Malolos Constitution

The Malolos Constitution was enacted on January 20, 1899 by the Philippine Malolos Congress, and established the First Philippine Republic. The original was written in Spanish, which became the first official language of the Philippines.

Text

National Historical Institute translation

The following translation of the original Spanish text was made by Sulpico Guevara A.B., LL.B., LL.M.; Division of Research and Law Reform, University of the Philippines Law Center:

“

POLITICAL CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC WE, the Representatives of the Filipino people, lawfully convened, in order to establish justice, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and to secure for ourselves the blessings of liberty, imploring the aid of the Supreme Legislator of the Universe to help us attain these objectives, have voted, decreed, and sanctioned the following. POLITICAL CONSTITUTION TITLE I THE REPUBLIC Art. 1. The political association of all the Filipinos constitutes a NATION, whose state shall be known as the Philippine Republic. Art. 2. The Philippine Republic is free and independent. Art. 3. Sovereignty resides exclusively in the people. TITLE II THE GOVERNMENT Art. 4. Government of the Republic is popular, representative, alternative, and responsible, and shall exercise three (3) distinct powers: namely the legislative, the executive, and the judicial. Any two or more of these powers shall never be united in one person or corporation, nor the legislative power vested in one single individual. TITLE III RELIGION Art. 5. The State recognizes the freedom and equality of all religions, as well as the separation of the Church and the State. TITLE IV THE FILIPINOS AND THEIR NATIONAL AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS Art. 6. The following are Filipinos: 1. All persons born in the Philippine territory. A vessel of Philippine registry is considered, for this purpose, as part of Philippines territory. 2. Children of a Filipino father of mother, although born outside of the Philippines. 3. Foreigners who have obtained certificate of naturalization. Those who, without such certificate, have acquired a domicile in any town within Philippine territory. 4. Those who, without such certificate, have acquired a domicile in any town within Philippine territory. It is understood that domicile is acquired by uninterrupted residence for two years in any locality within Philippine territory, with an open abode and known occupation, and contributing to all the taxes imposed by the Nation. The condition of being a Filipino is lost in accordance with law. Art. 7. No Filipino or foreigner shall be detained nor imprisoned except for the commission of crime and in accordance with law. Art. 8. All persons detained shall be discharged or delivered to the judicial authority within 24 hours following the act of detention. All detentions shall be without the legal effect, unless the arrested person is duly prosecuted within 72 hours after delivery to a competent court. The accused shall be duly notified of such proceeding within the same period. Art. 9. No Filipino shall be imprisoned except by virtue of an order by competent court. The order of imprisonment shall be ratified or confirmed within 72 hours following the said order, after the accused has been heard. Art. 10. No one shall enter the dwelling house of any Filipino or foreigner residing in the Philippines without his consent, except in urgent cases of fire, inundation, earthquake or other similar danger, or by reason of unlawful aggression from within, or in order to assist a person therein who cries for help. Outside of these cases, the entry into the dwelling house of any Filipino or foreigner resident in the Philippines or the search of his papers and effects can only be decreed by a competent court and executed only in the daytime. The search of papers and effects shall be made always in the presence of the person searched or of a member of his family and, in their absence, of two witnesses resident of the same place. However, when a criminal caught in fraganti should take refuge in his dwelling house, the authorities in pursuit may enter into it, only for the purpose of making an arrest. If the criminal should take refuge in the dwelling house of foreigner, the consent of the latter must first be obtained. Art. 11. No Filipino shall be compelled to change his residence or domicile except by virtue of final judgment. Art. 12. In no case may correspondence confided to the post office be detained or opened by government authorities, nor any telegraphic or telephonic message detained. However, by virtue of an order a competent court, correspondence may be detained and opened in the presence of the sender. Art. 13. All orders of imprisonment, of search of dwelling house, or detention of written correspondence, telegraph or telephone, must be justified. When an order lacks this requisite, or when the ground on which the act was founded is proven in court to be unlawful or manifestly insufficient, the person to be detained or whose imprisonment has not been ratified within the period prescribed in Art. 9, whose correspondence has been detained, shall have the right to recover damages. Art. 14. No Filipino shall be prosecuted or sentenced, except by a judge or court of proper jurisdiction and according to the procedure prescribed by law. Art. 15. Except in the cases provided by the Constitution, all persons detained or imprisoned not in accordance with legal formalities shall be released upon his own petition or upon petition of another person. The law shall determine the manner of preceding summarily in this instance, as well as the personal and pecuniary penalties which shall be imposed upon the person who ordered, executed or cause to