Diadem class cruiser

Contemporary deck plan and port elevation of Diadem - class cruiser. In the deck plan, the "6 inch" annotations refer to the calibre of the guns.
Class overview
Name:	Diadem
Operators:	Royal Navy Royal Canadian Navy
Preceded by:	Powerful class protected cruiser
Succeeded by:	Cressy class armoured cruiser
Completed:	8
General characteristics
Type:	protected cruiser
Displacement:	11,000 tons[1]
Length:	435 ft (133 m) (462 ft 6 in (140.97 m) o/a)
Beam:	69 ft (21 m)
Draught:	25 ft 6 in (7.77 m) 27 ft 6 in (8.38 m)[2]
Propulsion:	2 shaft triple expansion engines: 16,500 hp (Ariadne, Spartiate, Amphitrite and Argonaut: 18,000 hp) Belleville boilers
Speed:	20¼ knots (Ariadne, Spartiate, Amphitrite and Argonaut: 20¾ knots)
Range:	2,000 nmi (3,700 km) at 19 knots (35 km/h) (bunker capacity 1900 tons)[3]
Complement:	677
Armament:	16 x single QF 6-inch (152.4 mm) guns[4] 14 x single 12 pdr (3 inch) QF guns 3 x single QF 3-pounder guns 2 x 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes (underwater) 8 Maxim machineguns
Armour:	4.5 inch casemates and gun shields 2 inch hoists 4-2.5 inch armoured deck 12 inch fore conning tower 6 inch tube to fore conning tower 2 inch aft conning tower Armour was Harvey Nickel steel, except for armoured deck.[5]

HMCS Niobe

The Diadem class cruiser was a class of "First-Class" protected cruiser built for the Royal Navy during the 1890s that served in the First World War. The class consisted of eight ships, built at a cost of around £600,000 each.

They were considered "good sea boats" but criticised for their lack of a heavy calibre main armament, bulky unprotected sides, average speed and lack of manoeuvrability despite being considered large ships when completed. They were the last British first class protected cruisers; the armoured cruiser taking the large cruiser role in future."^[6]

Design

The Diadems were designed by Sir William White, and are typical of British design practice of the period, with high freeboard (by the standards of the time) and the use of 'double-decker' casemates, with the hull forward and aft cut away to allow fore and aft fire from the casemate guns. Casemates provided good protection for the guns and allowed a large number of guns to bear on the broadside; however, the lower (main deck) guns were almost unusable in heavy seas.^[7]

According to a contemporary (1900) edition of Jane's Fighting Ships:

• Hulls were wood sheathed and coppered.^[2]
• "There are coal bunkers on the lower deck, and above and below the armour deck. The pair of 6 in guns forward and aft are served by one hoist to the pair, each casemate has its own hoist: those to the double casemates being double. The machinery weighs 1630 tons: the boilers occupy a space of about 132 feet (40 m). Working pressure is [300 to 250 psi (2.1 to 1.7 MPa)].^[2]

• "The ships are almost absolutely identical in appearance. The Diadem and Andromeda have no steam pipes abaft the first two funnels, while all the others have steam pipes before and abaft each funnel."^[2]

History

The Diadem class was intended, like the preceding Powerful class, for trade protection, and were intended to be "capable of dealing with any cruiser existing or building".^[8] The Powerfuls had proved costly and demanding in manpower, and the new class had to represent a more economical solution, that could be built and operated in greater numbers. To achieve this, the specification was reduced relative to the Powerfuls: power and speed were reduced from 25,000 ihp (22 knots) to 16,500 ihp (about 20 knots), the thickness of the protective deck reduced from 6 to 4 inches (100 mm), and the armament simplified by replacing the single 9.2-inch (234 mm) guns fore and aft with pairs of 6-inch (152 mm) guns, mounted side by side.^[9] These changes saved about £100,000 per ship (approximately 15%) relative to the Powerful design.

