List of food additives

This is an alphabetical list of food additives. For related lists, see also: List of food additives, Codex Alimentarius and E number.

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List of food additive types

* Acidity regulators
* Anti-caking agents
* Anti-foaming agents
* Food coloring
* Color fixatives
* Color retention agents
* Emulsifiers
* Firming agents
* Flavor enhancer
* Flour treatment agents
* Food acids
* Gelling agents
* Glazing agents
* Humectants
* Improving agents
* Mineral salts
* Preservatives
** Antioxidants
* Propellants
* Seasonings
* Sequestrants
* Stabilizers
* Sweeteners
** Artificial sweeteners
* Thickeners
* Vegetable gums

Caffeine and other GRAS (generally recognized as safe) additives such as sugar and salt are not required to go through the regulation process.

Alphabetical index of food additives

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0-9

* 1,4-heptonolactone - food acid
* 2-hydroxybiphenyl - preservative

A

* Abietic acid -
* Acacia vera -
* Acacia -
* Acesulfame potassium - artificial sweetener
* Acesulfame -
* Acetic acid - acidity regulator
* Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
* Acetylated distarch adipate - thickener, vegetable gum
* Acetylated distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
* Acetylated oxidised starch - thickener, vegetable gum
* Acetylated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
* Acid treated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
* Adipic acid - food acid
* Agar - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent
* Alcohol -
* Alfalfa -
* Alginic acid - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
* Alitame - artificial sweetener
* Alkaline treated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
* Alkanet - color (red)
* Allspice -
* Allura red AC - color (FDA: FD&C Red #40)
* Almond oil - used as a substitute for olive oil. Also used as an emollient.
* Aluminium - color (silver)
* Aluminium ammonium sulfate - mineral salt
* Aluminium potassium sulfate - mineral salt
* Aluminium silicate - anti-caking agent
* Aluminium sodium sulfate - mineral salt
* Aluminium sulfate - mineral salt
* Amaranth - color (red) (FDA: [DELISTED] Red #2) Note that amaranth dye is unrelated to the amaranth plant
* Amaranth oil - high in squalene and unsaturated fatty acids - used in food and cosmetic industries.
* Amchur (mango powder)
* Ammonium acetate - preservative, acidity regulator
* Ammonium adipates - acidity regulator
* Ammonium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
* Ammonium bicarbonate - mineral salt
* Ammonium carbonate - mineral salt
* Ammonium chloride - mineral salt
* Ammonium ferrocitrate - food acid
* Ammonium fumarate - food acid
* Ammonium hydroxide - mineral salt
* Ammonium lactate - food acid
* Ammonium malate - food acid
* Ammonium phosphates - mineral salt
* Ammonium phosphatides - emulsifier
* Ammonium polyphosphates - anti-caking agent
* Ammonium sulfate - mineral salt, improving agent
* Amylases - flour treatment agent
* Angelica ("Angelica archangelica")
* Anise -
* Annatto - color
* Anthocyanins - color
* Apricot oil - a cooking oil from certain cultivars.
* Arabinogalactan - thickener, vegetable gum
* Argan oil - a food oil from Morocco that has also attracted recent attention in Europe.
* Argon - propellant
* Rocket (Arugula)
* Asafoetida -
* Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) - antioxidant (water soluble)
* Ascorbyl palmitate - antioxidant (fat soluble)
* Ascorbyl stearate - antioxidant (fat soluble)
* Aspartame - artificial sweetener
* Astaxanthin - color
* Avocado oil - used a substitute for olive oil. Also used in cosmetics and skin care products.
* Azodicarbonamide - flour bleaching agent. Also used in the production of foamed plastics and the manufacture of gaskets. Banned as a food additive in Australia and Europe.
* Azorubine - color (red) (FDA: Ext D&C Red #10)

