Alfred Blalock

Alfred Blalock
Born	April 5, 1899 Culloden, Georgia, United States
Died	September 15, 1964(1964-09-15) (aged 65)
Education	University of Georgia Johns Hopkins Medical School
Profession	Surgeon
Institutions	Johns Hopkins Hospital, Vanderbilt University Hospital
Research	Blue baby syndrome, shock
Notable prizes	Gairdner Foundation International Award

Alfred Blalock (April 5, 1899 – September 15, 1964) was a 20th-century American surgeon most noted for his research on the medical condition of shock and the development of the Blalock-Taussig Shunt, surgical relief of the cyanosis from Tetralogy of Fallot—known commonly as the blue baby syndrome—with Vivien Thomas and pediatric cardiologist Helen Taussig.

Early life and career

Born in Culloden, Georgia, Blalock entered Georgia Military Academy, a preparatory school for the University of Georgia, at the age of 14. Blalock attended Georgia as an undergraduate and was a member of the Delta Chapter of the Sigma Chi fraternity. After graduating with an A.B. in 1918 at the age of 19, Blalock entered Johns Hopkins Medical School, where he roomed with and began a lifetime friendship with Tinsley Harrison. Blalock earned his medical degree at Johns Hopkins in 1922. Hoping to gain appointment to a surgical residency at Johns Hopkins due to his admiration of William S. Halsted, Blalock remained in Baltimore for the next three years, completing an internship in urology, one year of an assistant residency on the general surgical service (his contract was not renewed), and an externship in ENT. He moved to Boston, in the summer of 1925 to begin a surgical residency at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital but left for Vanderbilt "without ever unpacking [his] trunk".^{[citation needed]}

Vanderbilt University

In July 1925, Blalock joined Harrison at Vanderbilt University in Nashville to serve as first chief resident in surgery under Barney Brooks, who was Vanderbilt University Hospital's first Professor of Surgery and Chief of the Surgical Service. Blalock was active in teaching third- and fourth-year medical students and, as a result, he was put in charge of the surgical research laboratory. While at Vanderbilt, he worked on the nature and treatment of hemorrhagic and traumatic shock. Experimenting on dogs, he found that surgical shock resulted from the loss of blood, and he encouraged the use of blood plasma or whole blood products as treatment following the onset of shock. This research resulted in the saving of many lives during World War II. Unfortunately, Blalock had frequent bouts of tuberculosis during his Vanderbilt years. His first paper on shock, published in 1927, was actually written by Harrison based on the data that Blalock had completed but could not compile due to his illness.^{[citation needed]}

While at Vanderbilt in 1938, Blalock attempted to produce pulmonary hypertension in experiments joining the left subclavian artery to the left pulmonary artery. Although these experiments failed in their intended purpose, years later he returned to this idea.^{[citation needed]}

Johns Hopkins

When Blalock was offered Chief of Surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1941, he requested that his assistant, Vivien Thomas, come along with him. They formed a very close relationship that would last more than thirty years. Together, they developed a shunt technique to bypass aortic coarctation. While they were working on this, Helen Taussig presented him with the problem of the blue baby syndrome.^{[citation needed]} The shunt and operation not only directly saved thousands of lives, it marked the start of the modern era of cardiac surgery, as the first successful surgery on the human heart of the modern medical era. The "Blue Baby" operation pioneered at Johns Hopkins launched the field of cardiac surgery. As of 2004, doctors in the United States alone perform over 1.75 million heart operations annually.

Blue baby

Diagram showing normal blood circulation (above) and the blood circulation on a heart suffering from ToF

In the normal heart, there are four separate chambers; the two top chambers, or atria, pump blood simultaneously into the two bottom chambers, or ventricles. Blood first enters the heart at the right atrium, which then empties blood into the right ventricle, which pumps the blood into the lungs through the pulmonary artery to get oxygen. From the lungs, the blood enters the left atrium through the pulmonary vein; the left atrium empties into the left ventricle, which pumps the blood into the aorta and from there reaches the rest of the body. Because the left ventricle is responsible for getting blood to the entire body through the aorta, it is usually the biggest and strongest chamber of the heart.^{[citation needed]}

The following is a depiction of normal blood flow through the body. Valves keep the blood from flowing backwards. Capital letters indicate oxygenated blood:^{[citation needed]}

veins → superior or inferior vena cava → right atrium ——tricuspid valve→ right ventricle 
 ——pulmonary valve→ pulmonary artery → LUNGS → PULMONARY VEIN → 
 LEFT ATRIUM ——mitral valve→ LEFT VENTRICLE ——aortic valve→ AORTA → ARTERIES 

After the body uses up the oxygen delivered by the blood flowing through the arteries, then arterioles, then capillaries, the unoxygenated blood returns to the heart by the capillaries, then venules, then veins.

