping&hl=en. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
14. ^ ^{a b} Coyne, Joseph R. (7 January 1966). "Seek Law to Stop Vicious Dognapping". Gettysburg Times. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xzUmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=r_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2102,3528944&dq=dognapping&hl=en. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
15. ^ "Seek Change in Dognapping Bill". Gettysburg Times. 7 March 1966. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gzomAAAAIBAJ&sjid=t_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5032,4657258&dq=dognapping&hl=en. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
16. ^ "Senate Gets Committee Bill On Animal Experimentation". Toledo Blade. 7 June 1966. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sgJPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gwEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7310,1618511&dq=dognapping&hl=en. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
17. ^ Thompson, Richard C.. "Reducing the need for animal testing". FDA Consumer. FindArticles.com. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1370/is_n1_v22/ai_6350991/. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
18. ^ ^{a b} Weaver, Peter (28 January 1973). "How to Nip Dognappers". Eugene Register-Guard. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mhonAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HOEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6728,6517278&dq=dognapping&hl=en. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
19. ^ "Was Johnson 'Dogged' For A Grand?". The Times-News. 5 January 1976. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_WdPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jiQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1781,209231&dq=dognapping&hl=en. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
20. ^ "Gangs steal pedigree dogs and hold them for ransom". The Montreal Gazette. 11 June 1976. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mJcuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=p6EFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1070,2651431&dq=dognapping&hl=en. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
21. ^ "Crufts dognapping". British Universities Film & Video Council. http://radio.bufvc.ac.uk/lbc/index.php/segment/0002400444017. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
22. ^ Milmo, Cahal (5 July 2006). "'Dognapping' cases double as stolen pet market booms". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/dognapping-cases-double-as-stolen-pet-market-booms-406693.html. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
23. ^ "Gang which snatched 24 dogs sends out £1,000 ransom notes for safe return of pets". Daily Mail. 10 July 2009. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1198860/Gang-snatched-24-dogs-sends-1-000-ransom-notes-safe-return-pets.html. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
24. ^ Wynn, Gary; Netter, Sarah (22 December 2009). "Dognapping on the Rise: How to Keep Your Pets Safe". ABCNews.com. http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/dognapping-rise-pets-safe/story?id=9398273&page=1. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
25. ^ "Isle TV star Sheridan Smith left upset as dog is stolen". Scunthorpe Telegraph. 28 September 2010. http://www.thisisscunthorpe.co.uk/news/theisle/Isle-star-Sheridan-s-upset-dog-stolen/article-2691167-detail/article.html. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
26. ^ "Dissection dean issues dognapping denial". ABC Local. 21 August 2009. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/08/21/2662846.htm?site=local. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
27. ^ "Gunmen dognap L.A. family’s puppies". MSNBC.com. 2 March 2007. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17410578/?GT1=9145. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 
28. ^ Mathiasen, Nadia (17 July 2009). "Stars come out to help put an end to dog-napping". Independent.ie. http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/independent-woman/celebrity-news-gossip/stars-come-out-to-help-put-an-end-to-dognapping-1826401.html. Retrieved 1 January 2011. 

External links

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