B

* Babassu oil - similar to, and used as a substitute for coconut oil.
* Baking powder - leavening agent; includes acid and base
* Baking soda - food base
* Balm, lemon -
* Balm oil -
* Balsam peru -
* Barberry -
* Barley flour -
* Basil ("Ocimum basilicum") -
* Basil extract -
* Bay leaves -
* Beeswax - glazing agent
* Beet red - color (red)
* Beetroot red - color (red)
* Ben oil - extracted from the seeds of the moringa oleifera. High in behenic acid. Extremely stable edible oil. Also suitable for biofuel.
* Bentonite - anti-caking agent
* Benzoic acid - preservative
* Benzoyl peroxide - flour treatment agent
* Berebere -
* Beta-apo-8'-carotenal (C 30) - color
* Beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid ethyl ester - color
* Betanin - color (red)
* Biphenyl - preservative
* Bison grass ("Hierochloe odorata")
* Bixin - color
* Black 7984 - color (brown and black)
* Black cardamom -
* Black cumin -
* Blackcurrant seed oil - used as a food supplement, because of high content of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Also used in cosmetics.
* Black limes -
* Pepper (black, white, and green) -
* Black PN - color (brown and black)
* Bleached starch - thickener, vegetable gum
* Bolivian Coriander ("Porophyllum ruderale") -
* Bone phosphate - anti-caking agent
* Borage ("Borago officinalis") -
* Borage seed oil - similar to blackcurrant seed oil - used primarily medicinally.
* Borax - preservative
* Boric acid - preservative
* Brilliant Black BN- color (brown and black)
* Brilliant blue FCF - color (FDA: FD&C Blue #1)
* Brilliant Scarlet 4R - color (FDA: Ext D&C Red #8)
* Brominated vegetable oil - emulsifier, stabiliser
* Brown FK - color (brown and black)
* Bush tomato -
* Butane - propellant
* Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) - antioxidant (fat soluble)
* Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) - antioxidant (fat soluble)

C

* Cacao shell -
* Cachou extract -
* Cactus root extract -
* Cadinene -
* Caffeine - stimulant
* Cajeput oil -
* Calamus -
* Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides - flavor enhancer
* Calcium acetate - preservative, acidity regulator
* Calcium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
* Calcium ascorbate - antioxidant (water soluble)
* Calcium aluminosilicate (calcium aluminium silicate) - anti-caking agent
* Calcium ascorbate (Vitamin C)
* Calcium benzoate - preservative
* Calcium bisulfite - preservative, antioxidant
* Calcium carbonates - color (white), anticaking agent, stabiliser
* Calcium chloride - mineral salt
* Calcium citrates - food acid, firming agent
* Calcium diglutamate - flavor enhancer
* Calcium disodium EDTA - preservative
* Calcium ferrocyanide - anti-caking agent
* Calcium formate - preservative
* Calcium fumarate - food acid
* Calcium gluconate - acidity regulator
* Calcium guanylate - flavor enhancer
* Calcium hydrogen sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
* Calcium hydroxide - mineral salt
* Calcium inosinate - flavor enhancer
* Calcium lactate - food acid
* Calcium lactobionate - stabilizer
* Calcium malates - food acid
* Calcium oxide - mineral salt
* Calcium pantothenate (Vitamin B5)
* Calcium peroxide -
* Calcium phosphates - mineral salt, anti-caking agent, firming agent
* Calcium polyphosphates - anti-caking agent
* Calcium propionate - preservative
* Calcium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
* Calcium silicate - anti-caking agent
* Calcium sorbate - preservative
* Calcium stearoyl lactylate - emulsifier
