HMS Furious (47)

HMS "Furious" was a modified "Courageous" class "large light cruiser" (an extreme form of battlecruiser) converted into an early aircraft carrier of the Royal Navy.

Genesis

She was designed as one of Jackie Fisher's "large light cruisers" to participate in an amphibious landing on the Baltic coast of Germany during the First World War. As initially designed, she would have been a lightly-armoured cruiser mounting two 18-inch (457 mm) guns in two single mount gun turrets, one forward and one aft. The intention was for a heavily armed ship able to navigate the Baltic narrows alongside smaller warships. However, while under construction, it was realized that she would be of more use in a totally different role. Only one of the two big guns was installed, her forward turret was removed before she was launched, and was replaced with a 160-foot (49 m) open deck for the flying-off of aircraft, with a hangar underneath. The aft 18-inch gun was left in place and trialled during July 1917. The results showed that the hull could not handle the recoil of the very large gun, and it was decided to remove it.

Aircraft landing and World War I

On 2 August 1917, while performing trials, Squadron Commander Edwin Dunning landed a Sopwith Pup, believed to have been "N6453", successfully on board "Furious", becoming the first person to land an aircraft on a moving ship. On 7 August, he made one more successful landing in the same manner, however on his third attempt, in Pup "N6452", he tried to go around for a better approach, the rotary engine choked, and the aircraft crashed off the starboard bow, killing him. The deck arrangement was unsatisfactory; in order to land, aircraft had to maneouvre around the superstructure.Bruce, J.M., "Sopwith's Pedigree Pup", Air Enthusiast Quarterly, Bromley, Kent., U.K., Volume 4, 1976, pages 204.] She returned to the dockyard in 1917 to have the aft turret removed and replaced by another, 300 foot (91 m) deck for landing and a second hangar, giving her both a launching and a recovery deck. Two lifts serving the hangars were also installed.

After being recommissioned on 15 March 1918, "Furious" and her embarked aircraft served in a number of important battles in World War I, notably the Tondern raid of July 1918 when her Sopwith Camels attacked the Zeppelin sheds at Tondern.

Conversion

After the end of the war "Furious" was sent to reserve, where she remained while the Navy decided what to do with her. In 1922 the Washington Naval Treaty was signed, and the British had to do something with her or scrap her. As a result of the experience with other aircraft carrying ships, "Furious" returned to the dockyard once again in 1922 to have her superstructure removed and a full length flight deck fitted, with a smaller launching deck beneath it at the bow. "Furious" recommissioned with her new flush deck in September 1925.cite book| last = Sturtivant| first = Ray| title = British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990| publisher = Arms & Armour Press Ltd| date = 1990| location = London| pages = 224| doi = 358.4'00941| isbn = 0-85386-938-5] This got rid of the continuing problem of turbulence across the aft landing deck and established a pattern for aircraft carriers in the 1920s. Since there was no superstructure now, as on later aircraft carriers, "Furious" was conned by a navigating bridge on the starboard side of the forward end of the upper flight deck, and had a flying control position on the port side next to it. The ship was used extensively throughout the 1920s and 1930s as a platform to develop various techniques and tactics for the employment of carriers and carrier-based aircraft in the Royal Navy. In the 1930s, she was reconstructed again, with her launch deck converted to a gun platform with several anti-aircraft guns, and a small island superstructure added. It was in this configuration that the ship served in World War II.

World War II and replacement

When World War II started, "Furious" was attached to the Home Fleet, mostly hunting U-boats in the Atlantic, and carrying bullion to Canada. She took part in Operation Pedestal, carrying aircraft to Malta. After refitting in the United States, "Furious" took part in Operation Torch, the landings in North Africa, in November 1942. In 1943, she took part in strikes against German shipping, and attacked the German Battleship "Tirpitz" in Altafjord Norway. However, as the war progressed, the ship's age and limitations became increasingly apparent, and she was replaced by more modern vessels. "Furious" was placed in reserve in September 1944, and sold in 1948. She was scrapped starting on 15 March 1948, and the hull was scrapped at Troon in July.

References

*Roger Chesneau, "Aircraft Carriers of the World, 1914 to the Present; An Illustrated Encyclopedia" (Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 1984)
*Siegfried Breyer, "Battleships and Battlecruisers 1905-1970" (Doubleday and Company; Garden City, New York, 1973) (originally published in German as "Schlachtschiffe und Schlachtkreuzer 1905-1970", J.F. Lehmanns, Verlag, Munchen, 1970). Contains various line drawings of the ship as designed and as built.

External links

* [http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.880/changeNav/3533 Royal Navy page on "Furious"]
* [http://www.fleetairarmarchive.net/Ships/FURIOUS.html FleetAirArmArchive.net on Furious]
* [http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-fornv/uk/uksh-f/furis-6.htm US Navy photos of "Furious"]
* [http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/great_britain/pages/aircraft_carriers/hms_furious_47.htm Maritimequest HMS Furious photo gallery]