Sadhana

For other uses, see Sadhana (disambiguation).

Japanese Sadhana (Buddhism)

Japanese Sadhana (Shugendo)

Sādhanā (Sanskrit साधना,Tib. སྒྲུབ་ཐབས་, druptap; Wyl. sgrub thabs) literally "a means of accomplishing something"^[1] is ego-transcending spiritual practice.^[2] It includes a variety of disciplines in Hindu, Sikh , Buddhist ^[3] and Muslim traditions that are followed in order to achieve various spiritual or ritual objectives.

The historian N. Bhattacharyya provides a working definition of the benefits of sādhanā as follows:

... religious sādhanā, which both prevents an excess of worldliness and molds the mind and disposition (bhāva) into a form which develops the knowledge of dispassion and non-attachment. Sādhanā is a means whereby bondage becomes liberation.^[4]

Iyengar (1993: p. 22) in his English translation of and commentary to Patañjali's Yoga Sutras defines sādhanā in relation to abhyāsa and kriyā:

Sādhana is a discipline undertaken in the pursuit of a goal. Abhyāsa is repeated practice performed with observation and reflection. Kriyā, or action, also implies perfect execution with study and investigation. Therefore, sādhana, abhyāsa, and kriyā all mean one and the same thing. A sādhaka, or practitioner, is one who skillfully applies...mind and intelligence in practice towards a spiritual goal.^[5]

The paths

The term "sādhanā" means spiritual exertion towards an intended goal. A person undertaking such a practice is known as a sadhu or a sadhaka. The goal of sādhanā is to attain some level of spiritual realization, which can be either enlightenment, pure love of God (prema), liberation (moksha) from the cycle of birth and death (Samsara), or a particular goal such as the blessings of a deity as in the Bhakti traditions.

Sādhanā can involve meditation, chanting of mantra (sometimes with the help of a japa mala), puja to a deity, yajna, and in very rare cases mortification of the flesh or tantric practices such as performing one's particular sādhanā within a cremation ground.

Anthony de Mello, an Indian orphan who became a Jesuit priest and founder of the Sadhana Institute in Pune, India, wrote a book of Christian meditations with the title Sadhana: A way to God.

Traditionally in some Hindu and Buddhist traditions in order to embark on a specific path of sādhanā, firstly a guru may be required to give the necessary instructions. This approach is typified by some Tantric traditions, in which initiation by a guru is sometimes identified as a specific stage of sādhanā.^[6] On the other hand, individual renunciates may develop their own spiritual practice without participating in organized groups.^[7]

Kinds of Sādhanā

Sādhanā or spiritual practice need not be directed towards a higher cause like enlightenment or moksha. Sādhanā can be done by individuals for lower aims like obtaining worldly pleasures. Sādhanā is also done by a group for the society at large.

Sakām sādhanā

Sakām sādhanā (Devnagari = सकाम, sa = yes / with, kām = desire) is spiritual practice done for worldly pleasures. This is the lowest form of sādhanā. There is no spiritual progress with sakām sādhanā. Examples of sakām sādhanā are praying for any worldly goals like getting money, a job, marriage or any other aim which are temporary and will not last beyond death.^[8] In Ramayana it was mentioned that though Ravana and Kumbhakarna were great devotees of Shiva and performed various tapas, they were performing sakām sādhanā as their main aim was to become powerful and rule the world.^[9]

The fruits of this kind of spiritual practice are used to fulfill the worldy desires of the individual and no spiritual progress takes place. Thus it is not possible to reach enlightenment, moksha or even heaven as the merits needed to achieve this are used up. So sakām sādhanā provides only temporary happiness and no spiritual progress.^[10]

Niṣkām sādhanā

Niṣkām (Devnagari = निष्काम, niṣ = no / without, kām = desire) sādhanā is spiritual practice done for higher aims. It is done to achieve the aim of enlightenment or moksha. It is done for the spiritual upliftment of the individual so that he is taken out of the cycle of life and death (samsara).^[11]

Vyaṣṭi sādhanā

This is niṣkām sādhanā done for one's own spiritual upliftment. No one else is benefitted except the person doing vyaṣṭi sādhanā. Thus this form of spiritual practice is an individualistic practice. This form of sādhanā is very important if one wants to do samaṣṭi sādhanā.^[12]

Examples of vyaṣṭi sādhanā

1. Chanting God's name (nāmjap)
2. Meditation
3. Karmayoga
4. Hathayoga
5. Reading books on Spirituality

Benefits of vyaṣṭi sādhanā

1. Spiritual Progress
2. Increase in Sātvikta
3. Increases Bhaava (Faith)
4. Increases the talmal (Desire for God)
5. Lower level Anubhuti (Spiritual Experiences)

Pitfalls of vyaṣṭi sādhanā

Note: These pitfalls exist if the sādhanā is done without a guru and if not accompanied by samaṣṭi sādhanā.

1. Ego can increase
2. Needs a lot of time for little spiritual progress
3. One can lose motivation as fast progress is not achieved

Samaṣṭi sādhanā

This is the kind of niṣkām sādhanā which is done collectively for the spiritual progress of entire humanity. It is the highest level of sādhanā. For samaṣṭi sādhanā to be maintained, vyaṣṭi sādhanā is a must. The same logic that a teacher must read the book first before teaching the students can be applied to this.^[13] In Kaliyuga, samaṣṭi sādhanā is important as the people do not know the significance of sādhanā. This kind of sādhanā is more difficult and increases the sātvikta of the entire area. Samaṣṭi sādhanā is not possible without a guru.

Examples of samaṣṭi sādhanā

1. Taking satsangs
2. Helping in organising satsangs, meditation camps, etc.
3. Telling others about spirituality.
4. Helping others overcome ego by telling them their mistakes from the point of view of spirituality.