* Calcium sulfate - flour treatment agent, mineral salt, sequestrant, improving agent, firming agent
* Calcium sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
* Calcium tartrate - food acid, emulsifier
* False flax oil made of the seeds of Camelina sativa - available in Russia as "????????? ?????". Considered promising as a food or fuel oil.
* Camomile -
* Candelilla wax - glazing agent
* Candle nut -
* Canola oil/Rapeseed oil, one of the most widely used cooking oils, from a (trademarked) cultivar of rapeseed.
* Canthaxanthin - color
* Caper ("Capparis spinosa")
* Capsanthin - color
* Capsorubin - color
* Caramel I (plain) - color (brown and black)
* Caramel II (Caustic Sulfite process) - color (brown and black)
* Caramel III (Ammonia process) - color (brown and black)
* Caramel IV (Ammonia sulfite process) - color (brown and black)
* Caraway -
* Carbamide - flour treatment agent
* Carbon black - color (brown and black)
* Carbon dioxide - acidity regulator, propellant
* Cardamom -
* Carmoisine - color (red) (FDA: Ext D&C Red #10)
* Carnauba wax - glazing agent
* Carob Pod -
* Carob pod oil/Algaroba oil, used medicinally.
* Carotenes - color
** Alpha-carotene - color
** Beta-carotene - color
** Gamma-carotene - color
* Carrageenan - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
* Carrot oil -
* Cashew oil - somewhat comparable to olive oil. May have value for fighting dental cavities. [http://www.highbeam.com/library/docfree.asp?DOCID=1G1:10597226&ctrlInfo=Round19%3AMode19a%3ADocG%3AResult&ao=]
* Cassia -
* Catechu extract -
* Celery salt -
* Celery seed -
* Wheat germ oil - used as a food supplement, and for its "grainy" flavor. Also used medicinally. Highly unstable.
* Chalk - color (white), anticaking agent, stabiliser
* Chervil ("Anthriscus cerefolium") -
* Chicory -
* Chicory Root Extract - High in Inulin
* Chile pepper -
* Chili powder -
* Chives ("Allium schoenoprasum") -
* Chlorine dioxide - flour treatment agent
* Chlorine - flour treatment agent
* Chlorophylls and Chlorophyllins - color (green)
* Chocolate Brown HT - color
* Choline salts and esters - emulsifier
* Chrysoine resorcinol - color (red)
* Cicely ("Myrrhis odorata")
* Sweet cicely ("Myrrhis odorata")
* "Cilantro" (see Coriander) ("Coriandrum sativum")
* Cinnamon -
* Cinnamon oil - used for flavoring.
* Citranaxanthin - color
* Citric acid - food acid
* Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
* Citrus red 2 - color (red)
* Cloves -
* Cochineal - color (red)
* Coconut oil - a cooking oil, high in saturated fat - particularly used in baking and cosmetics.
* Sage ("Salvia officinalis") -
* Copper complexes of chlorophylls - color (green)
* Coriander -
* Coriander seed oil - used medicinally. Also used as a flavoring agent in pharmaceutical and food industries.
* Corn oil - one of the most common, and inexpensive cooking oils.
* Corn syrup -
* Cottonseed oil - a major food oil, often used in industrial food processing.
* Cress -
* carmines - color (red)
* Crocetin - color
* Crocin - color
* Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose - emulsifier
* Cryptoxanthin - color
* Cumin -
* Cumin oil/Black seed oil - used as a flavor, particularly in meat products. Also used in veterinary medicine.
* Cupric sulfate - mineral salt
* Curcumin - color (yellow and orange)
* Curry powder -
* Curry leaf ("Murraya koenigii") -
* Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) -
* Cyclamates - artificial sweetener
* Cyclamic acid - artificial sweetener
* beta-cyclodextrin - emulsifier
* Lemongrass ("Cymbopogon citratus, C. flexuosus", and other species) -

