Drood

For the Dan Simmons novel, see Drood (novel). For a German succubus, see Drude.

Drood
Original Broadway poster
Music	Rupert Holmes
Lyrics	Rupert Holmes
Book	Rupert Holmes
Basis	Charles Dickens' novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood
Productions	1985 Broadway
Awards	Tony Award for Best Musical Tony Award for Best Book Tony Award for Best Score

Drood (originally The Mystery of Edwin Drood) is a musical based on the unfinished Charles Dickens novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood. It is written by Rupert Holmes, and was the first Broadway musical with multiple endings (determined by audience vote). Holmes received Tony Awards for Best Book and Best Original Score. The musical won five Tony Awards out of eleven nominations, including Best Musical.

The musical first debuted as part of the New York Shakespeare Festival in August 1985, and, following revision, transferred to Broadway, where it ran until May 1987. Two national tours and a production in London's West End followed. Though the show has yet to have a Broadway revival, it continues to be popular with regional, amateur, and student theater companies and has seen numerous foreign productions.

History

Inspiration

The musical Drood is derived from three major inspirations: Charles Dickens's final (and unfinished) novel, The Mystery of Edwin Drood, and the British pantomime and music hall traditions that reached the height of their popularity in the years following Dickens's death.

Dickens's Mystery began publication in 1870. The book, which had been written and published in episodic installments (as had most of Dickens's other novels) was left unfinished upon Dickens's sudden death from a stroke that year. The lack of resolution to the mystery (and the absence of notes that would indicate Dickens's intentions) have made The Mystery of Edwin Drood a literary curiosity. Almost immediately after the publication of Dickens's last episode, various authors and playwrights (including Dickens's own son) attempted to resolve the story with their own endings:^[1] by the time of the Drood musical's production, there had been several "collaborations" between the late Dickens and other novelists, numerous theatrical extrapolations of the material, and three film adaptations of the story.^[2]

Contemporaneous with Dickens's writing, British pantomime styles — distinguished by the importance of audience participation and conventions like the principal boy — reached their height of popularity, just as music hall performance with its attributes of raucous, risque comedy and a distinctive style of music began to achieve prominence.

Rupert Holmes, who would go on to be the major creative contributor to the musical Drood, spent his early childhood in England. At age three, he would experience theater for the first time when he was taken to a modern "panto", complete with cross-dressing lead boy and audience sing-alongs. Some years later, as an 11-year-old boy fascinated by mystery books, Holmes first discovered the unfinished Dickens novel. Both of those seminal experiences would go on to have a major impact on Holmes when he was first approached to write a new musical by impresario Joseph Papp.^[3]

Concept

Holmes, a well-known popular songwriter whose songs had been performed by the likes of Barbra Streisand, and who had himself recorded the #1 hit "Escape (The Piña Colada Song)" in 1979, first became interested in writing a musical in 1983. Following a nightclub appearance during which Holmes performed some of his "story-songs" while sharing humorous anecdotes, Holmes received a note from Gail Merrifield, director of play development at the New York Shakespeare Festival (and wife of Joseph Papp, the creator and head of the Festival), who had seen Holmes's performance and suggested that he write a full-length musical.^[4]

Drawing on his recollections of pantomime and Dickens's novel, as well as later experiences with Victorian-style music hall performance, Holmes conceived the central premises of the show. From the Dickens work, Holmes took the central plot and most of the featured characters. From music hall traditions, he created the lead character of "The Chairman", a sort of Master of Ceremonies and instigator of the action on stage. And from pantomime he retained the concept of the "Lead Boy" (always portrayed by a young female in male drag) and the most ground-breaking aspect of Drood, audience participation.

Drood is unusual in part because of Holmes's feat of writing the book, music, lyrics, and full orchestrations for the show. Though Holmes believed no Broadway creator had done this before,^[5] and despite frequent mentions of this feat in articles and reviews of the show, the practice was not entirely uncommon in the early days of musical theater. Songwriters including Adolf Philipp, were previously credited with the books to their musicals.^[6] However, none of these composer/librettists had written their own orchestrations as well.

