- First Philippine Republic
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Philippine Republic
República Filipina
Unang Republika ng PilipinasUnrecognized state ← 
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1899–1901 
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Flag
Anthem
Himno Nacional FilipinaLocation of Filipinas in Asia
Capital Malolos, Bulacan (Official) January 23,[Note 1] 1899 – March 29, 1899
San Isidro, Nueva Ecija,
Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija,
Bamban, Tarlac,
Tarlac City, Tarlac,
Bayambang, Pangasinan March 29, 1899 – May 9, 1899
Palanan, Isabela September 6, 1900 – March 23, 1901Language(s) Spanish Government Parlimentary and Constitutional Republic Presidente de la República - 1898–1901 Emilio Aguinaldo - 1901-1902 Miguel Malvar (Unoffcial) Presidente del Consejos de Gobierno - 1898–1899 Apolinario Mabini - 1899 Pedro A. Paterno Legislature Asociación de representantes Historical era Philippine Revolution - Established January 23[Note 1] 1899 - Dissolved ¹ March 23, 1901 Area - 1898 298,182 km2 (115,129 sq mi) Population - 1898 est. 7,832,719 Density 26.3 /km2 (68 /sq mi) Currency Peso ¹ For further info re dissolution, see capture of Emilio Aguinaldo.
² For population and area info, see "CENSUS OF CUBA, PUERTO RICO, THE PHILIPPINES AND SPAIN. STUDY OF THEIR RELATIONSHIP". Voz de Galicia, January 1, 1898. mforos.com. August 22, 2010. http://1898.mforos.com/1026829/7262657-censos-de-cuba-puerto-rico-filipinas-y-espana-estudio-de-su-relacion/.
The Philippine Republic (Spanish: República Filipina), more commonly known as the First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Republic was a short-lived insurgent revolutionary government in the Philippines. It was formally established with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution on January 23, 1899 in Malolos, Bulacan,[Note 1] and endured until the capture and surrender of Emilio Aguinaldo to the American forces on March 23, 1901 in Palanan, Isabela, which effectively dissolved the First Republic.
The establishment of the Philippine Republic was the culmination of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. Independence was declared on June 12, 1898.[1] A dictatorial government headed by Emilio Aguinaldo was proclaimed on 18 June, and replaced on 23 June by a revolutionary government, also headed by Aguinaldo.[2][3] The Malolos Congress convened on 15 September, and produced the Malolos Constitution.[4] That constitution was proclaimed on 22 January 1899, transforming the government into what is known today as the First Philippine Republic, with Aguinaldo as its president.[5] In the meantime, on December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris had been signed, ending the Spanish-American War. Article 3 of the treaty transferred the Philippines from Spain to the United States.[6]
The Philippine–American War then ensued. Aguinaldo was captured by U.S. forces on March 23, 1901 and swore an oath accepting the authority of the United States over the Philippines and pledging his allegiance to the American government. On April 19, he issued a Proclamation of Formal Surrender to the United States, telling his followers to lay down their weapons and give up the fight, effectively ending the First Philippine Republic.[7] Subsequently, the U.S. continued its annexation of the islands pursuant to the Treaty of Paris.[8][6] The Philippines was under US sovereignty until 1946, when formal independence was granted by the Treaty of Manila.[9]
Contents
History
Temporary triumphal arch commemorating election of Aguinaldo, 1899
The First Philippine Republic was formed after the Philippine Declaration of Independence and the events of the collapse of the Spanish rule over the Philippines. It adopted the Constitución Política de la República Filipina, drawn up by the Philippine Constitutional Convention in the Barasoain Church in Malolos in 1899 to replace the dictatorial government set up by the Pact of Biak-na-Bato on July 7, 1897. The constitution was approved by delegates to the Assembly of Representatives on January 20, 1899, and sanctioned by Aguinaldo the next day.[5] The convention earlier elected Aguinaldo president on January 1, 1899, leading to his inauguration on January 23.
Considering that the Philippine-American War which was to soon follow the adoption of the constitution would prevent the legislature from meeting, and considering that the government was not to survive that war, three parts of the constitution which effectively gave the President Aguinaldo unrestricted power to rule by decree are of particular interest.[Note 2]
In 1899, after the Malolos Constitution was ratified, the Universidad Literia de Filipinas was established in Malolos, Bulacan. It offered Law as well as Medicine, Surgery and Notary Public; Academia Militar which was established on October 25, 1898; and The Instituto Burgos, an exclusive school for boys.