be executed the illegal detection or imprisonment. Art. 16. No one shall be temporarily or permanently deprived of rights or disturbed in his enjoyment thereof, except by virtue of judicial sentence. The officials who, under any pretext whatsoever, should violate this provision, shall be personally liable for the damages caused. Art. 17. No one shall be deprived of his property by expropriation except on grounds of public necessity and benefit, previously declared and justified by proper authority, and indemnifying the owner thereof prior to expropriation. Art. 18. No one shall be obligated to pay any public tax which had not been approved by the National Assembly or by local popular governments legally so authorized, and which is not in the manner prescribed by the law. Art. 19. No Filipino who is in full enjoyment of his civil and political rights, shall be impeded in the free exercise of said rights. Art. 20. Neither shall any Filipino be deprived: 1. Of the right to freely express his ideas or opinions, orally or in writings, through the use of the press or other similar means. 2. Of the right of association for purposes of human life and which are not contrary to public morals; and lastly, 3. Of the right to send petitions to the authorities, individually or collectively. The right of petition shall not be exercised through any kind of armed force. Art. 21. The exercise of the right provided for in the proceeding article should be subject to general provisions regulating the same. Art. 22. Crimes committed on the occasion of the exercise of rights provided for in this title, shall be punished by the courts in accordance with the laws. Art. 23. Any Filipino may establish and maintain institutions of learning, in accordance with the laws authorizing them. Public education shall be free and obligatory in all schools of the nation. Art. 24. Foreigners may freely reside in Philippine territory, subject to legal dispositions regulating the matter; may engage in any occupation or professions for the exercise of which no special license is required by law to be issued by the national authorities. Art. 25. No Filipino who is in full enjoyment of his political and civil rights shall be impeded in his right to travel freely abroad of in his right to transfer his residence or possessions to another country, except as to his obligations to contribute to military service or the maintenance of public taxes. Art. 26. No foreigner who has not been naturalized may exercise in the Philippines any office which carries with it any authority of jurisdictional powers. Art. 27. All Filipinos are obliged to defend his country with arms when called upon by law, and to contribute to the expenses of the State in proportion to his means. Art. 28. The enumeration of the rights provided for in this title does not imply the denial of other rights not expressly mentioned. Art. 29. The prior authorization to prosecute a public official the ordinary courts is nopt necessary, whatever may be the crime committed. A superior order shall not exempt a public official from liability in the cases which constitute apparent and clear violations of constitutional precepts. In others, the agents of the law shall only be exempted if they did not exercise the authority. Art. 30. The guaranties provided for in articles, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 and paragraphs 1 and 2 of Art. 20 shall not be suspended, partially or wholly, in any part of the Republic, except temporarily and by authority of law, when the security of the State in extraordinary circumstances so demands. When promulgated in any territory where the suspension applies, there shall be a special law which shall govern during the period of the suspension, according to the circumstances prevailing. The law of suspension as well as the special law to govern shall be approved by the National Assembly, and in case the latter is in recess, the Government shall have the power to decree the same jointly with the Permanent Commission, without prejudice to convoking the Assembly without the least delay and report to it what had been done. However, any suspension made shall not affect more rights than those mentioned in the first paragraph of this article nor authorize the Government to banish or deport from the Philippines any Filipino. In no case may the civil or military chief promulgate any penalty other than those previously provided by law. Art. 31. In the Republic of the Philippines, no one shall be judged by a special law nor by special tribunals. No person or corporation may enjoy privileges or emoluments which are not in compensation for public service rendered and authorized by law. War and marine laws shall apply for crimes or delicts which have intimate relation to military or naval discipline. Art. 32. No Filipino shall establish laws on primogeniture, nor institutions restrictive of property rights, nor accept honors, decorations or honorific titles or nobility from foreign nations without the consent of the Government. Neither shall the government establish in the Republic institutions mentioned in the preceding paragraph, nor confer honors, decorations or honorific titles and nobility to any Filipino. The Nation, however, may reward by special approved by the Assembly, conspicuous, services rendered by citizens of the country. TITLE V THE LEGISLATIVE POWER Art. 33. Legislative power shall be exercised by Assembly Representatives of the nation. This Assembly shall be organized in the form and manner determined by law. Art. 34. The Members of the Assembly shall represent the whole nation and not exclusively the electors who elected them. Art. 34. No representatives shall receive from his electors any imperative mandates whatsoever. Art. 36. The Assembly shall meet every year. The