With eight ships, each of 11,000 tons and costing £600,000, the Diadems were an important class. However, they proved controversial. The naval journalist Fred Jane characterised them as "much-discussed" and complained that "all the weak points of the Powerfuls were exaggerated in them".^[10] In particular, contemporary critics raised objections to their indifferent speed, poor manoeuvrability, and lack of heavy guns, and the fact that, while most of the armament was well protected in casemates, the fore and aft pairs of guns, which commanded the greatest fields of fire, were protected only by gunshields.^[11]

Although the powerplant used Belleville boilers, which were of the then-new water-tube type, most of the ships enjoyed the reputation of good steamers; the exception was Niobe, whose engines gave persistent trouble. The first four ships were troubled by vibration; to remedy this, the engine rooms of the last four was rearranged; the new configuration also provided a 1,500 hp (1,100 kW) increase in power.^[12] All eight ships exceeded their design power on trials (for details, see below); the first four averaged 20.5 knots (38.0 km/h) in service, the later four 21 knots (39 km/h).

In general the Diadems served most of their careers in home waters, although there were some deployments to China Station, the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. Niobe was sold to Canada in 1910. After 1906, they were only occasionally in commission, and by 1914 the class had for the most part been relegated to training ship and depot ship duties. However, with the outbreak of the First World War, several of them were reactivated, initially for patrol duties with the 9th Cruiser Squadron in the Eastern Atlantic. In 1917 Amphitrite and Ariadne were converted into minelayers, for service with the Dover Patrol. Ariadne was the only war loss, being torpedoed by the German submarine UC-65 on 26 July 1917. By the end of the war the survivors had again been withdrawn from active service, and all of them had been sold for scrap by 1932, with the exception of Andromeda, which served as a boys’ training ship until 1956.^[13]

Building Programme

Standard British practice at that time was for building costs to exclude armament and stores.^[14]

Ship	Builder[15]	Date of			Cost according to
		Laid Down[16]	Launch[17]	Completion[18]	(BNA 1904 & 1905)[19]	(BNA 1906)[20]
Diadem	Fairfield, Govan	23 Jan 1896	21 Oct 1896	19 July 1898	£582,662	£554,863
Amphitrite	Vickers, Barrow	8 Dec 1896	5 Jan 1898	17 Sep 1901	£575,300	£552,795
Andromeda	Pembroke Dockyard	2 Dec 1895	30 Apr 1897	5 Sep 1899	£601,356	£574,916
Argonaut	Fairfield, Govan	23 Nov 1896	24 Jan 1898	19 Apr 1900	£573,704	£545,756
Ariadne	J&G Thompson, Clydebank	29 Oct 1896	22 Apr 1898	5 Jun 1902	£565,464	£541,927
Europa	J&G Thompson, Clydebank	10 Jan 1896	20 Mar 1897	23 Nov 1899	£589,835	£564,690
Niobe	Vickers, Barrow	16 Dec 1895	20 Feb 1897	6 Dec 1898	£574,878	£548,283
Spartiate	Pembroke Dockyard	10 May 1897	27 Oct 1898	17 Mar 1903	£680,188	£654,661

Trials

Ship	Date	8 hours full power natural draught 30 boilers			4 hours forced draught 24 boilers			30 hours natural draught 30 boilers			Source
Diadem	1897	17,262 ihp (12,872 kW)	20.65 knots (38.24 km/h)		15,861 ihp (11,828 kW)	19.9 knots (36.9 km/h)		12,791 ihp (9,538 kW)	19.80 knots (36.67 km/h)		Jane's 1900
Amphitrite	1900	18,229 ihp (13,593 kW)	20.78 knots (38.48 km/h)					13,695 ihp (10,212 kW)	19.50 knots (36.11 km/h)		Jane's 1900
Andromeda	1898	16,751 ihp (12,491 kW)	20.41 knots (37.80 km/h)					12,621 ihp (9,411 kW)	19.30 knots (35.74 km/h)		Jane's 1900
Argonaut	1899	18,894 ihp (14,089 kW)	21.17 knots (39.21 km/h)					13,815 ihp (10,302 kW)	19.86 knots (36.78 km/h)		Jane's 1900
Ariadne	1899	19,156 ihp (14,285 kW)	21.50 knots (39.82 km/h)					14,046 ihp (10,474 kW)	20.10 knots (37.23 km/h)		Jane's 1900
Europa	1898	17,137 ihp (12,779 kW)	20.40 knots (37.78 km/h)		16,298 ihp (12,153 kW)	19.9 knots (36.9 km/h)		12,739 ihp (9,499 kW)	19.33 knots (35.80 km/h)		Jane's 1900
Niobe	1898	16,834 ihp (12,553 kW)	20.59 knots (38.13 km/h)		16,834 ihp (12,553 kW)	20.5 knots (38.0 km/h)		12,961 ihp (9,665 kW)	19.27 knots (35.69 km/h)		Jane's 1900
Spartiate