In writing the book, Holmes did not let Dickens overshadow his own intentions. Rather than imitate Dickens's writing style, which he felt would be too bleak for the kind of show he wished to write, Holmes employed the device of a "show-within-a-show." The cast members of Drood do not specifically play Dickens's characters, but rather music hall performers who are performing as Dickens's characters. This device allowed for a great deal of light comedy that was not originally found in Dickens's novel to be incorporated into the show, as well as several musical numbers that were unrelated to the original story. In explaining this decision, Holmes was quoted as saying, "This is not Nicholas Nickleby set to music--it's not a Dickensian work. It's light and fun and entertaining. But I hope--I think--that Dickens would have enjoyed it." ^[7] Holmes has also pointed out that "It has the same relationship to Dickens that Kiss Me Kate does to The Taming of the Shrew." ^[8] The pantomime concept also allowed Holmes to employ a female in the lead male role, which further allowed him to write a love song designed to be sung by two sopranos.

Most inventively, Holmes employed a novel method of determining the outcome of the play: having the audience vote for an ending. At a break in the show, the audience votes on who killed Drood (if, indeed, he was killed at all), the identity of the mysterious Dick Datchery, and on which two characters will become romantically involved in the end, creating a happy ending. Since every audience differs in temperament, the outcome is theoretically unpredictable even to the actors, who must quickly tally the votes and commence with the chosen ending (although some smaller companies will "fix" the results to limit the number of possible endings). This device required extra work from Holmes, who had to write numerous short endings which covered every possible voting outcome.

Novel/musical differences

There are several differences between the musical and the novel. The tone of Dickens's original book was somewhat bleak (as was Dickens's style), whereas the show is considerably more lighthearted and played for comedy. The most notable difference in characterization involves Jasper: though Dickens's character is undoubtedly repressed and troubled, he is not depicted with the full-fledged split personality that he appears to have in the musical. Several minor characters are omitted, and the roles of others are expanded. In the musical, Bazzard is Crisparkle's assistant, whereas in the novel he is employed by Rosa's guardian, Mr. Grewgious. Meanwhile, in order to increase the interactivity of the play and introduce doubt as to whom the murderer is, the musical omits several of the novel's clues that Jasper is the killer and introduces clues which do not appear in the novel pointing at other suspects.

Synopsis

Act I

At London's Music Hall Royale, preparations are underway for the premiere performance of the resident troupe's version of "The Mystery of Edwin Drood." Members of the troupe (who venture out into the seats) explain to audience members the historical details of Dickens's untimely demise, as well as the role the audience will play in determining the outcome. From various locations in the theater, the cast members perform the opening number, "There You Are." The Chairman, a kind of Master of Ceremonies, informs attendees that this is going to be an unusual production, and invites all to be as "vulgar and uncivilized as legally possible." With this announcement, the play-within-the-play gets underway.

The first Dickens character introduced is the choirmaster John Jasper, a "respectable" member of society who shares with the audience the fact that he actually suffers from inner torment ("A Man Could Go Quite Mad"). Next to be introduced is Jasper's nephew, Edwin Drood (whom the Chairman reveals is being played by the famous male impersonator, Miss Alice Nutting), who discusses his impending arranged marriage with Rosa Bud, as well as his plans to leave for Egypt after the wedding ("Two Kinsmen").

Drood's fiancee, Rosa Budd, is then introduced at the "Nun's House" (a ladies' seminary). It is her birthday, and Jasper, her music tutor, has composed a song for Rosa ("Moonfall") which he insists on hearing her sing. During the encore, two orphans from Ceylon, Neville and Helena Landless, enter with the Reverend Crisparkle. After Rosa faints from the lustful lyrics of Jasper's song, Helena comes to her aid ("Moonfall Quartet") while Neville displays an attraction to Rosa. Next to introduce herself is Princess Puffer, the madame of an opium den ("The Wages of Sin"). We see that respectable Jasper is himself a customer of the den, and, as he dreams of Drood and Rosa, Puffer reacts when she hears Rosa's name.