D

* Damiana ("Turnera aphrodisiaca", "T. diffusa") -
* Dandelion leaf -
* Dandelion root -
* Dandelion ("Taraxacum officinale") -
* Decanal dimethyl acetal -
* Decanal -
* Decanoic acid -
* Dehydroacetic acid - preservative
* Delta-tocopherol(synthetic) - antioxidant
* Devil's claw ("Harpagophytum procumbens") medicinal
* Dextrin roasted starch - thickener, vegetable gum
* Diacetyltartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
* Dicalcium diphosphate - anti-caking agent
* Dilauryl thiodipropionate - antioxidant
* Dill seed -
* Dill ("Anethum graveolens") -
* Dimethyl dicarbonate - preservative
* Dimethylpolysiloxane - emulsifier, anti-caking agent
* Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate - emulsifier
* Diphenyl - preservative
* Diphosphates - mineral salt, emulsifier
* Dipotassium guanylate - flavor enhancer
* Dipotassium inosinate - flavor enhancer
* Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides - flavor enhancer
* Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate - antioxidant, preservative
* Disodium guanylate - flavor enhancer
* Disodium inosinate - flavor enhancer
* Distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
* Distearyl thiodipropionate - antioxidant
* Dl-alpha-tocopherol (synthetic) - antioxidant
* Dodecyl gallate - antioxidant

E

* Echinacea -
* EDTA -
* Egg -
* Egg yolk -
* Eggwhite -
* Elderberry -
* Eleutherococcus senticosus -
* Enzymatically hydrolyzed Carboxymethyl cellulose - emulsifier
* Enzyme treated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
* Epazote ("Chenopodium ambrosioides")
* Epsom salts - mineral salt, acidity regulator, firming agent
* Erythorbin acid - antioxidant
* Erythrosine - color (red) (FDA: FD&C Red #3)
* Erythritol - artificial sweetener
* Ethanol (alcohol) -
* Ethyl maltol - flavor enhancer
* Ethyl methyl cellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
* Ethylparaben (ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate) - preservative
* Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid -
* Evening primrose oil - used as a food supplement for its purported medicinal properties.

