Cape Cod Canal

Bourne Bridge, with railroad bridge in distance

The Cape Cod Canal is an artificial waterway traversing the narrow neck of land that joins Cape Cod to mainland Massachusetts.

Part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, the canal is roughly 17.4 miles (28 km) long (approximately 7 miles, or 11.3 km, of which are cut through land)^[1] and connects Cape Cod Bay in the north to Buzzards Bay in the south. The 540-foot (164.6 meter) width of the canal is spanned by the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge and two highway bridges—the Bourne and the Sagamore. Traffic lights govern the approach of vessels over 65 feet (19.8 m), and are located at either end of the canal.

The Massachusetts Maritime Academy is located on Taylors Point at the south entrance of the canal.

Early history

The idea of constructing such a canal was first considered by Miles Standish of the Plymouth Colony in 1623, and Pilgrims scouted the low-lying stretch of land between the Manomet and the Scusset rivers for potential routes. William Bradford established the trading post of Aptuxcet in 1627 at the portage between the rivers. Trade with the Native Americans of Narragansett Bay and the Dutch of New Netherlands prospered and was a major factor enabling the Pilgrims to pay off their indebtedness.^[2] In 1697 the General Court of Massachusetts considered the first formal proposal to build the canal, but apparently took no action. More energetic planning with surveys took place repeatedly in 1776 (by George Washington), 1791, 1803, 1818, 1824–1830, and 1860. None of these efforts came to fruition. The first attempts at actually building a canal did not take place until the late 19th century; earlier planners either ran out of money or were overwhelmed by the project's size.

The engineers finally decided which route through the hillsides to take by connecting and widening the Manomet and Scusset Rivers.^[3]

Digging the canal

The Gov. Warfield digging the canal in 1914

On June 22, 1909, construction finally began for a working canal under the direction of August Belmont, Jr's Boston, Cape Cod & New York Canal Company, using designs by engineer William Barclay Parsons. There were many problems that the engineers of the canal encountered. One was mammoth boulders left by the retreat of Ice Age glaciers. Divers were hired to blow them up, but the effort slowed dredging. Another problem was cold winter storms, which forced the engineers to stop dredging altogether and wait for spring.^[4] Nevertheless, the canal opened, on a limited basis, in 1914, and it was completed in 1916. The privately-owned toll canal had a maximum width of one hundred feet (30 m), a maximum depth of 25 feet, and took a somewhat difficult route from Phinney Harbor [1] at the head of Buzzards Bay. Due to the narrow channel and navigation difficulty, several accidents occurred which limited traffic and blackened the canal's reputation. As a result, despite shortening the trade route from New York City to Boston by 62 miles,^[5] toll revenues failed to meet investors' expectations.

A German U-boat, the U-156, surfaced three miles off Orleans, on July 21, 1918 and shelled the tug Perth Amboy and her string of four barges. The Director General of the United States Railroad Administration took over jurisdiction and operation of the canal four days later under a presidential proclamation. The United States Army Corps of Engineers re-dredged the channel to 25 feet deep while it remained under government control until 1920. In 1928, the government purchased the canal for use as a free public waterway. The purchase price was $11,400,000, and $21,000,000 was spent between 1935 to 1940 increasing the canal's width to 480 feet, and its depth to 32 feet.^[6] As a result, the canal became the widest sea level canal in the world.^[7] The southern entrance to the canal was rebuilt for direct access from Buzzards Bay rather than through Phinney Harbor. Before construction began, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, built a huge scale model, of 9 feet to a mile, of the canal to study the effects of tidal currents on the enlarged and re-routed canal. ^[8]

During World War II, shipping again used the canal to avoid U-boats patrolling offshore. The canal was protected from coastal batteries at Sagamore Hill Military Reservation. The Mystic Steamship Company's collier Stephen R. Jones was grounded and sank in the canal on June 28, 1942. Shipping was routed around Cape Cod, and the SS Alexander Macomb was torpedoed on July 3 with the loss of 10 lives. The canal reopened on July 31, after the wrecked Stephen R. Jones was removed with the help of 17 tons of dynamite.^[9]

Recreational uses

Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star from Otis Air Force Base over the canal with the Sagamore Bridge in the background in the 1960s

The canal is used extensively by recreational vessels.

Service roads on both sides of the canal provide access for fishing and are heavily used by in-line skaters, bicyclists and walkers. Several parking areas are maintained at access points. People often just sit and watch ships and boats transiting the canal. Bourne Scenic Park is leased by the Corps of Engineers to the Town of Bourne Recreation Authority for use as a tent and RV campground adjacent to the Canal.^[10]

The Army Corps of Engineers maintains the Cape Cod Canal Visitor Center which introduces visitors to the history, features, and operation of the Canal. Features include a retired 41-foot US Army Corps of Engineers patrol boat, a 46-seat theater showing continuous DVD presentations on Canal history, Canal flora and fauna, real time radar and camera images of the waterway as well as a variety of interactive exhibits. Corps Park Rangers staff the centre and provide free public programs on a variety of subjects. Tide charts, Canal guides and brochures are also available. The Visitor Center is open seasonally from May to October. Admission is free. It is located on Moffitt Drive in Sandwich near the canal's east end. A second seasonally staffed center is at the Herring Run along Scenic Highway.

Scusset Beach State Reservation lies just north of the east end of the canal and offers beach facilities as well as tent and RV camping. A .7 mi (1.1 km) trail there leads to Sagamore Hill – once a Native American Indian meeting ground and later the site of a World War II coastal fortification with a fine overview of Cape Cod Bay.^[10]

Bournedale Hills Trail extends 1.4 mi (2.25 km) along the north side of the Canal from Bourne Scenic Park campground to the Herring Run. The trail includes a .8 mi (1.25 km) self guided loop which interprets the Canal's historic and natural features.^[10]

Pictures

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  Early plan (1834) which indicates a route different that what was actually constructed. (French)

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  Bourne Bridge

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  Railroad Bridge

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  Sagamore Bridge

Notes

1. ^ www.nae.usace.army.mil/recreati/ccc/education/ActivityBook.pdf
2. ^ Reid, August 1965, p.83
3. ^ Metrick
4. ^ Cape Cod Canal, US Army Corps of Engineers
5. ^ American Geographic Society "The Opening of the Cape Cod Canal" (1914)
6. ^ Reid, August 1965, pp.85-86
7. ^ http://www.nae.usace.army.mil/recreati/ccc/Navigation/navigation.htm
8. ^ "Model of Cape Cod Canal Helps Study of Channel" Popular Mechanics, April 1936
9. ^ Reid, August 1965, pp.89-90
10. ^ ^{a b c} U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. "Recreation Along the Cape Cod Canal". http://www.nae.usace.army.mil/recreati/ccc/recreation/recreation.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-31 

References

• Massachusetts General Court, "Report of the Joint Committee of 1860 Upon the Proposed Canal to Unite Barnstable Bay and Buzzard's Bay", Boston : Wright & Potter, State Printers, pages 10–22, 1864.
• Reid, William J. (August 1965). The Military Value of the Cape Cod Canal. United States Naval Institute Proceedings. 

External links

• Cape Cod Canal -- US Army Corps of Engineers
• Canal recreation map
• video clips of ships transiting Cape Cod Canal

Coordinates: 41°45′53″N 70°34′12″W / 41.764654°N 70.569992°W / 41.764654; -70.569992