The following day, Rev. Crisparkle introduces Edwin and the Landless twins. When Drood shares his plan to pave a desert highway with stones from the Egyptian pyramids, he offends his new rival Neville and his sister: the three then proceed to argue ("Ceylon"). When Jasper enters with Mayor Sapsea, he points out to the mayor that everything is not always what it seems ("Both Sides of the Coin").

Jasper sneaks around the cemetery, where he obtains a key to one of the tombs. Afterwards, Edwin and Rosa reveal that they both have strong misgivings about their upcoming nuptials ("Perfect Strangers"), and decide to break off their wedding plans, but not to tell anyone until after the Christmas holiday. At Jasper's home, the major players join together to celebrate Christmas dinner, but all is not jolly as the rivalries and dark motivations of all are revealed ("No Good Can Come From Bad"). Edwin and Neville head out to the river as the others depart, and Jasper offers his topcoat to Edwin.

The following day Edwin has disappeared, and Crisparkle's assistant Bazzard has found Jasper's coat torn and bloodied. Drood is presumed murdered, and Neville is the chief suspect. Bazzard takes a moment to lament his own failures ("Never the Luck"), but remains optimistic. Though Neville is captured, he is soon released. Meanwhile, Jasper admits to Rosa that he is in love with her. An angry Rosa turns on Jasper ("The Name of Love"), which leads into a reprise of "Moonfall".

Act II

Six months later, Edwin Drood is still missing and Princess Puffer and a stranger, Dick Datchery, arrive to investigate the mystery of Edwin's disappearance ("Settling Up The Score"). At this moment, the Chairman returns with Deputy and Durdles to remind the audience to pay attention to the clues ("Off to the Races").

While looking for Jasper, Puffer meets Rosa Budd and, joined by the rest of the cast, tells her not to give up her ambitions ("Don't Quit While You're Ahead"). Abruptly, in the middle of the song, all stops: this is as far as Dickens got before he died. It is now time for the audience to decide how the story ends. First it must be determined whether Edwin is actually dead or not. It turns out that Alice Nutting, female impersonator, has been wearing the Datchery costume in order to fulfill her contract to appear in two acts of the play—but are Datchery and Drood one and the same? The cast votes unanimously that Drood is, indeed, dead. Alice, before being sent off, angrily tells the cast that they were all jealous of her, and that that is the only reason why she is being dismissed. After her exit, the Chairman reveals the truth: Alice was a pain, but now it remains to be determined who Datchery truly is. The audience votes for a new Datchery by applause (anyone who has already appeared in scenes with him is ruled out), and the actor chosen goes to make a costume change for the finale.

Next to be determined is the murderer. The Chairman runs down the list of possible murderers and their motives for the crime. The audience is asked to vote by "districts" for the killer, and while the votes are tallied a reprise of "Settling Up The Score" leads into the resolution of "The Mystery".

Puffer finds Rosa and reveals that, years before, she had been Rosa's nanny ("The Garden Path To Hell"). She continues with "Puffer's Confession" and reveals the identity of Datchery (previously chosen by the audience.) The evening's Datchery (either Bazzard, Reverend Crisparkle, Helena, Neville, or Rosa) explains why he or she wants to find the killer ("Out On A Limerick") and promptly accuses Jasper of being the murderer. Jasper soon admits that he strangled his nephew while in a laudanum haze ("Jasper's Confession"). Durdles the gravedigger, however, disagrees; he witnessed the crime and knows who truly killed Edwin Drood. Depending on the audience's vote, the finger is pointed at Bazzard, Crisparkle, Helena, Neville, Puffer, Rosa, or himself. The murderer confesses, then sings a reprise of one of several numbers to admit his or her culpability.

