Slack-key guitar

Slack-key guitar is a fingerstyle genre of guitar music that originated in Hawaii. Its name refers to its characteristic open tunings: the English term is a translation of the Hawaiian kī hōʻalu, which means "loosen the [tuning] key". Most slack-key tunings can be achieved by starting with a classically tuned guitar and detuning or "slacking" one or more of the strings until the six strings form a single chord, frequently G major.

History

In the oral-history account, the style originated from Mexican cowboys "vaqueros" in the late 19th century. These paniolo (a Hawaiianization of españoles—"Spaniards") provided guitars, taught the Hawaiians the rudiments of playing, and then left, allowing the Hawaiians to develop the style on their own. Musicologists and historians suggest that the story is more complicated,^[1] but this is the version that is most often offered by Hawaiian musicians. Liner notes from early slack-key album covers and historical references to guitars brought on whaling vessels have led to the possibility of introduction of the guitar and accompanying playing style from merchants. Slack key guitar adapted to accompany the rhythms of Hawaiian dancing and the harmonic structures of Hawaiian music. The style of Hawaiian music that was promoted as a matter of national pride under the reign of King David Kalākaua in the late 19th century combined rhythms from traditional dance meters with imported European forms (for example, military marches), and drew its melodies from chant (mele and oli), hula, Christian hymns (hīmeni), and the popular music brought in by the various peoples who came to the Islands: English-speaking North Americans, Mexicans, Portuguese, Filipinos, Puerto Ricans, Tahitians, and Samoans.

The music did not develop a mainland audience during the Hawaiian music craze of the early 20th century, during which Hawaiian music came to be identified outside of Islands with the steel guitar and the ʻukulele. Slack key remained private and family entertainment, and it was not even recorded until 1946-47, when Gabby Pahinui cut a series of records that brought the tradition into public view.^[2] During the 1960s and particularly during the Hawaiian Cultural Renaissance of the 1970s, slack key experienced a surge in popularity and came to be seen as one of the most genuine expressions of Hawaiian spirit, principally thanks to Gabby Pahinui, Leonard Kwan, Sonny Chillingworth, Raymond Kāne, and the more modern styles of younger players such as Keola Beamer, his brother Kapono Beamer, Peter Moon, and Haunani Apoliona.

Many currently prominent Hawaiʻi-based players got their starts during the Cultural Renaissance years: Cindy Combs, Ledward Kaapana, George Kahumoku, Jr., his brother Moses Kahumoku, Dennis Kamakahi, Ozzie Kotani, three Pahinui brothers (Bla, Cyril, and Martin), the Emerson Brothers and Owana Salazar. These artists, and slack key in general, have become well-known outside of Hawaiʻi largely through George Winston's Dancing Cat Records record label, which has most often showcased the music in solo settings.

One indication of slack key's increasing visibility beyond the Islands is that the first four winners of the Grammy Award for Best Hawaiian Music Album were slack key collections: Slack Key Guitar, Volume 2 in 2005,^[3] Masters of Hawaiian Slack Key Guitar, Volume 1 in 2006,^[4] Legends of Hawaiian Slack Key Guitar—Live from Maui ^[5] and "Treasures of Hawaiian Slack Key Guitar - Live in Concert from Maui." Players from outside Hawaiʻi have also taken up the tradition, for example, Chet Atkins (who included slack key pieces on two of his albums), Yuki Yamauchi (a student of Ray Kane's and advocate of Hawaiian music in Japan), and Canadian Jim "Kimo" West (perhaps better known as guitarist with "Weird Al" Yankovic).