President of the Republic has the right to convoke it, suspend and close its sessions, and dissolve the same, within the periods prescribed by law enacted by the Assembly or by Permanent Commission. Art. 37. The Assembly shall be open at least three months each year, without including in this period the time spent in its organization. The President of the Republic shall convoke the Assembly, not later than the 15th day of April. Art. 38. In extraordinary cases, he may convoke the Assembly outside of the period fixed by law, as determined by the Permanent Commission, and prolong its law-making, provided the extended period does not exceed one month and provided further that such extensions do not take place more than twice during the same legislative term. Art. 39. The National Assembly, jointly with the special Representatives, shall organize committees for the organization of the Assembly and for the election of a new President of the Republic, which shall be formed at least one month before the expiration of the term of office of the Representatives. In case of death or resignation of the President of the Republic, the Assembly shall meet in session by its own right or by initiative of the President or of the Permanent Commission. Art. 40 In the meantime that the new President has not been chosen, his functions shall be exercised by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court whose office shall be taken over by one of the Justices of the Court, in accordance with law. Art. 41. Any session of the Assembly held outside of the period of ordinary legislative shall be unlawful and void. The case provided for in Art. 30 and in which the Assembly has constituted itself into a Tribunal of Justice shall be exempted, but in the latter case no other functions shall be exercised except that pertaining to judicial functions. Art. 42. The sessions of the Assembly shall be public. However, session may be held in secret upon petition of a certain number of its members fixed by the Rules, deciding afterwards by an absolute majority of votes of the members present if the discussion on the same subject has to continue in public. Art. 43. The President of the Republic shall communicate with the Assembly by means of messages, which shall be read by a Department Secretary. The Department Secretaries shall have the right to be heard in the Assembly, upon their request, and they may be represented in the discussion of certain bills by Commissioners appointed by decrees of the President of the Republic. Art. 44 The Assembly may constitute itself into a Tribunal of Justice to hear and determine crimes committed against the security of the State by the President of the Republic and members of the Copuncil of Government, by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and by the Solicitor General of the Nation, by means of decree promulgated by it, or by the Permanent Commission, or by the President of the Republic upon petition of the Solicitor General or Council of Government. The law shall determine the mode and manner of the accusation, instructions and disposition of the proceedings. Art. 45. No member of the Assembly shall prosecuted nor held accountable for the opinions expressed by him, nor by type vote taken by him in the discharge of his office. Art. 46 No member of the Assembly shall be prosecuted criminally without authority of the Assembly or of the Permanent Commission to which an immediate report of the facts shall be made, for its proper action. The imprisonment, detention, or apprehension of a member of the Assembly shall not be carried out without the prior authority of the same or by the Permanent Commission. The moment the Assemble in notified of the order of imprisonment, it shall incur liability if, within two days following the notification, it does not authorize the imprisonment or give sufficient reason upon which the refusal is based. Art. 47. The National Assembly shall have the following additional powers: 1. To approve Rules for its internal government. 2. To examine the legality of the elections and legal qualifications of the elected members. 3. To elect its President, Vice-President and Secretaries. Until the Assembly has been dissolved, the President, Vice-Presidents and Secretaries shall continue to exercise their office for the period of four legislative terms; and 4. To accept the resignations of its members and grant privileges in accordance with the Rules. Art. 48. No bill shall become law without having been voted upon by the Assembly. To approve a bill, the presence in the Assembly of at least one-fourth of the total number of the members whose elections have been duly approved and taken the oath of office shall be necessary. Art. 49. No bill shall be approved by the Assembly until after it has been voted upon as a whole and subsequently article by article. Art. 50. The Assembly shall have the right of censure, and each of the members of the right of interpellation. Art. 51. The initiative in the presentation of bills belongs to the President of the Republic and to the Assembly. Art. 52. Any member of the Assembly who accepts from the Government any pension, employment or office with salary, is understood to have renounced his membership. From this shall be excepted the employment as Secretary of the Government of the Republic and other offices provided for by special laws. Art. 53. The office of Representatives shall be for a term of four years, and shall be compensated by a sum fixed by law, according to the circumstances. Those who absent themselves during the entire period of the legislative session shall not be entitled to any compensation; but they may be allowed to recover the right to compensation should they attend subsequently. TITLE VI THE PERMANENT COMMISSION Art. 54. The Assembly, before adjournment, shall elect seven of its members to form the Permanent Commission during the period of adjournment, which shall designate at its first session, the President and the Secretary. Art. 55. The Permanent Commission, during the adjournment of the Assembly, shall have the following attributes: 1. Declare if there is sufficient cause to proceed against the President of the Republic, the Representatives, Department Secretaries, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Solicitor-General in the cases provided by this Constitution. 