Still, a happy ending is needed, and the Chairman asks the audience to choose two lovers from among the remaining cast members. The two chosen members declare their love, and then reprise "Perfect Strangers". Just then, there comes a noise from the crypt, and a very-much-alive Edwin Drood appears, ready to tell all what really happened on the night of his disappearance ("The Writing On The Wall"). The mystery is solved, and the members of the company take their bows ("Don't Quit While You're Ahead" (reprise)).

Murderers

John Jasper- Jasper was madly in love with Rosa Bud, and his violent split personality gladly killed Drood.
Rosa Bud- Meant to kill Jasper in revenge for his lustful advances, but killed Drood by accident as Drood was wearing Jasper's coat.
Neville Landless- Humiliated by Drood, Neville murdered him in order to regain his pride and also to have a chance with Rosa Bud.
Helena Landless- Knowing her brother's hot temper, Helena murdered Drood so Neville would not be tempted to seek revenge.
Princess Puffer- Intended to kill Jasper in order to protect Rosa from his advances, but accidentally killed Drood because he was wearing Jasper's coat.
The Rev. Mr. Crisparkle- After converting to priesthood after the death of Rosa's mother, believed Jasper to be the incarnation of Satan and killed Drood mistakenly, for Drood was wearing Jasper's overcoat.
Bazzard - In an effort to boost his role in the show, murders Drood. This is definitely the most metatheatrical of the endings.
Durdles- After Jasper laid Drood in the crypt, Durdles believed the still-alive Drood to be a ghost and so smashed his head in. (Even Durdles admits the silliness of this motive within his solo, but laments that because he has been chosen he must have one.) This solo was not used in the original Broadway production and was added for the first national tour.

Tams-Witmark version

The version of the play currently licensed by Tams-Witmark differs significantly from the original Broadway version. Holmes made a variety of changes to the score and libretto when "Drood" opened in London in May 1987. These changes would also carry over to the 1988 National Tour with George Rose (later Clive Revill) and Jean Stapleton. 'A Man Could Go Quite Mad' was dropped from both the 1987 London production (with David Burt as Jasper) and the 1988 National Tour (with Mark Jacoby as Jasper). Many scenes were reordered, while the score's orchestrations and vocal arrangements also underwent minor changes. The materials Tams-Witmark now licenses are essentially a composite of the London production and the national tour.

• The numbers "A Man Could Go Quite Mad," "Ceylon," "Settling Up the Score," and the quartet reprise of "Moonfall" are not standard but optionally may be performed.
• 'A Private Investigation' replaced 'Settling Up the Score'.
• 'Off to the Races' swapped places with 'The Name of Love/Moonfall (Reprise)' and became the Act One finale.
• 'Ceylon' was dropped and 'A British Subject' was put in its place while 'England Reigns' became the new Act Two opening.

With the exception of 'A Private Investigation', none of the added numbers were actually new. 'A British Subject' and 'England Reigns' had been in the show during the first staged reading in 1985 ('England Reigns' was known then as 'There'll be England Again' and served to open the show).

Characters

As Drood is metatheatrical, the characters of the play The Mystery of Edwin Drood are played by "actors of the Theatre Royale", within the production. The following are the dual (or triple) roles each cast member plays:

• Mayor Sapsea: Chairman William Cartwright (who takes over the role at short notice)
• Edwin Drood/the first Datchery: Miss Alice Nutting
• Rosa Bud: Miss Deirdre Peregrine
• John Jasper: Mr. Clive Paget
• The Princess Puffer: Miss Angela Prysock
• The Rev. Crisparkle: Mr. Cedric Moncrieffe
• Neville Landless: Mr. Victor Grinstead
• Helena Landless: Miss Janet Conover
• Bazzard/The Waiter (in "No Good Can Come From Bad"): Mr. Philip Bax
• Durdles: Mr. Nick Cricker
• Deputy: Master Nick Cricker
• Horace: Mr. Nicholas Michael