Techniques and tunings

Kī hōʻalu is often characterized by the use of an alternating-bass pattern, usually played by the thumb on the lower two or three strings of the guitar, while the melody is played on the three or four highest strings, using any number of fingers. Many kī hōʻalu players incorporate various embellishments such as harmonics (chimes), the hammer-on, the pull-off, slides, and damping. Slack key compositions exhibit characteristics from indigenous Hawaiian and imported musical traditions. The vamp or turnaround (a repeated figure, usually at the end of a verse) is descended from the hula tradition, and other harmonic and structural features are descended from hīmeni and from the hula kuʻi encouraged by King David Kalakaua.^[6]

Nearly all slack key requires retuning the guitar strings from the standard EADGBE, and this usually means lowering or "slacking" several strings. The result is most often a major chord, although it can also be a major-seventh chord, a sixth, or (rarely) a minor. There are examples of slack key played in standard tuning, but the overwhelming majority of recorded examples use altered tunings. The most common slack key tuning, called "taro patch," makes a G major chord. Starting from the standard EADGBE, the high and low E strings are lowered or "slacked" to D and the fifth string from A down to G, so the notes become DGDGBD. As the chart below shows, there are also major-chord tunings based on C, F, and D.

Another important group of tunings, based on major-seventh chords, is called wahine. G wahine, for example, starts with taro patch and lowers the third string from G to F#, making DGDF#BD. Wahine tunings have their own characteristic vamps (as in, for example, Raymond Kāne's "Punahele" or Gabby Pahinui's 1946 "Hula Medley") and require fretting one or two strings to form a major chord. A third significant group is Mauna Loa tunings, in which the highest pair of strings are a fifth apart: Gabby Pahinui often played in C Mauna Loa, CGEGAE.

George Winston has identified fifty slack key tunings^[7] Some only are commonly used for a single song, or by particular players. Mike McClellan and George Winston have developed a scheme that organize tunings by key and type. The chart below follows their categories and naming conventions.

Common slack key tunings

Common Slack Key Tunings	Notes Used
G Major or Taro Patch	D G D G B D
G Wahine	D G D F# B D
D Wahine	D A D F# A C#
Open D	D A D F# A D
C Major or Atta's C	C G E G C E
Mauna Loa	C G E G A E
C Wahine or Leonard's C	C G D G B D
C 6	C G C G A E
Old Mauna Loa	C G C G A D
Open C	C G C E G C
F Wahine	C F C G C E
Open F	C F C F A C
Double Slack F	C F C E A C

List of slack-key guitar players

• Keola Beamer
• Kealii Blaisdell
• Sonny Chillingworth
• Ledward Kaapana
• George Kahumoku, Jr.
• Dennis Kamakahi
• Raymond Kāne
• John Keawe
• Ozzie Kotani
• Leonard Kwan
• Sonny Lim
• Makana (musician)
• Gabby Pahinui
• Jeff Peterson (guitarist)
• Fred Punahoa

Notes

1. ^ For example, Elizabeth Tatar, "Slack Key Guitar," in Hawaiian Music and Musicians, ed. George S. Kanahele, University Press of Hawaii, 350 - 360. ISBN 0-8248-0578-X
2. ^ [1] See updated and corrected liner notes to the compilation CD History of Slack Key Guitar, by Harry Soria, Jr., Jay Junker, and George Winston.
3. ^ [2]"Slack key wins first Hawaiian Grammy," by Tim Ryan, Honolulu Star-Bulletin, February 14, 2005
4. ^ [3]"'Masters' of the Grammy," by John Burger, Honolulu Star-Bulletin, February 9, 2006
5. ^ [4]"Slack Key Snags Third Hawaiian Grammy" by Derek Pavia, Honolulu Advertiser, February 12, 2007
6. ^ Tatar, "The Technique" and "The Chant Tradition" sections of "Slack Key Guitar" in Hawaiian Music and Musicians
7. ^ [5] George Winston's on-line Short History of Slack Key Guitar, "Chart of Recorded Tunings"

External links

• George Winston's A Brief History of Hawaiian Slack Key Guitar
• Winston's annotated chart of 50 slack key tunings
• Mika'ele McClellan's page on slack key tunings
• TaroPatch.net: Online Resources & Community for Slack Key players
• FREE internet radio show featuring Hawaiian Slack Key music.
• Free web site showing upcoming Slack Key concerts.

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