F

* Fantesk -
* Farnesol -
* Fast green FCF - color (FDA: FD&C Green #3)
* Fat -
* Favoxanthin - color
* Fennel ("Foeniculum vulgare")
* Fenugreek -
* Ferric ammonium citrate - food acid
* Ferrous gluconate - color retention agent
* Ferrous lactate -
* Filé powder -
* Five-spice powder (Chinese) -
* Fo-ti-tieng -
* Formaldehyde - preservative
* Formic acid - preservative
* Fructose -
* Fumaric acid - acidity regulator

G

* Galangal -
* Galangal root -
* Galbanum oil -
* Gallic acid -
* Gamma-tocopherol(synthetic) - antioxidant
* Garam masala -
* Garlic extract -
* Garlic -
* Garlic oil -
* Gelatin -
* gelatine (not classified as an additive) - Gelling agent, emulsifier
* Gellan gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
* Ginger -
* Ginger oil -
* Ginger root -
* Ginseng -
* Glacial Acetic acid - preservative, acidity regulator
* Glucitol -
* Gluconate -
* Glucono-delta-lactone - acidity regulator
* Glucose oxidase - antioxidant
* Glucose syrup - sweetener
* Glutamate -
* Glutamic acid - flavor enhancer
* Gluten -
* Glycerin - humectant, sweetener
* Glycerol -
* Glycerol esters of wood rosin - emulsifier
* Glyceryl distearate - emulsifier
* Glyceryl monostearate - emulsifier
* Glycine - flavor enhancer
* Glyoxylic acid -
* Gold - color (gold)
* Grains of paradise -
* Grape color extract -
* Grape seed oil - suitable for cooking at high temperatures. Also used as a salad oil, and in cosmetics.
* Green S - color (green)
* Green tea -
* Guanylic acid - flavor enhancer
* Guar gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer
* Guaranine -
* Gum acacia - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
* Gum arabic - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
* Gum guaicum - preservative

H

* Haw bark -
* Hazelnut oil - used for its flavor. Also used in skin care, because of its slight astringent nature.
* Heliotropin -
* Helium - propellant
* Hemlock oil -
* Hemp oil - a high quality food oil.
* Heptyl p-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
* Hesperidin -
* Hexamine (hexamethylene tetramine) - preservative
* Hexyl acetate -
* High fructose corn syrup -
* Horseradish -
* Hydrochloric acid - acidity regulator
* Hydroxypropyl cellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
* Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
* Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
* Hydroxypropyl starch - thickener, vegetable gum
* Hyssop ("Hyssopus officinalis") -

I

* Indanthrene blue RS - color (blue)
* Indigo carmine - color (blue) (FDA: FD&C Blue #2)
* Indigotine - color (blue) (FDA: FD&C Blue #2)
* Indole -
* Inosinate -
* Inosinic acid - flavor enhancer
* Inositol -
* Insoluble fiber -
* Intense sweeteners -
* Inulin
* Invert sugar -
* Invertase -
* Iron ammonium citrate -
* Iron -
* Iron oxides and hydroxides - color
* Isobutane - propellant
* Isomalt - humectant
* Isopropyl citrates - antioxidant, preservative

J

* Jasmine -
* Jamaican jerk spice -
* Jasmine absolute -
* Jiaogulan ("Gynostemma pentaphyllum") -
* Juniper -
* Juniper berry -
* Juniper berry oil - used as a flavor. Also used medicinally, including traditional medicine.
* Juniper extract -