Musical numbers

Act I There You Are (Chairman, Angela, Deirdre, Alice, Clive, Company) A Man Could Go Quite Mad (Jasper) Two Kinsmen (Jasper and Drood) Moonfall (Rosa) Moonfall Quartet (Rosa, Helena, Alice and Beatrice) The Wages of Sin (Puffer) Jasper's Vision (dream ballet) * Ceylon (Drood, Rosa, Helena, Neville, Company) Both Sides of the Coin (Sapsea and Jasper) Perfect Strangers (Rosa and Drood) No Good Can Come From Bad (Jasper, Rosa, Drood, Neville, Helena, Crisparkle, Waiter) Never the Luck (Bax/Bazzard, Company) The Name of Love/Moonfall (Jasper, Rosa, Company)

Act II Settling Up the Score (Puffer, Datchery, Company) Off to the Races (Sapsea, Durdles, Deputy, Company) Don't Quit While You're Ahead (Puffer, Datchery, Company) Don't Quit While You're Ahead (Reprise) * (Company) Settling Up the Score (Reprise) (Chairman, Suspects, Company) * The Garden Path to Hell (Puffer) Puffer's Revelation (Puffer) * Out on a Limerick (Datcherys) [9] Jasper's Confession (Jasper) Murderer's Confession [10] Perfect Strangers (reprise) [11] * The Writing on the Wall (Drood, Company)

* Not included on the original cast recording

The version of Drood that Tams-Witmark licenses to theater companies does not include "A Man Could Go Quite Mad," "Ceylon," "Settling Up the Score," or the quartet reprise of "Moonfall," though they are provided as "additional material" and theaters can choose whether or not to use those songs in their productions.^[12] Offered instead of "Ceylon" is "A British Subject," and instead of "Settling Up the Score" is "A Private Investigation."

Recordings

Original cast recording

In 1985, a recording was made of The Mystery of Edwin Drood featuring the original Broadway cast. This recording was released by Polydor with the additional subtitle, The Solve-It-Yourself Broadway Musical (Polydor 827969) and the CD included versions of "Out on a Limerick" by all five possible Datcherys (Rosa, Crisparkle, Bazzard, Neville, and Helena) and all six possible Murderer's Confessions (Puffer, Rosa, Bazzard, Crisparkle, Neville, and Helena), as well as an "instructional track" entitled "A Word From Your Chairman...." The LP and cassette included only the opening-night Confession and murderer, and omitted the "lovers." A 1990 re-issue of the cast album by Varèse Sarabande (Varèse 5597) included two tracks, "Ceylon" and "Moonfall Quartet", that are on the original LP and cassette, but not on the CD. It included only Bazzard's version of "Out on a Limerick" and two Murderer Confessions (Rosa's and Puffer's).^[13] The Polydor recording was briefly available on cassette and LP, and ultimately re-released by Varèse Sarabande. Both versions of the cast album are currently out of print, but can sometimes be found (often at a high price) through secondhand vendors or online auction sites.

An Australian cast album (GEP Records 9401) was released in 1994. This recording did not include "Ceylon" or "Moonfall Quartet", but did include three previously unrecorded tracks: "A British Subject", "Puffer's Revelation", and "Durdles' Confession". It should be noted that the Australian cast album was performed by a largely non-professional cast and used (arguably crude) midi sequencing in lieu of a live orchestra. Two songs that were omitted from Drood before it reached Broadway, "An English Music Hall" and "Evensong," were later recorded for the 1994 album, Lost In Boston.^[14] Other songs that never made into the Broadway or London/'88 Tour (Tams-Witmark) versions include: "When the Wicked Man Comes" (sung by a much younger Deputy), "Sapsea's Song" (a music hall ditty for Mayor Sapsea), "I Wouldn't Say No" (a song and dance routine for Durdles) as well as "When Shall These Three Meet Again" - a group number which can be heard as underscoring throughout the show and in the murderer's confession: "But the night was far from bright...")

