Transcription coregulator

In the field of molecular biology, transcription coregulators are proteins that interact with transcription factors to either activate or repress the transcription of specific genes.cite journal |author=Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG|title=The coregulator exchange in transcriptional functions of nuclear receptors|journal= Genes Dev |volume= 14 |issue= 2 |pages= 121–41 |year= 2000| doi = 10.1101/gad.14.2.121 |pmid= 10652267] Transcription coregulators that activate gene transcription are referred to as coactivators while those that repress are known as corepressors. The mechanism of action of transcription coregulators is to modify chromatin structure and thereby make the associated DNA more or less accessible to transcription. One class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second ATP dependent class modifies the conformation of chromatin.cite journal |author=Kingston RE, Narlikar GJ|title=ATP-dependent remodeling and acetylation as regulators of chromatin fluidity|journal= Genes Dev |volume= 13 |issue= 18 |pages= 2339–52 |year= 1999| doi = 10.1101/gad.13.18.2339 |pmid= 10500090]

Histone acyltransferases

Nuclear DNA is normally tightly wrapped around histones rendering the DNA inaccessible to the general transcription machinery and hence this tight association prevents transcription of DNA. At physiological pH, the phosphate component of the DNA backbone is deprotonated which gives DNA a net negative charge. Histones are rich in lysine residues which at physiological pH are protonated and therefore positively charged. The electrostatic attraction between these opposite charges is largely responsible for the tight binding of DNA to histones.

Many coactivator proteins have intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) catalytic activity or recruit other proteins with this activity to promoters. These HAT proteins are able to acylate the amine group in the sidechain of histone lysine residues which makes lysine much less basic, not protonated at physiological pH, and therefore neutralizes the positive charges in the histone proteins. This charge neutralization weakens the binding of DNA to histones causing the DNA to unwind from the histone proteins and thereby significantly increases the rate of transcription of this DNA.

Many corepressor can recruit histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes to promoters. These enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of acylated lysine residues restoring the positive charge to histone proteins and hence the tie between histone and DNA. PELP-1 can act as a transcriptional corepressor for transcription factors in the nuclear receptor family such as glucocorticoid receptors.cite journal |author=Choi YB, Ko JK, Shin J|title=The transcriptional corepressor, PELP1, recruits HDAC2 and masks histones using two separate domains|journal= J Biol Chem |volume= 279 |issue= 49 |pages= 50930–41 |year= 2004| doi =10.1074/jbc.M406831200 |pmid= 15456770]

Nuclear receptor coactivators

Nuclear receptors bind to coactivators in a ligand dependent manor. A common feature of nuclear receptor coactivators is that they contain one or more LXXLL binding motifs (a contiguous sequence of 5 amino acids where L = leucine and X = any amino acid) referred to as NR (nuclear receptor) boxes. The LXXLL binding motifs have been shown by X-ray crystallography to bind to a grove on the surface of ligand binding domain of nuclear receptors.cite journal | author = Shiau AK, Barstad D, Loria PM, Cheng L, Kushner PJ, Agard DA, Greene GL | title = The structural basis of estrogen receptor/coactivator recognition and the antagonism of this interaction by tamoxifen | journal = Cell | volume = 95 | issue = 7 | pages = 927–37 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9875847 | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81717-1 | issn = ] Examples include:
* ARA (androgen receptor associated protein)
** ARA54 (gene|RNF14)
** ARA55 (gene|TGFB1I1)
** ARA70 (gene|NCOA4)
* CBP (cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein-binding protein) (gene|CREB1)
* CRTC (CREB regulated transcription coactivator)
** CRTC1 (gene|CRTC1)
** CRTC2 (gene|CRTC2)
** CRTC3 (gene|CRTC3)
* CARM1 (coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1) gene|CARM1
* Nuclear receptor coactivator (NCOA)
** NCOA1/SRC-1 (steroid receptor coactivator-1)/ gene|NCOA1
** NCOA2/GRIP1 (glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein 1)/ TIF2 (transcriptional intermediary factor 2) gene|NCOA2
** NCOA3/AIB1 (amplified in breast) gene|NCOA3
** NCOA4/ARA70 (androgen receptor associated protein 70) gene|NCOA4
** NCOA5 (gene|NCOA5)
** NCOA6 (gene|NCOA6)
** NCOA7 (gene|NCOA7)
* p300 gene|EP300
* PCAF (p300/CBP associating factor) gene|PCAFcite journal |author=Vadlamudi RK, Wang RA, Mazumdar A, Kim Y, Shin J, Sahin A, Kumar R|title=Molecular cloning and characterization of PELP1, a novel human coregulator of estrogen receptor alpha|journal= J Biol Chem |volume= 276 |issue= 41 |pages= 38272–9 |year= 2001| doi =10.1074/jbc.M103783200 |pmid= 11481323]
* PGC1 (proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1)
** PPARGC1A (gene|PPARGC1A)
** PPARGC1B (gene|PPARGC1B)
* PNRC (proline-rich nuclear receptor coactivator 1)
** PNRC1 (gene|PNRC1)
** PNRC2 (gene|PNRC2)

Nuclear receptor corepressors

Corepressor proteins also bind to the surface of the ligand binding domain of nuclear receptors, but through a LXXXIXXX(I/L) motif of amino acids (where L = leucine, I = isoleucine and X = any amino acid).cite journal | author = Xu HE, Stanley TB, Montana VG, Lambert MH, Shearer BG, Cobb JE, McKee DD, Galardi CM, Plunket KD, Nolte RT, Parks DJ, Moore JT, Kliewer SA, Willson TM, Stimmel JB | title = Structural basis for antagonist-mediated recruitment of nuclear co-repressors by PPARalpha | journal = Nature | volume = 415 | issue = 6873 | pages = 813–7 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11845213 | doi = 10.1038/415813a | issn = ] In addition, copressors bind preferentially to the apo (ligand free) form of the nuclear receptor (or possibly antagonist bound receptor).

* CtBP 602618 gene|SIN3A (associates with class II histone deacetylases)
* LCoR (ligand-dependent corepressor) (gene|LCOR)
* Nuclear receptor CO-Repressor (NCOR)
** NCOR1 (gene|NCOR1)
** NCOR2 (gene|NCOR2)/SMRT (Silencing Mediator (co-repressor) for Retinoid and Thyroid-hormone receptors) (associates with histone deacetylase-3)
* Rb (retinoblastoma protein) gene|RB1 (associates with histone deacetylase-1 and -2)
* RCOR (REST corepressor)
** RCOR1 (gene|RCOR1)
** RCOR2 (gene|RCOR2)
** RCOR3 (gene|RCOR3)
* Sin3
** SIN3A (gene|SIN3A)
** SIN3B (gene|SIN3B)
* TIF1 (transcriptional intermediary factor 1)
** TRIM24 Tripartite motif-containing 24 (gene|TRIM24)
** TRIM28 Tripartite motif-containing 28 (gene|TRIM28)
** TRIM33 Tripartite motif-containing 33 (gene|TRIM33)

Dual function activator/repressors

* NSD1 (gene|NSD1)
* PELP-1 (proline, glutamic acid and leucine rich protein 1) gene|PELP1
* RIP140 (receptor-interacting protein 140) gene|NRIP1

ATP-dependent remodeling factors

* SWI/SNF family
* chromatin structure remodeling complex
* ISWI protein gene|SMARCA1, gene|SMARCA2

ee also

* Coactivator (genetics)
* Corepressor (genetics)
* Nuclear receptor coregulators
* RNA polymerase control by chromatin structure
* Transcription
* Transcription factor

References

External links

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