K

* Kaffir Lime Leaves ("Citrus hystrix, C. papedia") -
* Kaolin - anti-caking agent
* Kapok seed oil - used as an edible oil, and in soap production. [http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/oele/kapok/kapok.htm]
* Karaya gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
* Kelp -
* Kokam -
* Kola nut extract -
* Konjac - thickener, vegetable gum
* Konjac glucomannate - thickener, vegetable gum
* Konjac gum - thickener, vegetable gum

L

* L-cysteine - flour treatment agent
* Lactic acid - acidity regulator, preservative, antioxidant
* Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
* Lactitol - humectant
* Lactose -
* Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and propylene glycol - emulsifier
* Larch gum -
* Lard -
* Latolrubine - color
* Laurel berry -
* Laurel leaf oil -
* Lavender ("Lavandula spp.")
* Lavender oil -
* Lecithins - antioxidant, Emulsifier
* Lecithin citrate - preservative
* Legume -
* Lemon -
* Lemon balm ("Melissa officinalis") -
* Lemon extract -
* Lemon juice -
* Lemon Myrtle ("Backhousia citriodora") -
* Lemon oil -
* Lemon verbena ("Lippia citriodora") -
* Lemongrass oil -
* Leucine - flavor enhancer
* Licorice -
* Lipases - flavor enhancer
* Lithol Rubine BK - color
* Litholrubine - color
* Locust bean gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
* Long pepper -
* Lovage ("Levisticum officinale") -
* L(+)-Tartaric acid - food acid
* Lutein - color
* Lycopene - color
* Lysine -
* Lysozyme - preservative

M

* Macadamia oil - used as an edible oil. Also used as a massage oil.
* Mace -
* Magnesium -
* Magnesium carbonate - anti-caking agent, mineral salt
* Magnesium chloride - mineral salt
* Magnesium citrate - acidity regulator
* Magnesium diglutamate - flavor enhancer
* Magnesium hydroxide - mineral salt
* Magnesium lactate - food acid
* Magnesium oxide - anti-caking agent
* Magnesium phosphates - mineral salt, anti-caking agent
* Magnesium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
* Magnesium silicate - anti-caking agent
* Magnesium stearate - emulsifier, stabiliser
* Magnesium sulfate - mineral salt, acidity regulator, firming agent
* Mahlab -
* Malabathrum -
* Malic acid - acidity regulator
* Malt extract -
* Maltitol - humectant, stabiliser
* Maltodextrin - carbohydrate sweetener
* Maltol - flavor enhancer
* Maltose -
* Mandarin oil
* Manganese -
* Mannitol - humectant, anti-caking agent, sweetener
* Margarine -
* Marjoram ("Origanum majorana")
* Mastic -
* Meadowfoam seed oil - highly stable oil, with over 98% long-chain fatty acids. Competes with rapeseed oil for industrial applications. [http://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodity/grainsoilseeds/meadowfoam/]
* Mentha arvensis oil/Mint oil, used in flavoring toothpastes, mouthwashes and pharmaceuticals, as well as in aromatherapy and other medicinal applications. [http://www.msinp.com/herbs/menthaar.htm]
* Metatartaric acid - food acid, emulsifier
* Methionine -
* Methyl butyrate -
* Methyl disulfide -
* Methyl ethyl cellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
* Methyl hexenoate -
* Methyl isobutyrate -
* Methylcellulose - thickener, emulsifier, vegetable gum
* Methylparaben (methyl para-hydroxybenzoate) - preservative
* Methyltheobromine -
* Microcrystalline cellulose - anti-caking agent
* Milk thistle ("Silybum") -
* Milk -
* Mint ("Mentha spp.") -
* Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
* Modified starch -
* Molasses extract -
* Molybdenum -
* Bergamot ("Monarda didyma") -
* Mono- and diglycerides of Fatty acids - emulsifier
* Monoammonium glutamate - flavor enhancer
* Monopotassium glutamate - flavor enhancer
* Monosodium glutamate (MSG) - flavor enhancer
* Monostarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
* Montanic acid esters - humectant
* Mullien ("Verbascum thapsus")
* Mustard -
* Mustard oil (essential oil), containing a high percentage of allyl isothiocyanate or other isothiocyanates, depending on the species of mustard
* Mustard oil (pressed) - used in India as a cooking oil. Also used as a massage oil.
* Mustard plant -
* Mustard seed -