2. Convoke the Assembly to a special session in the cases where the letter should constitute itself into a Tribunal of Justice. 3. To act upon pending matters which require proper action. 4. Convoke the Assembly in special sessions when the exigencies of the situation so demand. 5. Supplement the powers of the Assembly in accordance with the Constitution, excepting the act of voting approving laws The Permanent Commission shall meet in session whenever convoked by the presiding officer, in accordance with this Constitution. TITLE VII THE EXECUTIVE POWER Art. 56. The Executive Power shall be vested in the President of the Republic, who shall exercise it through his Department Secretaries. Art. 57. The administration of the particular interest of towns, provinces, and of the State shall correspond, respectively, to the Popular Assemblies, the Provincial Assemblies, and to the Administration in power, in accordance with the laws, and observing the most liberal of decentralization and administrative autonomy. TITLE VIII THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC Art. 58. The President of the Republic shall be elected by absolute majority of votes by the Assembly and by the special Representatives, convinced in chamber assembled. His term of office shall be four years, and may be reelected. Art. 59. The President of the Republic shall have the right to initiate the introduction of bills equally with the members of the Assembly and promulgate the laws when duly voted and approved by the latter, and shall see to it that the same are duly executed. Art. 60. The power to execute the laws shall extend to all cases conducive to the preservation of internal public order and to the external security of the State. Art. 61. The President shall promulgate the laws duly approved by him within 20 days following their transmittal to him by the Assembly. Art. 62. If within this period, the President should fail to promulgate them, he shall return them to the Assembly with his reasons for the return, in which case the Assembly may consider same, and it shall be presumed that it does not insist in re-approving them if not re-passed by a vote of at least two-thirds of the members of the Assembly present in a quorum. If re-passed in the manner indicated, the Government shall promulgate same within ten days, with a manifestation of its non-conformity. The same obligation is imposed upon the Government if it allows twenty days to elapse without returning the bill to the Assembly. Art. 63. When the promulgation of a law has been declared urgent by express will of an absolute majority of votes of the Assembly, the President of the Republic any require of the Assembly to re-approved same which cannot be refused, and if the same bill is re-passed, the President shall promulgate it within the legal period, without prejudice to his making of record his non- conformity with the bill. Art. 64.the promulgation of laws shall be made by publishing them in the official gazette of the Republic, and shall have the force of law thirty days following such publication. Art. 65. The President of the Republic shall have at his disposal the army and the navy, and may declare war and make and ratify treaties with he prior consent of the Assembly Art. 66. Treaties of peace shall not take effect until voted upon by the Assembly. Art. 67. The President of the Republic, in addition to his duty to execute the laws, shall: 1. Supervise civil and military employees in accordance with the laws. 2. Appoint the Secretaries of the Government. 3. Direct the diplomatic and commercial relations with foreign powers. 4. See to it that justice is duly and promptly administered throughout the Philippines. 5. Grant pardon to convicted criminals in accordance with laws, except ant special provision relation to the Secretaries of the Government. 6. Preside over all national functions and receive ambassadors and accredited representatives of foreign powers. Art. 68. The President of the Republic may be authorized by special law: 1. To alienate, transfer or exchange any portion of Philippines territory. 2. To incorporate any other territory to the Philippine territory. 3. To admit the stationing of foreign troops in Philippine territory. 4. To ratify treaties of alliance, defensive as well as offensive, special treaties of commerce, those which stipulate to grant subsidies to a foreign power, and those which may compel Filipinos to render personal service. Secret treaties in no case may prevail over the provisions of open treaties or treaties made publicity. 5. To grant general amnesties and pardons. 