Productions

After Rupert Holmes wrote an initial draft that lasted three-and-a-half hours, and performed it, solo, for Joseph Papp, Gail Merrifield, and Wilford Leach, (the New York Shakespeare Festival's artistic director), Papp offered to produce the show as part of the Festival (also known as "Shakespeare in the Park"), and told Holmes that it would be immediately transferred to Broadway if it was deemed a success.^[3] The original production of The Mystery of Edwin Drood premiered in New York City's Central Park at the Delacorte Theatre on August 21, 1985 after only three weeks of rehearsals. Notably, Holmes conceived most of the orchestrations himself, a rarity for a Broadway composer.

After the final Festival performance on September 1, preparations for the Broadway transfer (retaining the original cast) immediately got underway. Following a great deal of editing (the Delacorte version contained 32 original songs and was nearly three hours long)^[15] The Mystery of Edwin Drood opened on Broadway at the Imperial Theatre on December 2, 1985. Roughly halfway through the run, the title of the musical was officially shortened to Drood (the name it continues to be licensed under). The show ran for 608 performances (not including 24 previews), and closed on May 16, 1987. The Broadway production was produced by Papp and directed by Leach, with choreography by Graciela Daniele.

The opening night cast of the Broadway production starred George Rose, Cleo Laine, John Herrera, Howard McGillin, Patti Cohenour, and Jana Schneider, who were all nominated for 1986 Tony Awards for their performances, as well as Betty Buckley in the title role. Donna Murphy, Judy Kuhn, and Rob Marshall were also members of the ensemble. (Marshall, who would later become best known as a choreographer and theater/film director, also received an early choreography credit as assistant to Daniele.) Before the show ended its run, Murphy, who was understudy to Cleo Laine and Jana Schneider, took over the title role. Other notable replacements during the show's run included Alison Fraser (taking over for Jana Schneider), Paige O'Hara (taking over for Donna Murphy as Drood), as well as Loretta Swit and later Karen Morrow, who stepped into Laine's roles.^[16]

In 1988, several months after closing on Broadway, a slightly-revised version of Drood began its first North America tour at the Kennedy Center Opera House in Washington, DC, with Rose, Schneider and O'Hara reprising their leads, and Jean Stapleton playing Laine's role.^[17] During the tour, Rose was succeeded by Clive Revill. The show, now licensed by Tams-Witmark, has since has enjoyed a second U.S. national tour, a 1987 West End run at the Savoy Theatre in London,^[3] a production at the Shaw Festival in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada; and numerous regional and professional and amateur theatrical productions worldwide.^[18] In 2007–08, a London revival, presented as a chamber piece and directed by Ted Craig, ran at the Warehouse Theatre.^[19]

Most recently, in the summer of 2009, the Idaho Shakespeare Festival put on a production of Drood, starring resident actors Aled Davies as The Chairman, Lynn Allison as Princess Puffer, and Sara M. Bruner in the title role.

Awards and honors

Tony Awards

Awards

• Tony Award for Best Musical - Joseph Papp, producer
• Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical - Rupert Holmes
• Tony Award for Best Original Score - Rupert Holmes, music and lyrics
• Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical - Wilford Leach
• Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical - George Rose, as "Mayor Thomas Sapsea / Mr. William Cartwright, Your Chairman"

Nominations

• Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical - Cleo Laine, as "Princess Puffer / Miss Angela Prysock"
• Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical - Patti Cohenour, as "Rosa Bud / Miss Deirdre Peregrine"
• Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical - Jana Schneider, as "Helena Landless / Miss Janet Conover"
• Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical - John Herrera, as "Neville Landless / Mr. Victor Grinstead"
• Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical - Howard McGillin, as "John Jasper / Mr. Clive Paget"
• Best Choreography - Graciela Daniele