N

* Natamycin - preservative
* Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone - artificial sweetener
* Niacin (vitamin B3) - color retention agent
** nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) - color retention agent
** Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) - color retention agent
* Nigella (Kolanji, Black caraway) -
* Nisin - preservative
* Nitrogen - propellant
* Nitrous oxide - propellant
* Norbixin - color
* Nutmeg -

O

* Octyl gallate - antioxidant
* Evening primrose ("Oenothera biennis" et al) -
* Okra oil (Hibiscus seed oil) - from the seed of the "Hibiscus esculentus". Composed predominantly of oleic and lanoleic acids. [cite journal|title=Hibiscus seed oil compositions|author=R. Holser, G. Bost|journal=AOCS|volume=95|date=May, 2004|url=http://www.aocs.org/archives/am2004/session.asp?session=PRO+4%2FSOA+4%3A+Processing+of+Specialty+Oils]
* Oleomargarine -
* Olive oil - used in cooking - cosmetics - soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps
* Orange GGN - color (orange)
* Orange oil - like lemon oil - cold pressed rather than distilled. Consists of 90% d-Limonene. Used as a fragrance, in cleaning products and in flavoring foods. [http://www.floridachemical.com/dlimoneneorangeoilcoldpressedorangeoilfoldedorangeoilapplications.htm]
* Orcein - color (red)
* Orchil - color (red)
* Oregano ("Origanum vulgare, O. heracleoticum", and other species) -
* Oregano oil - contains thymol and carvacrol - making it a useful fungicide. Also used to treat digestive problems. [http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10116,00.html]
* Orris root -
* Orthophenyl phenol - preservative
* Oxidised polyethylene wax - humectant
* Oxidised starch - thickener, vegetable gum
* Oxystearin - antioxidant, sequestrant

P

* Palm oil - the most widely produced tropical oil. Also used to make biofuel.
* Panax ginseng -
* Panax quinquefolia -
* Ponch phoran -
* Pandan leaf -
* Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) -
* Paprika -
* Paprika extract -
* Paraffins - glazing agent
* Parsley ("Petroselinum crispum") -
* Patent blue V - color (blue)
* Peanut oil/Ground nut oil - mild-flavored cooking oil.
* Pecan oil - valued as a food oil, but requiring fresh pecans for good quality oil. [http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/extension/fruit/pecanhealth/pecanhealth.html]
* Pectin - vegetable gum, emulsifier
* Perilla seed oil - high in omega-3 fatty acids. Used as an edible oil, for medicinal purposes, in skin care products and as a drying oil.
* Phosphated distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
* Phosphoric acid - food acid
* Phytic acid - preservative
* Pigment Rubine - color
* Pimaricin - preservative
* Pine needle oil
* Pine seed oil - an expensive food oil, used in salads and as a condiment. [http://www.recipetips.com/glossary-term/t--36309/pine-seed.asp]
* Pistachio oil - strongly flavored oil, particularly for use in salads. [http://www.1001huiles.fr/en/catalog/pistachio_oil.php]
* Prune kernel oil - marketed as a gourmet cooking oil [http://www.iterg.com/article.php3?id_article=370]
* Poly vinyl pyrrolidone -
* Polydextrose - humectant
* Polyethylene glycol 8000 - antifoaming agent
* Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids - emulsifier
* Polyglycerol polyricinoleate - emulsifier
* Polymethylsiloxane - antifoaming agent
* Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate - emulsifier
* Polyoxyethylene (8) stearate - emulsifier, stabilizer
* Polyphosphates - mineral salt, emulsifier
* Polysorbate 20 - emulsifier
* Polysorbate 40 - emulsifier
* Polysorbate 60 - emulsifier
* Polysorbate 65 - emulsifier
* Polysorbate 80 - emulsifier
* Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone - color stabiliser
* Pomegranate seeds (though some consider these a fruit, not a spice)
* Ponceau 4R - color (FDA: Ext D&C Red #8)
* Ponceau 6R - color
* Ponceau SX - color
* Poppy seed -
* Poppyseed oil - used for cooking, moisturizing skin, and in paints, varnishes and soaps.
* Potassium acetates - preservative, acidity regulator
* Potassium adipate - food acid
* Potassium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
* Potassium aluminium silicate - anti-caking agent
* Potassium ascorbate - antioxidant (water soluble)
* Potassium benzoate - preservative
* Potassium bicarbonate - mineral salt
* Potassium bisulfite - preservative, antioxidant
* Potassium bromate - flour treatment agent
* Potassium carbonate - mineral salt
* Potassium chloride - mineral salt
* Potassium citrates - food acid
* Potassium ferrocyanide - anti-caking agent
* Potassium fumarate - food acid
* Potassium gluconate - stabiliser
* Potassium hydrogen sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
* Potassium hydroxide - mineral salt
* Potassium lactate - food acid
* Potassium malate - food acid
* Potassium metabisulfite - preservative, antioxidant
* Potassium nitrate - preservative, color fixative
* Potassium nitrite - preservative, color fixative
* Potassium phosphates - mineral salt
* Potassium propionate - preservative
* Potassium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
* Potassium sodium tartrate - food acid
* Potassium sorbate - preservative
* Potassium sulfate - mineral salt, seasoning
* Potassium sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
* Potassium tartrates - food acid
* Powdered Cellulose - anti-caking agent
* Primrose ("Primula") — candied flowers, tea
* Processed Eucheuma seaweed - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
* Propane-1,2-diol alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
* Propionic acid - preservative
* Propyl gallate - antioxidant
* Propylene glycol - humectant
* Propylene glycol alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
* Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids - emulsifier
* Propylparaben (propyl para-hydroxybenzoate) - preservative
* Pumpkin seed oil - a specialty cooking oil, produced in Austria and Slovenia. Doesn't tolerate high temperatures.
* Purslane -
* Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) -