6. To coin money. Art. 69. To the President belongs the power to issue regulations for the compliance and application of the laws in accordance with the requisites prescribed in said laws. Art. 70. The President of the Philippines, with the prior approval by majority vote of the Representatives, may dissolve the Assembly before the expiration of its legislative term. In this case, new elections shall be called within three months. Art. 71. The President of the republic may be held liable only for cases of high treason. Art. 72. The salary of the President of the Republic shall be fixed by special law which may not be changed except after the presidential term has expired. TITLE IX THE SECRETARIES OF GOVERNMENT Art. 73. The Council of the Government is composed of one President and seven Secretaries, each of whom shall have under his charge the portfolios of Foreign Relations, Interior, Finance, War and Marine, Public Education, Communications and Public Works, and Agriculture, Industry and Commerce. Art. 74. All the acts done by the President of the Republic in the discharge of these duties shall be signed by the corresponding Secretary. No Public official shall give official recognition to any act unless this requisite is complied with. Art. 75. The Secretaries of Government are jointly responsible to the Assembly of the general administration of the Government, and individually for their respective personal acts. Art. 76. In order to exempt them from responsibility, when held guilty by the Assembly, a petition to this effect approved by absolute majority of the Representatives is necessary. TITLE X THE JUDICIAL POWER Art. 77 To the Court corresponds exclusively the power to apply the laws, in the name of the Nation, in all civil and criminal trials. The same codes of laws shall be applied throughout the Republic, without prejudice to certain variations according to circumstances as determined by law. In all trials, civil, criminal, and administrative, all citizens shall be governed by one code of laws of procedure. Art. 78 The courts of justice shall not apply general local regulations, except when they conform to the laws. Art. 79. The exercise of judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in other courts established by law. Their composition, organization, and other attributes shall be determined by the laws creating them. Art. 80. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Solicitor-General shall chosen by the National Assembly in concurrence with the President of the Republic and Secretaries of the Government, and shall be absolutely independent of the Legislative and Executive Powers. Art. 81. Any citizen may file suit against any member exercising the Judicial Power for any crime committed by them in the discharge of their office. TITLE XI PROVINCIAL AND POPULAR ASSEMBLIES Art. 82. The organization and attributes of provincial and popular assemblies shall be governed by their respective laws. These laws shall conform to the following principles: 1. The government and management of the particular interest of the province or town shall be discharge by their respective corporations, the principle of direct and popular elections being the basis underlying each of them. 2. Publicity of their sessions, within the limits provided by law. 3. Publication of all appropriations, accounts and agreements affecting same. 4. Government interference and, in the absence thereof, by the National Assembly, to prevent provinces and municipalities exceeding their powers and attributes to the prejudice of the interest of individuals and of the nation at large. 5. Power of taxation shall be exercised to the end that provincial and municipal taxation do not come into conflict with power of taxation of the State. TITLE XII ADMINISTRATION OF THE STATE Art. 83. The Government shall submit every year to the Assembly a budget of expenditures and income, indicating the changes made from those of the preceding year, accompanying the same with a balance sheet as of the end of the year, in accordance with law. This budget shall be submitted to the Assembly within ten days following the commencement of its session. Art. 84. No disbursement of funds shall be valid unless made in accordance with an appropriation law, or with a special law in the form and manner prescribed by the same. Art. 85. The Government, in order to dispose of the property and effects of the State, and to borrow money secured by mortgage or credit of the Nation, must be authorized by special law. Art. 86. Public debts contracted by the Government of the Republic, in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution, shall be under the special guaranty of the Nation. No debt shall be contracted unless the means of paying the same are also voted upon. Art. 87. All laws relating to income, public expenses or public credits shall be considered as part of the appropriation and shall be published as such. Art. 88. The Assembly shall determine every year, upon the recommendation of the President of the Republic, the military forces by land and sea. TITLE XIII AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION Art. 89. The Assembly, on its own initiative or that of the President of the Republic, may propose amendments to the Constitution, indicating what article or articles are to be amended. Art. 90. This proposal having been made, the President of the Republic shall dissolve the Assembly, and shall convoke a Constituent Assembly which shall meet within three months. In the decree convoking the Constituent Assembly, the resolution mentioned in the proceeding article shall be inserted. TITLE XIV CONSTITUTIONAL OBSERVANCE, OATH, AND LANGUAGE Art. 91. The President of the Republic, the Government, the Assembly and all Filipino citizens shall faithfully observe the provisions of the Constitution; and the Legislative Power, upon approval of the Appropriations Act, shall examine if the constitution has been strictly complied with and whether violations duly held liable. Art. 92. The President of the Republic and all other officials of the Nation shall not enter into the discharge of their office without having taken the prescribed oath. The oath of the President of the Republic shall be taken before the National Assembly. The other officials of the Nations shall take their oath before the authorities determined by law. Art. 93. The use of languages spoken in the Philippines shall be optional. This use