Benefits of samaṣṭi sādhanā

Samaṣṭi level sādhanā is more difficult compared to vyaṣṭi but it has added benefits.

1. We become closer to God
2. Faster Spiritual progress
3. Love for all living beings (prīti) increases
4. Superior level spiritual experiences (anubhutis)
5. After death we go to higher planes of existence (swarga or heaven and beyond)
6. Ego and Personality Defects can be easily removed
7. Movement from saguna to nirguna

Pitfalls of samaṣṭi sādhanā

1. More energy is required (physical, mental and spiritual)
2. Attitude is important
3. More chances of ego increasing
4. Very important to do samaṣṭi sādhanā under correct guru.
5. One mistake in samaṣṭi sādhanā has a cascading effect and many are affected. This increases the sin of the person who made the mistake.

Tantric sādhanā

The tantric rituals are called "sādhanā". Some of the well known sādhanās are:

1. śāva sādhanā (sādhanā done sitting on a corpse).
2. śmaśāna sādhanā (sādhanā done in the cremation ground).
3. pañca-muṇḍa sādhanā (sādhanā done sitting on a seat of five skulls).

Buddhism

In the Vajrayāna Buddhism of Tibet and East Asia and following the Nālandā Tradition of India-Tibet-China, there are fifteen major tantric sādhanās: 1. Śūraṅgama Sitātapatrā, 2. Nīlakaṇṭha, 3. Tārā, 4. Mahākāla, 5. Hayagrīva, 6. Amitābha Amitāyus, 7. Bhaiṣajyaguru Akṣobhya, 8. Guhyasamaja, 9. Vajrayoginī Vajravarāhi, 10. Heruka Cakrasaṃvara, 11. Yamāntaka Vajrabhairava, 12. Kālacakra, 13. Hevajra 14. Chod, 15. Vajrapāṇi. All of these are available in Tibetan form, many are available in Chinese and some are still extant in ancient Sanskrit manuscripts.^[14]

In the sādhanā of Buddhism and Vajrayāna in particular, the upāya of the dedication of merit (Sanskrit: pariṇāmanā) is a component.^{[citation needed]}

Kværne (1975: p.164) in his extended discussion of sahajā, treats the relationship of sādhanā to mandala thus:

...external ritual and internal sadhana form an indistinguishable whole, and this unity finds its most pregnant expression in the form of the mandala, the sacred enclosure consisting of concentric squares and circles drawn on the ground and representing that adamantine plane of being on which the aspirant to Buddhahood wishes to establish himself. The unfolding of the tantric ritual depends on the mandala; and where a material mandala is not employed, the adept proceeds to construct one mentally in the course of his meditation.^[15]

Meher Baba's teachings

The spiritual teacher Meher Baba stated that one participates in part of the goal of sadhana in the spiritual practice itself: "In the spiritual field it is not possible to maintain an unbridgeable gulf between Sadhana and the end sought through it. This gives rise to the fundamental paradox that, in the spiritual field, the practising of a Sadhana in itself amounts to a partial participation in the goal."^[16] According to Baba, the goal of sadhana is God-realization: "It aims at bringing about a radical change in the quality of life so that it permanently becomes an expression of the Truth in the eternal NOW. Sadhana is spiritually fruitful if it succeeds in bringing the life of the individual in tune with the divine purpose, which is to enable everyone to enjoy consciously the God-state."^[17]

Sādhaka

Main article: Sadhaka

A sādhaka is a practitioner of a particular sādhanā. The term "sādhaka" is often synonymous with "yogini" or "yogi".

See also

• Chilla-Nashini
• Guru-shishya tradition
• Lojong
• Mahayana Buddhism
• Parinamana
• Vedic chant

Notes

1. ^ V. S. Apte. A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. p. 979.
2. ^ Flood, Gavin. An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1996. pp. 92, 156, 160, 167. ISBN 0-521-43878-0.
3. ^ http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Sadhana
4. ^ Bhattacharyya, N. N. History of the Tantric Religion. Second Revised Edition. (Manohar: New Delhi, 1999) p. 174. ISBN 81-7304-025-7
5. ^ Iyengar, B.K.S. (1993, 2002). Light on the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali. Hammersmith, London, UK: Thorsons. ISBN 978-0-00-714516-4 p.22
6. ^ Bhattacharyya, op. cit., p. 317.
7. ^ Flood, Gavin. An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1996. p. 92. ISBN 0-521-43878-0.
8. ^ Sakam Sadhana :- Sanatan Sanstha
9. ^ Valmiki Ramayana - translated by RALPH T. H. GRIFFITH, M. A
10. ^ Table 3, Point 15
11. ^ Nishkam Sadhana :- Sanatan Sanstha
12. ^ Vyashti and Samasti Sadhana by Dr. Jayant Balaji Athavale p10
13. ^ Vyashti and Samasti Sadhana by Dr. Jayant Balaji Athavale p39
14. ^ Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon - University of the West Archives of Ancient Sanskrit Manuscripts
15. ^ Kvaerne, Per (1975). "On the Concept of Sahaja in Indian Buddhist Tantric Literature". (NB: article first published in Temenos XI (1975): pp.88-135). Cited in: Williams, Jane (2005). Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Volume 6. Routledge. ISBN 0415332265, 9780415332262. Source: [1] (accessed; Friday April 16, 2010)
16. ^ Baba, Meher (1967). Discourses. 2. San Francisco: Sufism Reoriented. p. 186. ISBN 978-1880619094.
17. ^ Baba, Meher (1967). Discourses. 2. San Francisco: Sufism Reoriented. p. 185. ISBN 978-1880619094.