Philippine–American War
Further information: Philippine–American WarTensions remained during the Philippine–American War. Aguinaldo and his men fled to Northern Luzón, trying to resist the American forces declaring the proclamation of independence on June 12, 1898 with the preliminary statement inclusive of the Luzon and Visayas, with the exception of Mindanao and Sulu being independent sovereignty states, and as being allies against American encroachment.
Following his capture at Palanan, Isabela, Aguinaldo, on April 1, 1901, announced allegiance to the United States, formally ending the First Republic and recognizing the sovereignty of the United States over the Philippines.
However, Macario Sakay y de León continued resistance against the United States following the official American declaration of the war's end in 1902 and assumed the presidency of the proclaimed First Philippine Republic, becoming its second unofficial president until he was arrested, convicted as a bandit and hanged by the U.S. military in 1907.
Cabinet
OFFICIALS NAME President Emilio Aguinaldo Vice President Mariano Trias Prime Minister Apolinario Mabini Pedro Paterno Minister of Foreign Affairs Apolinario Mabini Felipe Buencamino Minister of Finance and War Mariano Trías Minister of Interior Teodoro Sandico Severino de las Alas Minister of War Baldomero Aguinaldo Minister of Welfare Gracio Gonzaga Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce León María Guerrero Minister of Finance Hugo Ilagan Minister of Public Instruction Águedo Velarde Minister of Public Works and Communications Máximo Paterno Notes
- ^ a b c The Malolos Constitution was approved by the Malolos Congress on January 20, 1899, sanctioned by Aguinaldo on January 21, and promulgated on January 22 (see items 27 and 27a in Guevara 1972). The republic was proclaimed on 23 January (see items 28, 28a and 28b in Guevara 1972).
- ^ The three parts of the constitution which are of particular interest are:
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- Article 4, which lists three distinct powers, "the legislative, the executive, and the judicial", specifies that any two or more of these powers shall never be vested in a single individual, and specifies that the legislative power shall never be vested in a single individual.[4]
- Title VI, comprising articles 54 and 55, which mandate the election of seven legislators to a Permanent Commission which is to meet when convoked by its presiding officer during periods of legislative adjournment. This commission is mandated, among other things, "To act on pending matters which require proper action."[4]
- Article 99, which read, "Notwithstanding the general rule established in paragraph 2 of Article 4, in the meantime that the country is fighting for its independence, the Government is empowered to resolve during the closure of the Congress all questions and difficulties not provided for in the laws, which give rise to unforeseen events, by the issuance of decrees, of which the Permanent Commission shall be duly apprised as well as the Assembly when it meets in accordance with this Constitution."[4]
- In April of 1899, the Permanent Commission is said to have been composed of Pedro A. Paterno, Felix Ferrer, Juan Nepomuceno, Arsenic Cruz Herrera, Joaquin Gonzales, Hugo Ilagan, and Alberto Barretto.[10]
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References
- ^ Guevara 1972, pp. 413–417.
- ^ Guevara 1972, pp. 10–12.
- ^ Guevara 1972, pp. 35–41.
- ^ a b c d Guevara 1972, pp. 104–119.
- ^ a b Guevara 1972, p. 104.
- ^ a b Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898, Yale, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp
- ^ Aguinaldo's Proclamation of Formal Surrender to the United States, Filipino.biz.ph - Philippine Culture, April 19, 1901, http://filipino.biz.ph/history/ag010419.html, retrieved December 5, 2009.
- ^ Carman Fitz Randolph (2009), "Chapter I, The Annexation of the Philippines", The Law and Policy of Annexation, BiblioBazaar, LLC, ISBN 9781103324811, http://books.google.com/books?id=g07Vz_oKDMcC&pg=PA1
- ^ (pdf) TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. SIGNED AT MANILA, ON 4 JULY 1946, United Nations, http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf, retrieved 2007-12-10
- ^ Zafra 1967, p. 239
- Guevara, Sulpico ed. 1972. The Laws of the First Philippine Republic (The Laws of Malalos). National Historical Institute, Manila., (published online 2005, University of Michigan Library)
- Zafra, Nicolas (1967). Philippine history through selected sources. Alemar-Phoenix Pub. House. http://books.google.com/books?id=g1MeAAAAMAAJ.
- The Malolos Republic
- The First Philippine Republic at Malolos
- The 1899 Malolos Constitution
- The 1899 Malolos Constitution Spanish version
- Project Gutenberg - Panukala sa Pagkakana nang Repúblika nang Pilipinas by Apolinario Mabini
Categories:- Former countries in Southeast Asia
- Former unrecognized countries
- States and territories established in 1899
- States and territories disestablished in 1901
- 1901 disestablishments
- First republics in Asia
- Former countries in Philippine history
- Philippine Revolution
- Philippine–American War
- Former republics
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