The Diadem (Dec 1898) did a mean of 19.27 knots (35.69 km/h) in a 69 hour run from Gibraltar to the Nore with 14,268 horsepower (10.64 MW). For 60 hours with 24 boilers with 12,791 ihp (9.538 MW), she made 19.3 knots (35.7 km/h) on trial. Andromeda did a sea trip at 800 ihp (600 kW) = 16 knots (30 km/h).^[2]

References

• Brown, David K. Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860-1905. Caxton Editions 2003. ISBN 1-84067-529-2
• Chesnau, Roger and Kolesnik, Eugene (Ed.) Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1860-1905. Conway Maritime Press, 1979. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4
• Robert Gardiner (Ed.). Conway’s All the World’s Fighting Ships, 1906-1921. Conway Maritime Press, 1985. ISBN 0-85177-245-5
• worldwar1.co.uk
• Jane, Fred T (Ed.) Jane's Fighting Ships 1900
• Jane, Fred T (Ed. Preston, Anthony). The British Battle-Fleet: Its Inception and Growth throughout the Centuries. Republished by Conway Maritime Press, 1997. ISBN 0-85177-723-6.
• Brassey, T.A. (ed)The Naval Annual 1904
• Brassey, T.A. (ed)The Naval Annual 1905
• Leyland, J. and Brassey, T.A. (ed)The Naval Annual 1906
• Hythe, Viscount and Leyland, J. (ed)The Naval Annual 1914

Notes

1. ^ Conway's, 1860-1905
   Jane's Fighting Ships 1900, p108
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Jane's Fighting Ships 1900, p108
3. ^ Conway's, 1860-1905. Brassey's (p220-233) quotes a coal capacity of 1,000 tons.
4. ^ Tony Di Giulian, British 6"/40 (15.2 cm) QF Marks I, II and III
   Jane's Fighting Ships 1900 claimed on page 108 that the Diadems had 6-in 45 calibre guns. The 6-in BL Mk VII was 45 calibres. This was later corrected in subsequent editions to the 40 calibre QF guns
5. ^ Conway's, 1860-1905, with additional detail from Jane's Fighting Ships 1900.
6. ^ Diadem class at worldwar1.co.uk
7. ^ Brown, p.136
8. ^ Brown, p. 136
9. ^ Conway's, 1860-1905, p.68
10. ^ Jane, The British Battlefleet, p. 284
11. ^ worldwar1.co.uk; Conway's, 1860-1905, p.68
12. ^ Brown, op cit
13. ^ Conway's, 1906-1921, p.10
14. ^ Brassey's Naval Annual (BNA) gave costs for these ships that were on average £25,600 greater in the 1904 and 1905 editions than in the 1906 and subsequent editions. Brassey's Naval Annual 1914 (p200) only lists two of the Diadems and quotes the same cost as the 1906 edition. Niobe is listed under Canada (page 207) but no cost is given.
15. ^ Conway's, 1860 - 1905
16. ^ ibid.
17. ^ ibid.
18. ^ ibid.
19. ^ Brassey's Naval Annual 1904, p220-233
    Brassey's Naval Annual 1905, p242-49
20. ^ Brassey's Naval Annual 1906, p216-223

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