The blue baby syndrome, known as Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), consists of an incomplete wall between the ventricles (known as a ventricular septal defect or VSD), an aorta that sits over this defect so that its blood comes from both ventricles instead of just from the left (overriding aorta), a defective right ventricular outflow tract near the pulmonary valve that prevents full flow of blood to the lungs, and a muscular right ventricle necessary to accomplish the extra work required to overcome that defect (right ventricular hypertrophy).^{[citation needed]}

The following is a depiction of blood flow in Tetralogy of Fallot. Mixed capital letters indicate partially oxygenated blood.

 veins → superior or inferior vena cava → right atrium ——tricuspid valve→
    rIgHt vEnTrIcLe ——VSD→ LeFt VeNtRiClE or 
                   \__
                      ——pulmonary valve→ pulmonary artery → LUNGS → PULMONARY VEIN → 
 LEFT ATRIUM ——mitral valve→ 
    LeFt VeNtRiClE <—————————————————————————————————————————rIgHt vEnTrIcLe
                   \__
                      ——aortic valve→ aOrTa → aRtErIeS

Unoxygenated blood from the right ventricle flows into the aorta preferentially because of the obstructed outflow tract into the lungs. This means less blood has the opportunity to be oxygenated in the lungs. Blood mixes abnormally between the left and right ventricles and into the aorta. Oxygen gives blood its reddish color. Cyanosis describes the "blueness" in the baby and results from the pumping of mixed oxygenated and unoxygenated blood throughout the body.^{[citation needed]}

Films about Blalock and Thomas

In 2003, the PBS series American Experience premiered the Spark Media documentary "Partners of the Heart", which was about the collaboration between Blalock and Vivien Thomas at Vanderbilt and Johns Hopkins University. The documentary was directed by Andrea Kalin and written by Kalin and Lou Potter, with re-creations directed by Bill Duke and narration by Morgan Freeman.^[1][2][3] The "Partners of the Heart" went on to win the Organization of American Historians' Erik Barnouw Award for Best History Documentary in 2004.^[4] In the 2004 HBO docudrama Something the Lord Made about the Blalock-Thomas collaboration, Blalock was portrayed by Alan Rickman and Thomas by Mos Def. Robert Cort produced the film, which went on to win an Emmy and a Peabody Award.^{[citation needed]}

References

1. ^ American Experience | Partners of the Heart
2. ^ Amazon.com: American Experience - Partners Of The Heart: Morgan Freeman, Dr. Levi Watkins, Dr. J. Alex Haller Jr., John Dryden (IV), Dr. Helen Taussig, Dr. Denton A. Cooley, C...
3. ^ Partners of the Heart
4. ^ OAH Erik Barnouw Award Winners

Bibliography

• Thomas, Vivien T., Partners of the Heart: Vivien Thomas and His Work With Alfred Blalock,(originally published as Pioneering Research in Surgical Shock and Cardiovascular Surgery: Vivien Thomas and His Work with Alfred Blalock), University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985. ISBN 0-8122-1634-2.
• McCabe, Katie, "Like Something the Lord Made" Washingtonian magazine, August 1989. Reprinted in Feature Writing for Newspapers and Magazines: the Pursuit of Excellence, ed. by Jay Friedlander and John Lee. May also be accessed by going to the web site for the HBO film Something the Lord Made, www.hbo.com/films/stlm.
• Merrill WH, "What's Past is Prologue", Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 68:2366-75.

External links

• http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/blbio.htm
• http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/papers/blalock.html
• http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/biolib/hc/biopages/ablalock.html
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/partners/
• http://www.amazon.com/American-Experience-Partners-Morgan-Freeman/dp/B00008G97L
• http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2003-01/partners.html
• http://www.oah.org/activities/awards/barnouw/winners.html

Persondata
Name	Blalock, Alfred
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	April 5, 1899
Place of birth	Culloden, Georgia, United States
Date of death	September 15, 1964
Place of death