Drama Desk

Awards Outstanding Musical - Joseph Papp, producer Outstanding Book of a Musical - Rupert Holmes Outstanding Lyrics - Rupert Holmes Outstanding Music - Rupert Holmes Outstanding Director of a Musical - Wilford Leach Outstanding Leading Actor in a Musical - George Rose Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical - Jana Schnieder Outstanding Costume Design - Lindsay Davis Outstanding Lighting Design - Paul Gallo Outstanding Orchestrations - Rupert Holmes

Nominations Outstanding Leading Actor in a Musical - Howard McGillin Outstanding Leading Actress in a Musical - Cleo Laine Outstanding Leading Actress in a Musical - Patti Cohenour Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical - Joe Grifasi Outstanding Set Design - Bob Shaw

Other

• Edgar Award for Best Play

References

1. ^ Allingham, Philip V.. "Some Early Dramatic Solutions to Dickens's Unfinished Mystery". The Victorian Web. http://www.victorianweb.org/mt/adaptations/39.html. Retrieved 2007-09-03. 
2. ^ Allingham, Philip V.. "The Cinematic Adaptations of The Mystery of Edwin Drood: 1909, 1914, 1935, and 1993; or, Dickens Gone Hollywood". The Victorian Web. http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/drood/cinema.html. Retrieved 2007-09-03. 
3. ^ ^{a b c} Holmes, Rupert. "The History of The Mystery". RupertHolmes.com. http://www.rupertholmes.com/theatre/essdrood.html. Retrieved 2007-09-02. 
4. ^ Freedman, Samuel G. (1985). "Evolution of Drood as Musical". The New York Times. August 28, 1985. http://www.rememberwenn.org/wennmoed.htm#evodrood. Retrieved 09-02-07. 
5. ^ Boasberg, Leonard W. (June 7, 1986). "Wowing Broadway on 1st Try". Knight-Ridder Newspapers. http://www.rememberwenn.org/wennmoed.htm#wowing. Retrieved 09-02-07. 
6. ^ Adolf Philipp's IBDB entry
7. ^ Holden, Stephen (June, 1985). "Dickens Characters are Set to Music". The New York Times. http://www.rememberwenn.org/wennmoed.htm#oranges. Retrieved 09-02-07. 
8. ^ (Kilian 1988)
9. ^ This song is performed by a different actor each night, depending upon audience vote.
10. ^ This song is performed by a different actor each night, depending upon audience vote, or alternately, not performed at all if the audience has voted for Jasper.
11. ^ This song is performed by a different pair of actors every night, depending upon audience vote.
12. ^ "Drood (The Mystery of Edwin Drood)". http://www.tamswitmark.com/musicals/drood.html. Retrieved 2007-09-02. 
13. ^ "The Mystery of Edwin Drood". Musical Cast Album Database. http://www.castalbumdb.com/title.cfm?TNumber=431. Retrieved 2008-09-01. 
14. ^ "Lost in Boston: Songs You Never Heard From". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000014U4. Retrieved 2007-09-02. 
15. ^ (Freedman 1985)
16. ^ "The Mystery of Edwin Drood". The Internet Broadway Database. http://www.ibdb.com/production.asp?ID=4386. Retrieved 2007-09-02. 
17. ^ Kilian, Michael (1988). "Drood Hits the Road Without Missing a Beat". The Chicago Tribune. April 15, 1988. http://www.rememberwenn.org/wennmoed.htm#kilian. Retrieved 09-02-07. 
18. ^ Holmes, Rupert. "The Mystery of Edwin Drood". RupertHolmes.com. http://www.rupertholmes.com/theatre/drood.html. Retrieved 2007-09-02. 
19. ^ Review of the Warehouse Theatre production

Further reading

• Bawer, Carol. "The Mystery of Edwin Drood". Betty Buckley the Official Website. http://www.bettybuckley.com/biography/stage/drood. Retrieved 2007-09-02. 

External links

• Drood at the Internet Broadway Database
• Official site on Rupert Holmes.com
• Licensing agency information on Drood
• Video of songs from "The Mystery of Edwin Drood", 1986 Tony Awards