Q

* Quatre épices -
* Quillaia extract - humectant
* Quinoa oil - similar in composition and use to corn oil. [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-328.html]
* Quinoline yellow - color (yellow and orange) (FDA: D&C Yellow #10)

R

* Ramtil oil - pressed from the seeds of the one of several species of genus Guizotia abyssinica (Niger pea) in India and Ethiopia. Used for both cooking and lighting.
* Ras-el hanout
* Raspberry (leaves)
* Red 2G - color
* Refined microcrystalline wax - glazing agent
* Rhodoxanthin - color
* Riboflavin (vitamin B2) - color (yellow and orange)
* Rice bran oil - suitable for high temperature cooking. Widely used in Asia.
* Rosemary ("Rosmarinus officinalis") -
* Rubixanthin - color

S

* Saccharin - artificial sweetener
* Safflower oil - a flavorless and colorless cooking oil.
* Safflower -
* Saffron - color
* Saigon Cinnamon -
* Salad Burnet ("Sanguisorba minor" or "Poterium sanguisorba")
* Salt -
* Sandalwood - color
* Savory ("Satureja hortensis, S. montana")
* Scarlet GN - color
* Sesame oil - used as a cooking oil, and as a massage oil, particularly in India.
* Sesame seed -
* Shellac - glazing agent
* Silicon dioxide - anti-caking agent
* Silver - color (silver)
* Luohanguo
* Sodium acetate - preservative, acidity regulator
* Sodium adipate - food acid
* Sodium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
* Sodium aluminium phosphate - acidity regulator, emulsifier
* Sodium aluminosilicate (sodium aluminium silicate) - anti-caking agent
* Sodium ascorbate - antioxidant (water soluble)
* Sodium benzoate - preservative
* Sodium bicarbonate - mineral salt
* Sodium bisulfite (sodium hydrogen sulfite) - preservative, antioxidant
* Sodium carbonate - mineral salt
* Sodium carboxymethylcellulose - emulsifier
* Sodium citrates - food acid
* Sodium dehydroacetate - preservative
* Sodium erythorbate - antioxidant
* Sodium erythorbin - antioxidant
* Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
* Sodium ferrocyanide - anti-caking agent
* Sodium formate - preservative
* Sodium fumarate - food acid
* Sodium gluconate - stabiliser
* Sodium hydrogen acetate - preservative, acidity regulator
* Sodium hydroxide - mineral salt
* Sodium lactate - food acid
* Sodium malates - food acid
* Sodium metabisulfite - preservative, antioxidant, bleaching agent
* Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
* Sodium nitrate - preservative, color fixative
* Sodium nitrite - preservative, color fixative
* Sodium orthophenyl phenol - preservative
* Sodium propionate - preservative
* Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
* Sodium sorbate - preservative
* Sodium stearoyl lactylate - emulsifier
* Sodium succinates - acidity regulator, flavor enhancer
* Sodium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
* Sodium sulfite - mineral salt, preservative, antioxidant
* Sodium sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
* Sodium tartrates - food acid
* Sodium tetraborate - preservative
* Sorbic acid - preservative
* Sorbitan monolaurate - emulsifier
* Sorbitan monooleate - emulsifier
* Sorbitan monopalmitate - emulsifier
* Sorbitan monostearate - emulsifier
* Sorbitan tristearate - emulsifier
* Sorbitol - humectant, emulsifier, sweetener
* Sorbol -
* Sorrel ("Rumex spp.") -
* Soybean oil - accounts for about half of worldwide edible oil production.
* Spearmint oil - often used in flavoring mouthwash and chewing gum, among other applications. [http://www.aromaticoil.com/spearmintoil.htm]
* Star anise -
* Star anise oil - highly fragrant oil using in cooking. Also used in perfumery and soaps, has been used in toothpastes, mouthwashes, and skin creams. [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/med-aro/factsheets/ANISE.html] 90% of the world's star anise crop is used in the manufacture of Tamiflu, a drug used to treat avian flu.
* Starch sodium octenylsuccinate - thickener, vegetable gum
* Stearic acid - anti-caking agent
* Stearyl tartarate - emulsifier
* Succinic acid - food acid
* Sucralose - artificial sweetener
* Sucroglycerides - emulsifier
* Sucrose acetate isobutyrate - emulsifier, stabiliser
* Sucrose esters of fatty acids - emulsifier
* Sugar -
* Sulfur dioxide - preservative, antioxidant
* Sulfuric acid - acidity regulator
* Sumac -
* Sunflower oil - a common cooking oil, also used to make biodiesel.
* Sunset Yellow FCF - color (yellow and orange) (FDA: FD&C Yellow #6)
* Sweet basil -
* Sweet woodruff -
* Szechuan pepper ("Xanthoxylum piperitum") -

T

* Talc - anti-caking agent
* Tamarind -
* Costmary -
* Tandoori masala -
* Tannins - color, emulsifier, stabiliser, thickener
* Tansy -
* Tara gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer
* Tarragon ("Artemisia dracunculus") -
* Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
* Tartrazine - color (yellow and orange) (FDA: FD&C Yellow #5)
* Camellia oil/Tea oil, widely used in southern China as a cooking oil. Also used in making soaps, hair oils and a variety of other products.
* Tert-butylhydroquinone - antioxidant
* Thaumatin - flavor enhancer, artificial sweetener
* Theine -
* Thermally oxidised soya bean oil - emulsifier
* Thiabendazole - preservative
* Thiamine (Vitamin B1) -
* Thiodipropionic acid - antioxidant
* Thyme -
* stannous chloride - color retention agent, antioxidant
* Titanium dioxide - color (white)
* Tocopherol (Vitamin E) -
* Tocopherol concentrate (natural) - antioxidant
* Tragacanth - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
* Triacetin - humectant
* Triammonium citrate - food acid
* Triethyl citrate - thickener, vegetable gum
* Trimethylxanthine -
* Triphosphates - mineral salt, emulsifier
* sodium phosphates - Mineral Salt
* Turmeric - color (yellow and orange)

V

* Vanilla ("Vanilla planifolia") -
* Vegetable carbon - color (brown and black)
* Vinegar -
* Violaxanthin - color
* Vitamin -
** Vitamin A (Retinol) -
** Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) -
** Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) -
** Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) -
** Vitamin B6 (Pyrodoxine) -
** Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) -
** Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) -
** Vitamin D (Calciferol) -
** Vitamin E {Tocopherol) -
** Vitamin K -

W

* Walnut oil - used for its flavor, also used by Renaissance painters in oil paints
* Wasabi -
* Water -
* Wattleseed -

X

* Xanthan gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer
* Xylitol - humectant, stabiliser

Y

* Yellow 2G - color (yellow and orange)
* Yucca extract -

Z

* Za'atar -
* Zeaxanthin - color
* Zinc acetate - flavor enhancer

References

* [http://nac.allergyforum.com/additives/index.html Australian Food Additive Codes]