cannot be regulated except by virtue of law, and solely for acts of public authority and in the courts. For these acts the Spanish language will be used in the meantime. TRANSITORY PROVISIONS Art. 94. Meanwhile and without prejudice to the provisions of Article 48 and to the acts of the commissions designated by the Assembly to translate and submit to the same the organic laws in the development and application of the rights granted to Filipino citizens and for the government of the public powers therein mentioned, the laws of the Republic shall be considered those found existing in these Islands before the emancipation of the same. The provisions of the Civil Code relating to marriage and civil registry, suspended by the Governor General of these islands; the Instructions of April 26, 1888 to carry into effect Articles 77, 78, 79, and 82 of said Code; the law on civil registry of June 17, 1870 which refers to Article 332 of the same, and the Regulation of December 13 following for the enforcement of this law, without prejudice to the Chiefs of towns continuing to be in charge of inscriptions in the civil registry and intervening in the celebration of marriages between Catholics, shall also be deemed in force and effect. Art. 95. In the meantime that the laws referred to in the preceding article have not been approved or enforced, the Spanish laws which said article allows to be enforced provisionally may be amended by a special law. Art. 96. Once the laws approved by the Assembly have been promulgated in accordance with Article 94, the Government of the Republic shall have the power to issue decrees and regulations necessary for the immediate organization of the various organs of the State. Art. 97. The present President of the Revolutionary Government shall assume later the title of President of the Republic and shall discharge the duties of this office until the Assembly when convoked proceeds to the election of one shall definitely exercise the duties of the office. Art. 98. The present Congress, composed of members by suffrage or by decree, shall last for four years, or for the duration of the present legislative term commencing the 15th of April of next year. Art. 99. Notwithstanding the general rule established in paragraph 2 of Article 4, in the meantime that the country is fighting for its independence, the Government is empowered to resolve during the closure of the Congress all questions and difficulties not provided for in the laws, which give rise to unforeseen events, by the issuance of decrees, of which the Permanent Commission shall be duly apprised as well as the Assembly when it meets in accordance with this Constitution. Art. 100. The execution of article 5, Title III shall be suspended until the constituent Assembly meets in session. In the meantime, municipalities which require spiritual ministry of Filipino priest may provide for his necessary maintenance. Art. 101 Notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 62 and 63, bills returned by the President of the Republic to the Congress may not be repassed except in the legislature of the following year, this suspension being under the responsibility of the President and his Council of Government. When these conditions have been fulfilled, the promulgation of said laws shall be obligatory within ten days, without prejudice to the President making of record his non-conformity. If the reapproval is made in subsequent legislative terms, it shall be deemed law approved for the first time. ADDITIONAL ARTICLE. All the estates, edifices, and other property possessed by religious corporations in these islands shall be deemed restored to the Philippine State as of May 24, 1898 when Dictatorial Government has been constituted in Cavite. BARASOAIN, the 20th day of January, 1899. The President of the Congress PEDRO A. PATERNO The Secretaries PABLO TECSON PABLO OCAMPO[1][2]

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Alternative translations

A number of alternative translations which differ in some ways from the translation above have been published.^[3]

References

1. ^ Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005), "The Malolos Constitution (English translation)", The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898-1899., Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972), http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=aab1246.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=122, retrieved 2008-03-26 . (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara)
2. ^ Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005), "The Malolos Constitution (Original text)", The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898-1899., Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972), http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=aab1246.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=106, retrieved 2008-03-26 .
3. ^ Published alternative translations include:
   ^ Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1921, 2007), The Present Government of the Philippines, Oriental commercial, ISBN 1406746363, http://books.google.com/?id=0_62j7vjAqsC  (Note: 1. The book cover incorrectly names the author as "Maximo M Lalaw", 2. Originally published in 1921 by The McCullough Printing Co., Manila)
   ^ Rodriguez, Rufus Bautista (1997), "The 1899 'Malolos' Constitution", Constitutionalism in the Philippines: With Complete Texts of the 1987 Constitution and Other Previous Organic Acts and Constitutions, Rex Bookstore, Inc., ISBN 9789712321931, http://books.google.com/books?id=l8alSTTrk48C&pg=PA117 , ISBN 9712321932, ISBN 9789712321931.
   ^ The Malolos Constitution, Chanrobles Law Library, January 20, 1899, http://www.chanrobles.com/1899constitutionofthephilippines.htm, retrieved 2007-12-21 .